Gene Mutation its types and importance of mutation
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Mutation and its types can be categorized in several ways: 1. Based on origin, mutations can be spontaneous or induced. 2. Based on the cell type involved, mutations can be somatic, only affecting the individual, or germline, affecting future generations. 3. Based on direction, mutations can be forward, changing from wild type to mutant, or reverse, changing back from mutant to wild type. 4. Based on phenotypic effect, mutations can result in loss of function, gain of function, be lethal, or conditional depending on circumstances.
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Mutation
1. Mutation is a heritable change in genetic material that can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens.
2. There are several types of mutations classified by their effect on survival, cause, tissue of origin, direction of change, and trait affected.
3. Common types of mutations include point mutations, frameshift mutations, multisite mutations, induced mutations, and spontaneous mutations.
mutation-.pdf
This document discusses mutation, which is a heritable change in genetic material or character of an organism. Mutations can be caused spontaneously or induced by mutagens like radiation. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, which involve a single nucleotide change, and chromosome mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations. Mutations can occur in somatic or germline cells and can have varying effects on survival, from lethal to beneficial. Common gene mutations include point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations, which alter the reading frame of proteins.
Mutation
This document discusses mutation, which is a heritable change in genetic material or character of an organism. Mutations can be caused spontaneously or induced by mutagens like radiation. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, which change a single nucleotide, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations. Mutations can occur in somatic cells or germ cells and be transmitted to offspring. Common gene mutations include point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations, which alter protein production. Mutation is an important source of genetic variation and has applications in crop improvement.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.
Mutation bsc
1. Mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene or chromosome. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
2. Point mutations involve a change to a single nucleotide base, such as a substitution, insertion or deletion. Frameshift mutations occur when multiple nucleotides are inserted or deleted, changing the reading frame.
3. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by environmental mutagens like radiation or chemicals. They can occur in somatic cells or germ cells and be transmitted to offspring. Most mutations are harmful but some can provide benefits for adaptation or evolution.
Molecular mechanism of suppression, somatic mutations
Somatic mutations occur in body cells rather than germ cells and are therefore not inherited. If a somatic mutation happens in a developing or dividing cell, it can result in a clone of mutant cells. This may appear as a mutant sector or patch of cells. Somatic mutations have little effect on phenotype in post-mitotic cells. However, cancer-causing mutations can disrupt cell division control and cause uncontrolled growth of a tumor. While somatic mutations themselves are not passed to offspring, plants can propagate clonally from somatic tissue, indirectly transmitting the mutation.
Master seminar
This document provides a summary of a Master's seminar presentation on crop improvement through mutation breeding. It discusses the historical background of mutation breeding, types of mutations, mutagens used, and the process of mutation breeding. Some key points include:
- Hugo de Vries first coined the term "mutation" in 1900 and was an early pioneer in the field. Mutation breeding aims to induce beneficial mutations to develop improved crop varieties.
- Physical mutagens like radiation and chemical mutagens like EMS are commonly used to induce mutations. The presentation provides several examples of mutant crop varieties developed through mutation breeding programs.
- The process involves treating seeds or plant parts with mutagens, growing the M1 generation with proper
Mutations- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can occur in somatic or germ cells. Most mutations are neutral or repaired by enzymes, but some can be harmful, like causing cancer, or beneficial by improving survival. There are two main types of mutations: chromosome mutations, which involve changes to chromosomes like deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations; and gene mutations, which change the nucleotide sequence of genes, such as point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. The rate of mutations depends on factors like the frequency of primary DNA changes, the probability of repair, and the probability that a mutation can be recognized.
Recommended
Mutation
1. Mutation is a heritable change in genetic material that can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens.
2. There are several types of mutations classified by their effect on survival, cause, tissue of origin, direction of change, and trait affected.
3. Common types of mutations include point mutations, frameshift mutations, multisite mutations, induced mutations, and spontaneous mutations.
mutation-.pdf
This document discusses mutation, which is a heritable change in genetic material or character of an organism. Mutations can be caused spontaneously or induced by mutagens like radiation. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, which involve a single nucleotide change, and chromosome mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations. Mutations can occur in somatic or germline cells and can have varying effects on survival, from lethal to beneficial. Common gene mutations include point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations, which alter the reading frame of proteins.
