Articles from Scholarly Journals (peer reviewed)khornberger
This slideshow shares how to access scholarly journal articles and shares reading strategies for how to extract useful information for your research.
For activated hyperlinks, use this URL: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LtNxw7kMH4DVz-Nm2Ugxbk7c6JIEPcNliyv_yAYl99s/edit?usp=sharing
Articles from Scholarly Journals (peer reviewed)khornberger
This slideshow shares how to access scholarly journal articles and shares reading strategies for how to extract useful information for your research.
For activated hyperlinks, use this URL: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LtNxw7kMH4DVz-Nm2Ugxbk7c6JIEPcNliyv_yAYl99s/edit?usp=sharing
Self-paced exercise for students to follow in teams - to ask questions about FINDING and ANALYZING their sources. Focused on UMBC, but adaptable for your local University/College. Helps students create an annotated bibliography. ENGL 100
Do you know the difference between Abstract and Annotated Bibliography? If not, you are welcome to watch this presentation and to read an article https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/abstract-vs-annotated-bibliography
Argumentative Essay (Outline) Assignment InstructionsFor this assi.docxjewisonantone
Argumentative Essay (Outline) Assignment Instructions
For this assignment, you are not required to write a complete draft of your Argument Essay. Instead, you are to select a topic for your Argument Essay and write a detailed outline of your essay based on the model below.
Argument Essay Prompts
In this assignment choose a specific issue from below in which two credible parties have documented the following:
· Clearly opposing positions, and
· Clear agendas.
Choose the position you agree with and argue that position using:
· Three separate lines of reasoning to support your position
· Research to support each line of reasoning (example, testimony, and fact/data, or any combination) that supports your position
· Research about the opposing position’s views
· Presentation of the opposing views, along with lines of reasoning to refute them
Argumentative Essay Approved TopicsThe following is a list of approved broad topics in which you will select only one. You will be responsible for creating your own paper proposal via memo. Any papers that do not directly relate to one of those topics will not be recognized and receive a grade of zero.
Gender roles
Male pregnancy research/experimentation should be embraced.
Stay-at-home mothers/fathers should receive a tax credit.
The notion of traditional gender roles is passé.
Education
Extracurricular activities on the college level should be made obligatory.
Grades cannot measure, in total, students’ intelligence and performance.
Single sex colleges/universities are best for education.
Business
Office dress code can boost employees’ performance.
Delegating responsibilities is the key to effective management.
HR managers should use lie detectors for interviewing applicants and employees.
Politics
Voting apathy will not change.
Music and movie stars should not support any political parties.
Global Perspectives
In first/second world countries, print media is now considered to be “a thing of the past.” The globalized world needs a global language.
Online dating is a poor basis for a relationship.
Medicine
Important medical decisions should only be made by medical professionals. Placebo effect’ should be used for curing all diseases at their initial stages.
Language & Literature
Grammar rules should be updated to reflect today’s conversational tone. Prospective college students should have a required reading list.
Only certain books should be banned from libraries and college classrooms.
Draft Essay Requirements
This assignment requires an “issue statement” (refer to the Student_AnnotatedSample_Salvaging-the-Old-Growth-Forest.pdf file for further explanation about issue statements).
This assignment requires a two-part thesis:
· Statement of position; and
· Forecast (essentially a “preview”) of your lines of reasoning
· Your one sentence thesis statement should contain the following: topic, stance/claim, and direction.
The assignment also requires:
· A minimum and max.
Psyc 100 Term Assignments Rationale ► Psychology.docxamrit47
Psyc 100 Term
Assignments
Rationale
► Psychology relies on a variety of research methods in order to come to
a better understanding of behaviour and other phenomena. Most
research methods can be classified either as experiments or as non-
experimental designs and it is important for students of psychology to
be able to clearly differentiate which type of a design is being used in
any specific study. As such, one goal of the term assignments is for
you to be able to find different studies relating to a specific topic and
identify which type of research method the study uses to address the
questions of interest.
► In addition, reading and interpreting published research are important
skills that all scientists must develop. The term assignments for this
course will allow you to demonstrate that you can read, summarize
and interpret research literature related to one specific topic within the
scope covered in Psychology 100.
