Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that focuses on using classes and objects to structure software. It emphasizes encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, allowing for better data management and code reusability. While OOP has many advantages, such as facilitating program upgrades and secure coding, it also has drawbacks like longer program lengths and the requirement for a clear object-oriented mindset.

1. OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING

2. CONTENTS
Merits
and Demerits of object oriented
programming
04
Characteristics of object oriented language: classes and
objects.
encapsulation-data abstraction- inheritance -
polymorphism
Why object oriented
programming?
01
03
02

3. Why object
oriented
programming?
As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs
refers to languages that uses objects in programming. Object-
oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities
like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism etc. in programming.
We can not apply OOP everywhere. It is applied only when it is
required. It is not suitable for all types of problems.
The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the
functions that operate on them so that no other part of the
code can access this data except that function.
Object Oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that
relies on the concept of classes and objects. It is used to structure a
software program into simple, reusable pieces of code blueprints
(usually called classes), which are used to create individual instances of
objects.

4. CLASSES
A class in C++ is the building block that leads to Object-
Oriented programming. It is a user-defined data type,
which holds its own data members and member
functions, which can be accessed and used by creating
an instance of that class. A C++ class is like a blueprint
for an object.
OBJECTS
An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is
defined, no memory is allocated but when it is
instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated. Object can be created many times as per
requirement
// CLASS
class CAR{
public:
string color;
string model;
};
int main(){
// OBJECTS
CAR FORD;
FORD.color = "Green";
FORD.color = "Mustang";
CAR TOYTA;
TOYTA.color = "Red";
TOYTA.model = "Prius";
CAR VOLKSWAGEN;
VOLKSWAGEN.color = "Blue";
VOLKSWAGEN.model = "Golf";
PROGRAM

5. ENCAPSULATION
In object-oriented computer programming (OOP) languages, the
notion of encapsulation (or OOP Encapsulation) refers to the
bundling of data, along with the methods that operate on that data,
into a single unit. A class is a program-code-template that allows
developers to create an object that has both variables (data) and
behaviors (functions or methods). A class is an example of
encapsulation in computer science in that it consists of data and
methods that have been bundled into a single unit.
DATA ABSTRACTION
Abstraction means that the user interacts with only selected
attributes and methods of an object. Abstraction uses simplified,
high level tools, to access a complex object.
Abstraction is using simple classes to represent complexity.
Abstraction is an extension of encapsulation. For example, you don’t
have to know all the details of how the engine works to drive a car.
A driver only uses a small selection of tools: like gas pedal, brake,
steering wheel, blinker. The engineering is hidden from the driver.

6. Inheritance
Inheritance is the procedure in which one class inherits the
attributes and methods of another class. The class whose
properties and methods are inherited is known as the Parent class.
And the class that inherits the properties from the parent class is
the Child class.
For example, a child inherits the traits of his/her parents. With
inheritance, we can reuse the fields and methods of the existing
class. Hence, inheritance facilitates Reusability and is an important
concept of OOPs.
Polymorphism
A person at the same time can have different characteristics. Like a
man at the same time is a father, a husband, an employee. So the
same person possesses different behavior in different situations.
This is called polymorphism.
Polymorphism is considered one of the important features of
Object-Oriented Programming. Polymorphism allows us to
perform a single action in different ways. In other words,
polymorphism allows you to define one interface and have
multiple implementations.

7. Merits and Demerits of OOP
MERITS
•OOP language allows to break the program into the bit-sized problems that can be solved easily (one object at a
time).
•OOP systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
•It is possible that multiple instances of objects co-exist without any interference,
•It is possible to map the objects in problem domain to those in the program.
•The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs which cannot be invaded by the code in
other parts of the program.
•By using inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing classes.
•The data-centered design approach enables us to capture more details of model in an implementable form.
DEMERITS
•The length of the programs developed using OOP language is much larger than the procedural approach. Since the
program becomes larger in size, it requires more time to be executed that leads to slower execution of the program.
•We can not apply OOP everywhere as it is not a universal language. It is applied only when it is required. It is not
suitable for all types of problems.
•OOPs take time to get used to it. The thought process involved in object-oriented programming may not be natural
for some people.
•Everything is treated as object in OOP so before applying it we need to have excellent thinking in terms of objects.

8. CONCLUSION
Object Oriented programming requires
thinking about the structure of the program
and planning at the beginning of coding.
Looking at how to break up the
requirements into simple, reusable classes
that can be used to blueprint instances of
objects. Overall, implementing OOP allows
for better data structures and reusability,
saving time in the long run.