Mutation
This document discusses mutation, which is a heritable change in genetic material or character of an organism. Mutations can be caused spontaneously or induced by mutagens like radiation. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, which change a single nucleotide, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations. Mutations can occur in somatic cells or germ cells and be transmitted to offspring. Common gene mutations include point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations, which alter protein production. Mutation is an important source of genetic variation and has applications in crop improvement.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.
Mutation bsc
1. Mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene or chromosome. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
2. Point mutations involve a change to a single nucleotide base, such as a substitution, insertion or deletion. Frameshift mutations occur when multiple nucleotides are inserted or deleted, changing the reading frame.
3. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by environmental mutagens like radiation or chemicals. They can occur in somatic cells or germ cells and be transmitted to offspring. Most mutations are harmful but some can provide benefits for adaptation or evolution.
Molecular mechanism of suppression, somatic mutations
Somatic mutations occur in body cells rather than germ cells and are therefore not inherited. If a somatic mutation happens in a developing or dividing cell, it can result in a clone of mutant cells. This may appear as a mutant sector or patch of cells. Somatic mutations have little effect on phenotype in post-mitotic cells. However, cancer-causing mutations can disrupt cell division control and cause uncontrolled growth of a tumor. While somatic mutations themselves are not passed to offspring, plants can propagate clonally from somatic tissue, indirectly transmitting the mutation.
Master seminar
This document provides a summary of a Master's seminar presentation on crop improvement through mutation breeding. It discusses the historical background of mutation breeding, types of mutations, mutagens used, and the process of mutation breeding. Some key points include:
- Hugo de Vries first coined the term "mutation" in 1900 and was an early pioneer in the field. Mutation breeding aims to induce beneficial mutations to develop improved crop varieties.
- Physical mutagens like radiation and chemical mutagens like EMS are commonly used to induce mutations. The presentation provides several examples of mutant crop varieties developed through mutation breeding programs.
- The process involves treating seeds or plant parts with mutagens, growing the M1 generation with proper
Mutations- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can occur in somatic or germ cells. Most mutations are neutral or repaired by enzymes, but some can be harmful, like causing cancer, or beneficial by improving survival. There are two main types of mutations: chromosome mutations, which involve changes to chromosomes like deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations; and gene mutations, which change the nucleotide sequence of genes, such as point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. The rate of mutations depends on factors like the frequency of primary DNA changes, the probability of repair, and the probability that a mutation can be recognized.
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This document discusses different classifications of gene mutations including types of molecular changes, phenotypic effects, locations, and causes. It provides examples of specific mutations such as loss-of-function, dominant, and suppressor mutations. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally while induced mutations result from external factors like radiation. The document also examines beta-thalassemia as an example of a single-gene recessive blood disorder caused by over 400 mutations in the HBB gene.
21. Mutation Breeding in crop improvement
Mutation breeding in crop improvement can utilize both spontaneous and induced mutations. Induced mutations are caused by physical mutagens like radiation (x-rays, gamma rays, UV light) or chemical mutagens. Mutation rates can vary between genes and induced mutations occur more frequently than spontaneous mutations. Mutation breeding is useful for crop improvement by generating genetic variation for selection of desirable traits.
Human variability as property of life & the Genetic phenomena
This document discusses human variability and genetic phenomena. It notes there are two types of variability: hereditary (genotypic) and non-hereditary (phenotypic). Phenotypic variability represents adaptations to the environment and is not inherited, while genotypic variability involves changes to the DNA and can be inherited. Genotypic variability occurs through mutation or recombination during meiosis. Mutations can be caused by physical, chemical, or biological mutagens and include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and other changes that generate genetic diversity and influence evolution.
Mutation.pptx
This document discusses mutations, which are sudden changes in genetic material or organism characteristics. Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens like radiation or chemicals. There are many types of mutations classified by size, origin, direction of change, and other factors. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally while induced mutations are caused by external factors. Mutations have led to the development of useful traits in crop plants through breeding, like disease resistance, increased yields, and altered growth properties. However, most mutations are deleterious or recessive and have no practical value.