Overview
►two components
Assignment #1 – Article Selection
►worth 3%
►due start of class Tuesday Feb. 21st
Assignment #2 – Article Summaries
►worth 7%
►due start of class Thursday March 22nd
Assignment #1 – Rationale
►an essential early step in any empirical
investigation involves a review of the
published literature relevant to the specific
topic under investigation
►this assignment will familiarize you with
locating “good” research articles as well as
introducing you to some aspects of a
standard format – namely, APA format
►on WebCT you have been assigned a
general topic
you need to find a more specific research issue
related to that topic
also have date and author restrictions
►An efficient way of finding published
research that relates to your topic is to
conduct a literature search using PsycINFO
Using PsycINFO
Introduction
For your assignment you will need to find articles
published in scholarly/academic journal. Luckily
you don’t need to skim through hundreds of
journals looking for a good article. You don’t
need to look through hundreds of Google results
either.
This tutorial will introduce you to PsycINFO, an
online psychology index which is like a very
specialized version of Google. PsycINFO will
find citations for articles on your topic, and will
even lead you to the actual articles.
Research Topic
Let’s assume you’re interested in
investigating further the phenomenon of
bystander intervention that Darley and
Latane first examined in the 1960’s
so you’re interested in articles referenced
in PsycINFO that have bystander
intervention as a subject
Connecting to PsycINFO
PsycINFO is the specialized index or
search engine which psychologists and
psychology students use to find journal
articles.
To link to PsycINFO, open up a web
browser (Internet Explorer or Firefox) in a
new window and go to http://www.sfu.ca
http://www.sfu.ca/
Connecting to ...
Self-paced exercise for students to follow in teams - to ask questions about FINDING and ANALYZING their sources. Focused on UMBC, but adaptable for your local University/College. Helps students create an annotated bibliography. ENGL 100
Do you know the difference between Abstract and Annotated Bibliography? If not, you are welcome to watch this presentation and to read an article https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/abstract-vs-annotated-bibliography
Argumentative Essay (Outline) Assignment InstructionsFor this assi.docxjewisonantone
Argumentative Essay (Outline) Assignment Instructions
For this assignment, you are not required to write a complete draft of your Argument Essay. Instead, you are to select a topic for your Argument Essay and write a detailed outline of your essay based on the model below.
Argument Essay Prompts
In this assignment choose a specific issue from below in which two credible parties have documented the following:
· Clearly opposing positions, and
· Clear agendas.
Choose the position you agree with and argue that position using:
· Three separate lines of reasoning to support your position
· Research to support each line of reasoning (example, testimony, and fact/data, or any combination) that supports your position
· Research about the opposing position’s views
· Presentation of the opposing views, along with lines of reasoning to refute them
Argumentative Essay Approved TopicsThe following is a list of approved broad topics in which you will select only one. You will be responsible for creating your own paper proposal via memo. Any papers that do not directly relate to one of those topics will not be recognized and receive a grade of zero.
Gender roles
Male pregnancy research/experimentation should be embraced.
Stay-at-home mothers/fathers should receive a tax credit.
The notion of traditional gender roles is passé.
Education
Extracurricular activities on the college level should be made obligatory.
Grades cannot measure, in total, students’ intelligence and performance.
Single sex colleges/universities are best for education.
Business
Office dress code can boost employees’ performance.
Delegating responsibilities is the key to effective management.
HR managers should use lie detectors for interviewing applicants and employees.
Politics
Voting apathy will not change.
Music and movie stars should not support any political parties.
Global Perspectives
In first/second world countries, print media is now considered to be “a thing of the past.” The globalized world needs a global language.
Online dating is a poor basis for a relationship.
Medicine
Important medical decisions should only be made by medical professionals. Placebo effect’ should be used for curing all diseases at their initial stages.
Language & Literature
Grammar rules should be updated to reflect today’s conversational tone. Prospective college students should have a required reading list.
Only certain books should be banned from libraries and college classrooms.
Draft Essay Requirements
This assignment requires an “issue statement” (refer to the Student_AnnotatedSample_Salvaging-the-Old-Growth-Forest.pdf file for further explanation about issue statements).
This assignment requires a two-part thesis:
· Statement of position; and
· Forecast (essentially a “preview”) of your lines of reasoning
· Your one sentence thesis statement should contain the following: topic, stance/claim, and direction.
The assignment also requires:
· A minimum and max.
Psyc 100 Term Assignments Rationale ► Psychology.docxamrit47
Psyc 100 Term
Assignments
Rationale
► Psychology relies on a variety of research methods in order to come to
a better understanding of behaviour and other phenomena. Most
research methods can be classified either as experiments or as non-
experimental designs and it is important for students of psychology to
be able to clearly differentiate which type of a design is being used in
any specific study. As such, one goal of the term assignments is for
you to be able to find different studies relating to a specific topic and
identify which type of research method the study uses to address the
questions of interest.