Genetics nsg unit i part 4
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses different types of gene mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and base substitution mutations. It also describes patterns of inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and Y-linked inheritance. Examples of genetic disorders are provided for each inheritance pattern.
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that bacteria can undergo transformation through uptake of DNA. He found that non-lethal heat-killed bacteria, when mixed with live harmless bacteria, could make the mixture lethal. Later it was found the "transforming principle" was DNA, which could be taken up by other bacteria and confer new traits like capsule formation and virulence. This provided early evidence that DNA carries genetic information that can be transferred between bacteria.
Mutation and its types
This document provides information about mutations. It begins with definitions of key terms like mutations, mutants, and mutagens. It then describes the history of mutations dating back to the 18th century. The document outlines different characteristics and types of mutations such as lethal vs vital mutations. It also categorizes mutations based on their causes, tissues of origin, and direction. The document discusses different kinds of chromosome and gene mutations. It provides examples of disorders caused by nondisjunction like Down syndrome. Finally, it briefly mentions inventions and applications related to mutations such as gene therapy and cloning.
Mutation
The slide include contents:
Mutation-Definition
Levels of Mutation
Features of Mutation
Types of Mutation
Mutations based on functional effects of the change
Genetic disorders
mutations.pptx
This document discusses spontaneous and induced mutations, as well as genetic mosaics. It defines mutations as heritable changes in DNA that are important for genetics studies. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally through errors in DNA replication or chemical changes. Induced mutations are caused by environmental agents like radiation or chemicals. Genetic mosaics occur when cells in an individual have different genotypes due to mutations arising during early development. This can result in conditions like intersex traits or milder forms of genetic disorders.
Mutations of na
Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence that can have differing consequences. There are two types of mutations: gene mutations that affect a single gene, and chromosomal mutations that involve changes to whole chromosomes. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication, recombination, chemical or radiation damage to DNA, or defects in DNA repair. Gene mutations can lead to genetic disorders by changing a gene's instructions for making a protein and causing the protein to malfunction or be missing entirely. Most mutations are neutral, but some that dramatically alter protein structure or function can be harmful. Mutations are a source of genetic variability in a species.
Mutations & artificial induction of mutations
Gene mutations – introduction – definition – a brief history – terminology –
classification of mutations – characteristic features of mutations – spontaneous
mutations and induced mutations
Gene mutations – artificial induction of mutations – physical and chemical
mutagens – molecular basis of mutations – detection of sex-linked lethals in
Drosophila by CLB technique – detection of mutations in plants – the importance of
mutation in plant breeding programmes –
Mutations
Mutations are changes in genetic material that can be passed from parent cells to daughter cells. There are two main types of mutations:
1. Spontaneous mutations arise from errors in DNA replication and can include base pair substitutions like transitions/transversions and frameshift mutations from insertions/deletions of bases.
2. Induced mutations are caused by external mutagenic agents like chemicals or radiation that alter DNA structure.
Mutations can have varying effects depending on if they result in nonsense/missense amino acid changes or are silent/neutral. Frameshift mutations alter all codons after the mutation. Mutations are an important source of genetic variation and play a role in evolution.
Mutations,natural selection and speciation
Mutations, natural selection, and speciation were the topics covered. The key points discussed include:
1. Mutations are sudden, inheritable changes in genetic material that can be caused by factors like radiation, chemicals, or replication errors. They can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
2. Natural selection occurs when heritable traits influence the reproductive success of organisms, meaning mutations that increase fitness are more likely to be passed on.
3. Over time, accumulation of genetic differences through natural selection and mutations can lead to the emergence of new species in a process known as speciation.
Carcinogenesis
Cancer develops through a multi-step process involving genetic mutations that disrupt the normal cell cycle and allow uncontrolled cell growth. The cell cycle is regulated by various proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Mutations in these genes, such as activating mutations in proto-oncogenes or loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes, can cause cells to ignore growth controls and proliferate unchecked. This can eventually lead to the development of malignant tumors. Common tumor suppressor genes include RB1, TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2, which are involved in processes like cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Mutations in these genes increase cancer risk.
Oncogenes
This document discusses oncogenes, which are genes that can cause cancer. It defines oncogenes as genes that were originally proto-oncogenes, which are normal genes involved in cell growth that become mutated and cause uncontrolled cell division. The document covers several topics related to oncogenes, including the classes of genes involved in cancer development (proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes), the mechanisms by which proto-oncogenes become activated, the properties of cancer cells, and the role of carcinogens and oncogenic retroviruses in cancer development. It also provides examples of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Mutation Chromosomal Abberation
Mutation
Chromosomal Abberation
Change in chromosome
Chromosomal Arrangements
Diseases
Causes
Effects
Mutation.pptx
Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA sequence. Most mutations have no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial. There are several types of mutations, including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and frameshifts. Substitutions exchange one nucleotide for another. Insertions and deletions add or remove nucleotides, potentially shifting the reading frame and changing the resulting protein. Frameshift mutations are especially likely to be harmful.
MUTATION BY PRANZLY.ppt
Mutation
A mutation is a change in the DNA’s nucleotide sequence.
An abrupt shift in the nucleotide sequence causes an organism’s morphological traits to change. Such a change is referred to as a mutation if it is heritable.
So, mutation is defined as any heritable change in the sequence of nucleotide of DNA.
Features
Change in number- it is the change in the number or arrangement of nucleotide sequence of a gene.
It is heritable change in the DNA sequence.
Permanent structural change inherited material DNA effects
Can be harmful/beneficial or have no effects.
Can be sometimes attributed to random chance events.
Can be caused by mistakes during cell division or
May be caused by exposure to DNA damaging agents to the environment such as radiation and Mutagenic chemicals.
Types
Point mutation
-Silent Mutation
-Non sense Mutation
-Mis sense Mutation
Frame shift mutation
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Causes
MUTAGENS
Physical
Chemical
Biological
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This document discusses different classifications of gene mutations including types of molecular changes, phenotypic effects, locations, and causes. It provides examples of specific mutations such as loss-of-function, dominant, and suppressor mutations. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally while induced mutations result from external factors like radiation. The document also examines beta-thalassemia as an example of a single-gene recessive blood disorder caused by over 400 mutations in the HBB gene.
21. Mutation Breeding in crop improvement
Mutation breeding in crop improvement can utilize both spontaneous and induced mutations. Induced mutations are caused by physical mutagens like radiation (x-rays, gamma rays, UV light) or chemical mutagens. Mutation rates can vary between genes and induced mutations occur more frequently than spontaneous mutations. Mutation breeding is useful for crop improvement by generating genetic variation for selection of desirable traits.
Human variability as property of life & the Genetic phenomena
This document discusses human variability and genetic phenomena. It notes there are two types of variability: hereditary (genotypic) and non-hereditary (phenotypic). Phenotypic variability represents adaptations to the environment and is not inherited, while genotypic variability involves changes to the DNA and can be inherited. Genotypic variability occurs through mutation or recombination during meiosis. Mutations can be caused by physical, chemical, or biological mutagens and include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and other changes that generate genetic diversity and influence evolution.
Mutation.pptx
This document discusses mutations, which are sudden changes in genetic material or organism characteristics. Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens like radiation or chemicals. There are many types of mutations classified by size, origin, direction of change, and other factors. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally while induced mutations are caused by external factors. Mutations have led to the development of useful traits in crop plants through breeding, like disease resistance, increased yields, and altered growth properties. However, most mutations are deleterious or recessive and have no practical value.
Genetics nsg unit i part 4
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses different types of gene mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and base substitution mutations. It also describes patterns of inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and Y-linked inheritance. Examples of genetic disorders are provided for each inheritance pattern.
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that bacteria can undergo transformation through uptake of DNA. He found that non-lethal heat-killed bacteria, when mixed with live harmless bacteria, could make the mixture lethal. Later it was found the "transforming principle" was DNA, which could be taken up by other bacteria and confer new traits like capsule formation and virulence. This provided early evidence that DNA carries genetic information that can be transferred between bacteria.