► In addition, reading and interpreting published research are important
skills that all scientists must develop. The term assignments for this
course will allow you to demonstrate that you can read, summarize
and interpret research literature related to one specific topic within the
scope covered in Psychology 100.
Overview
►two components
Assignment #1 – Article Selection
►worth 3%
►due start of class Tuesday Feb. 21st
Assignment #2 – Article Summaries
►worth 7%
►due start of class Thursday March 22nd
Assignment #1 – Rationale
►an essential early step in any empirical
investigation involves a review of the
published literature relevant to the specific
topic under investigation
►this assignment will familiarize you with
locating “good” research articles as well as
introducing you to some aspects of a
standard format – namely, APA format
►on WebCT you have been assigned a
general topic
you need to find a more specific research issue
related to that topic
also have date and author restrictions
►An efficient way of finding published
research that relates to your topic is to
conduct a literature search using PsycINFO
Using PsycINFO
Introduction
For your assignment you will need to find articles
published in scholarly/academic journal. Luckily
you don’t need to skim through hundreds of
journals looking for a good article. You don’t
need to look through hundreds of Google results
either.
This tutorial will introduce you to PsycINFO, an
online psychology index which is like a very
specialized version of Google. PsycINFO will
find citations for articles on your topic, and will
even lead you to the actual articles.
Research Topic
Let’s assume you’re interested in
investigating further the phenomenon of
bystander intervention that Darley and
Latane first examined in the 1960’s
so you’re interested in articles referenced
in PsycINFO that have bystander
intervention as a subject
Connecting to PsycINFO
PsycINFO is the specialized index or
search engine which psychologists and
psychology students use to find journal
articles.
To link to PsycINFO, open up a web
browser (Internet Explorer or Firefox) in a
new window and go to http://www.sfu.ca
http://www.sfu.ca/
Connecting to ...
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 6
Article Critique Instructions (30 points possible)
Ryan J. Winter
Florida International University
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Blackboard). This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on blackboard and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
*Most peer-reviewed articles do include an abstract, but the articles you will see on Blackboard lack an Abstract. There is a good reason for this, which you’ll find out about in a later paper!
Article Critique Paper (30 points possible)
Each student is required to write an ar ...
In this assignment, you will apply key concepts covered in the module readings. You will identify the component parts of arguments and differentiate between various types of arguments such as strict, loose, inductive, and deductive. You will then construct specific, original arguments.
There are two parts to the assignment. Complete both parts.
Part 1
Writing Assignment #4
The Multiple-Source Synthesis Essay:
Literature Review
Summary of assignment
• Task: The multiple-source essay asks you to synthesize the arguments of at least 10
sources
• Length: 2000-3000 words
• Format: APA
• Sources: a total of at least 10 sources, all of which should be from scholarly journals or
credible trade journals. You should find your sources through library searches.
o If you cite sources from websites or popular journals, these sources should be in
addition to the 10 sources you have cited from scholarly or trade journals.
• Topic: Please use the same topic that you used for writing assignment #3. It is
recommended that you focus on or expand on the essay that you wrote for writing
assignment #3. You will continue with the topic you have selected and will conduct
additional searches in the library databases, hopefully focus the topic more, and
determine the 10 or more sources to use in this essay.
• Integration of Sources: At least eight sources must be cited in the body of the essay.
You may cite sources in your introduction to help you define terms, and you may cite
sources in your conclusion to help you direct the reader to further inquiry. However, the
body of the essay should synthesize at least eight sources.
Strategies in Developing the Topic for this Essay
Up to this point in the semester, you have completed an annotated bibliography. You have also
incorporated and synthesized four sources into writing assignment #2 and six sources into
writing assignment #3. The work you have completed for these assignments provides a solid
foundation for writing assignment #4. In this assignment you will synthesize the ideas of at least
10 sources in a synthesis essay, or literature review.
For your annotated bibliography, you selected a topic based on your interests and, possibly, your
major. You constructed a list of five references and summarized and critically analyzed them in
150-200 words each. You then completed the four-source essay and the six-source essay.
Through this process, you may have seen patterns in the scholarly literature in the topic on which
you conducted research. For example, consider the following examples:
•You may have researched studies in criminal justice and found that there are varying
opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among youth.