Mutation and its types
This document provides information about mutations. It begins with definitions of key terms like mutations, mutants, and mutagens. It then describes the history of mutations dating back to the 18th century. The document outlines different characteristics and types of mutations such as lethal vs vital mutations. It also categorizes mutations based on their causes, tissues of origin, and direction. The document discusses different kinds of chromosome and gene mutations. It provides examples of disorders caused by nondisjunction like Down syndrome. Finally, it briefly mentions inventions and applications related to mutations such as gene therapy and cloning.
Mutation
The slide include contents:
Mutation-Definition
Levels of Mutation
Features of Mutation
Types of Mutation
Mutations based on functional effects of the change
Genetic disorders
mutations.pptx
This document discusses spontaneous and induced mutations, as well as genetic mosaics. It defines mutations as heritable changes in DNA that are important for genetics studies. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally through errors in DNA replication or chemical changes. Induced mutations are caused by environmental agents like radiation or chemicals. Genetic mosaics occur when cells in an individual have different genotypes due to mutations arising during early development. This can result in conditions like intersex traits or milder forms of genetic disorders.
Mutations of na
Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence that can have differing consequences. There are two types of mutations: gene mutations that affect a single gene, and chromosomal mutations that involve changes to whole chromosomes. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication, recombination, chemical or radiation damage to DNA, or defects in DNA repair. Gene mutations can lead to genetic disorders by changing a gene's instructions for making a protein and causing the protein to malfunction or be missing entirely. Most mutations are neutral, but some that dramatically alter protein structure or function can be harmful. Mutations are a source of genetic variability in a species.
Mutations & artificial induction of mutations
Gene mutations – introduction – definition – a brief history – terminology –
classification of mutations – characteristic features of mutations – spontaneous
mutations and induced mutations
Gene mutations – artificial induction of mutations – physical and chemical
mutagens – molecular basis of mutations – detection of sex-linked lethals in
Drosophila by CLB technique – detection of mutations in plants – the importance of
mutation in plant breeding programmes –
Mutations
Mutations are changes in genetic material that can be passed from parent cells to daughter cells. There are two main types of mutations:
1. Spontaneous mutations arise from errors in DNA replication and can include base pair substitutions like transitions/transversions and frameshift mutations from insertions/deletions of bases.
2. Induced mutations are caused by external mutagenic agents like chemicals or radiation that alter DNA structure.
Mutations can have varying effects depending on if they result in nonsense/missense amino acid changes or are silent/neutral. Frameshift mutations alter all codons after the mutation. Mutations are an important source of genetic variation and play a role in evolution.
Mutations,natural selection and speciation
Mutations, natural selection, and speciation were the topics covered. The key points discussed include:
1. Mutations are sudden, inheritable changes in genetic material that can be caused by factors like radiation, chemicals, or replication errors. They can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
2. Natural selection occurs when heritable traits influence the reproductive success of organisms, meaning mutations that increase fitness are more likely to be passed on.
3. Over time, accumulation of genetic differences through natural selection and mutations can lead to the emergence of new species in a process known as speciation.
Carcinogenesis
Cancer develops through a multi-step process involving genetic mutations that disrupt the normal cell cycle and allow uncontrolled cell growth. The cell cycle is regulated by various proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Mutations in these genes, such as activating mutations in proto-oncogenes or loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes, can cause cells to ignore growth controls and proliferate unchecked. This can eventually lead to the development of malignant tumors. Common tumor suppressor genes include RB1, TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2, which are involved in processes like cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Mutations in these genes increase cancer risk.