•You may have researched studies in psychology and found that counseling strategies
for victims of domestic abuse tend to fall into four categories.
•You may have researched articles on gerontology and found studies that answered
three basic questions on how older adults respond to training for physical performance.
•You may have researched articles on environmental management and found studies
on climate change. You noticed that various demographic factors influence whether
individuals believe in climate change and, if so, whether they believe it is caused b.
Rhetorical Analysis Prompt and Rubric Length 3-5 full .docxSUBHI7
Rhetorical Analysis Prompt and Rubric
Length: 3-5 full pages. Your "Works Cited" page does not count.
Due dates:
First draft due by Wednesday September 13 @ 11:55 PM (Online Peer Review)
Second draft due Friday September 22 @ 11:55 PM
All optional drafts of all essays are due by December 8 @ 11:55 PM.
Select and closely read one of the following essays from your textbook:
"Is Google Making Us Stupid?" by Nicholas Carr; page 735
"Our Fear of Immigrants" by Jeremy Adam Smith; page 750
“Anti-Intellectualism: Why We Hate the Smart Kids” by Grant Penrod; page 759
After selecting one, please follow the guidelines below, and articulate your argument of the
essay’s effectiveness. Use the following questions for analyzing an argument on pages 115-116
in your textbook as a guide:
• What is the claim? What is the main point the writer is trying to make? How does the
author qualify his/her thesis?
• What support does the writer offer for the claim? What reasons are used to support the
claim? What evidence does author use to back up those reasons (e.g., anecdotes, data,
statistics, etc.)? Are the reasons and evidence convincing?
• How does the author appeal to the audience? These discussions will require you to
demonstrate your knowledge of the rhetorical appeals we discussed in class.
o pathos – appeal to emotion
o ethos – appeal to credibility
o logos – appeal to logic
o kairos/“kairotic moment” – “of the time;” what motivated the author to write
the argument at the time?
• Is the argument balanced? Does the author address potential counterarguments? If so,
how? Does he/she respond to them reasonably and with respect, or is he/she dismissive of
them?
Be sure to properly cite your article, both in-text and on a "Works Cited" page. See the
Purdue OWL resource at the top of our Moodle page and/or pages 496-548 of your textbook for
MLA rules/guidelines.
Getting Started: Consider the following organization:
Paragraph One: Summary
Begin your essay with an effective, brief summary of the source text. The key here is
brevity.
Paragraph Two: Introduction of Purpose, Audience, Effectiveness of Source
Follow your summary paragraph with another brief paragraph that transitions from
your summary to your thesis and rhetorical analysis. This paragraph should introduce two
key components: the author’s intended purpose and intended audience. Most
importantly, this paragraph must end with a well-developed thesis statement arguing the
effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the source author’s argument.
Your thesis should clearly state whether the source essay was effective or ineffective (use
the "because clause") and should be the last sentence of your second paragraph.
Here are a few models:
Although [author]’s essay was intended to [purpose of essay], “[title of essay]”
is ultimately ineffective because [forecast major points of your analysis (reasons
for ineffectiveness)].
[Author’s] es ...
What is an Exploratory PaperExploratory Argument In explorat.docxalanfhall8953
What is an Exploratory Paper?
Exploratory Argument:
In exploratory essays, the writer (you) explores three sources that take a position on a controversial issue. All three sources can take the same side of the issue or two can take the same side and one can be on the other side of the issue. For example, take this issue: “Should there be stricter copyright penalties on the Internet? For instance, all three sources explored may argue that once a person uploads a photograph on, for example, flickr.com, it becomes public domain and no copyright laws should apply. The sources explored will argue on the same side of the issue, they all answer the issue question: yes. Yet, they will present evidence that will align with their different perspectives. For example, one source may take a legal perspective and the evidence will come from legal sources; another source may take a psychological perspective and their evidence to support their position will come from psychological studies, etc. In addition, the sources must come from a variety of secondary sources: scholarly journals, magazines, and/or newspapers, and the sources cannot be all Websites.
The Purpose
In the exploratory paper, the writer identifies three sources that take the same side of the issue; this means, for each source, their thesis statements/claims are the same. In order to help the reader (students, instructor) understand each source’s argument, the writer, (you) will include a brief 2-3 sentence summary for each source that includes the writer’s thesis/claim and the reasons provided to support his or her perspective. Also, this will include an analysis of how well the reasons and evidence support their position and their perspective. This requires specific references from the work in the form of direct quotations. This last part is important. Your own opinions are not expressed at all. This is not an argument paper.