Oncogenes
This document discusses oncogenes, which are genes that can cause cancer. It defines oncogenes as genes that were originally proto-oncogenes, which are normal genes involved in cell growth that become mutated and cause uncontrolled cell division. The document covers several topics related to oncogenes, including the classes of genes involved in cancer development (proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes), the mechanisms by which proto-oncogenes become activated, the properties of cancer cells, and the role of carcinogens and oncogenic retroviruses in cancer development. It also provides examples of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Mutation Chromosomal Abberation
Mutation
Chromosomal Abberation
Change in chromosome
Chromosomal Arrangements
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Effects
Mutation.pptx
Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA sequence. Most mutations have no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial. There are several types of mutations, including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and frameshifts. Substitutions exchange one nucleotide for another. Insertions and deletions add or remove nucleotides, potentially shifting the reading frame and changing the resulting protein. Frameshift mutations are especially likely to be harmful.
MUTATION BY PRANZLY.ppt
Mutation
A mutation is a change in the DNA’s nucleotide sequence.
An abrupt shift in the nucleotide sequence causes an organism’s morphological traits to change. Such a change is referred to as a mutation if it is heritable.
So, mutation is defined as any heritable change in the sequence of nucleotide of DNA.
Features
Change in number- it is the change in the number or arrangement of nucleotide sequence of a gene.
It is heritable change in the DNA sequence.
Permanent structural change inherited material DNA effects
Can be harmful/beneficial or have no effects.
Can be sometimes attributed to random chance events.
Can be caused by mistakes during cell division or
May be caused by exposure to DNA damaging agents to the environment such as radiation and Mutagenic chemicals.
Types
Point mutation
-Silent Mutation
-Non sense Mutation
-Mis sense Mutation
Frame shift mutation
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Causes
MUTAGENS
Physical
Chemical
Biological
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PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Gene Mutation its types and importance of mutation
- 1. Mutation and Its Types PRESENTED BY ISHITA CHAKRABORTY REG. NO. – RA2332001010095
- 2. Mutation and its types • Mutation affects the genetic sequence of organism, causing genetic variation. • It affect gene and cellular function of organism. • Mutations can have no effect or beneficial effect or harmful effects. • When mutation occurs in exon, it affects the formation of functional protein. • When they occur in non-coding sequences they affect regulatory function.
- 3. Mutation Types :- Based on Origin Cell Types Involved Direction of Mutation Phenotypic Effects
- 4. 1. Based on Origin Spontaneous Mutation Induced Mutation
- 5. 2. Based on Cell Types Involved Somatic Cell Mutation • Occurs in somatic cell • Can’t be transmitted to the progeny. Germline Mutation • Occurs in germline cell that produce gametes. • Effect can be transmitted to the next generation.
- 6. 3. Based on the Direction Forward Mutation Mutation that causes change from normal wild type to abnormal mutant phenotype. Reverse Mutation Mutation that causes a change from abnormal mutant phenotype to normal wild type.
- 7. 4. Based on Phenotypic effect Loss of Function • The mutation results in the formation of a gene product that is non- functional or lost its function. • Results in recessive phenotype. Gain of function • Mutation results in the formation of a gene product that has enhanced function or a new trait. • It results in dominant phenotype. Lethal Mutation • The mutation affects the viability of the organism. Conditional Mutation • Mutation can be expressed only at certain conditions.
- 8. Gene Mutation (Based on Type) Gene Mutation(based on type) Substitution One nucleotide is substituted with another. Transition It is the substitution of purine or pyrimidine from another purine or pyrimidine base. (C T or A G) Transversion It is the substitution of a purine from a pyrimidine or vice versa. Insertion Addition of a nucleotide. ATGCACG --- Normal ATTGCACG --- Mutation Deletion A single nucleotide is deleted. ATGCACG --- Normal AGCACG --- Mutation
- 9. Gene Mutation (Based on effect) Silent Mutation Change in third nucleotide of a triplet, leading to exchange in product. Missense Mutation Change in the first or second or both nucleotide of triplet codon, leading to the change of amino acid product. Nonsense Mutation Introduction of the stop codon, resulting in the early termination of the protein molecule. Frameshift Mutation Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, that results in altering the reading frame.
- 10. Chromosomal Mutation Deletion A segment of chromosome is deleted. Duplication A segment of chromosome is duplicated and deleted. Inversion The orientation of the chromosomal segment is altered. Translocation Part of chromosome is translocated and integrated with another chromosome.
- 11. Thank You