Advantages to Writing an Exploratory Paper
Exploratory papers have a number of advantages. When you view an issue from many perspectives, you gain a greater depth of understanding of it and the various views taken. Also, exploratory papers provide mutual understanding and common ground for you next stage in argument: writing your own argument paper. These sources can be used to support your side to an issue or they may be used as an opposing view to your own position. After exploring sources on an issue, you learn about the other positions on this controversial issue.
How to Write the Exploratory Paper
The exploratory framework appears on eCompanion in the folder marked: “Exploratory Paper Assignment.” This handout basically lays out the format for each body paragraph. Also, there is a student sample essay that explores the issue: Should biotechnology be banned in U.S. sports? All three sources in this paper take the same side of this issue and argue that biotechnology basically destroys honest competition, but they approach and support thei.
1. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Plagiarism, Citations, and Note Taking
&
Cause and Effect Writing Models
2. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Let’s Review from Week 5:
- Thesis Statement = A narrow, specific
topic + an attitude, belief, opinion about
the topic.
- Thesis Statements must be debatable in
a sense, or it’s not a Thesis.
- Thesis Statements require Evidence for
support.
3. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Week 5 Review (Continued):
- Evidence can include: Examples, Facts,
Reasons, Experiences, Anecdotes,
Numbers, Statistics, Quotations, Expert
Opinions, etc.
- Evidence should be: Relevant, Unified,
Specific, Adequate, Dramatic, Accurate,
Representative, and Documented (if
borrowed)
4. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Today’s Objectives:
1) Describe strategies to avoid plagiarism.
2) Review how to use the MLA Citation
System in your Research Paper.
3) Know when to cite sources, and how to
cite them properly.
4) Describe and use the Cause-Effect as a
writing model.
5. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Q: What is “plagiarism” ?
A: Plagiarism occurs when a writer
borrows or steals the ideas, thoughts,
facts, or words of another writer without
giving credit to the original source.
6. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Q: Why is plagiarism wrong?
A: 1) It robs someone else of their work.
2) It gives a student an unfair advantage in
grading compared to students who do not
plagiarize.
3) It hurts the student, who doesn’t learn
anything in the process.
4) It devalues the worth of a diploma from the
student’s college or institution.
7. Q: How does plagiarism occur?
A: While some students intentionally decide to
buy or copy an assignment, others do genuine
research on a topic but they still unintentionally
plagiarize.
Believe it or not, most cases of plagiarism are
unintentional!—crazy, eh?
8. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Q: If most cases of plagiarism are
unintentional, how can I be sure to avoid
it?
A: By doing two things:
1) Taking proper notes carefully
2) Use a method for citations
9. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Taking Notes
- Create a consistent system for taking
and storing notes: Index cards, a
dedicated notebook, a specific file on a
hard drive, etc.
- Write your notes while reading your
original sources, then write your
paper from your notes, not the
sources.
10. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Taking Notes
- When researching your topic, strive to
write notes only when you believe it will
be useful in your paper. Avoid recording
everything and anything.
- Consider taking notes on: Facts, Stats,
Anecdotes, Quotations, Expert opinions,
etc. (anything considered “evidence”).
11. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing acceptable notes
- When writing notes, always remember
there are only three types of notes that
are acceptable in a research paper or
academic essay.
- The three types of notes are: Summary,
Paraphrase, and Quotation.
12. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing acceptable notes
- If you write down a note, and more importantly,
if you actually use it in your work, it must be
one of the acceptable types, or it will lead to
plagiarism! Bad note taking is like a gateway
drug. The first one’s free, kid.
- Therefore, when you write a note, always
record in shorthand (S, P, Q) what type of note
it is FIRST!!!!!!!!
13. Writing Summaries
- A summary is written in your own
words.
- It’s shorter and more condensed than
the original source material.
- Summaries focus only on main ideas
and the “big picture.”
- They never go into specifics or details.
14. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Summaries
- Summaries can cover a lot of material in
a little bit of space.
- Summaries are useful in providing
necessary background information or
an overview on a topic.
- Summaries are often found early on in
papers, before the writer goes into detail.
15. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Summaries
- Read the original material thoroughly, put the source
aside, and in your own words, express only the main
ideas.
- Compare your summary to the original and make sure
you aren’t occasionally borrowing exact words and
phrases from the original source.
In-class exercise: Read :
“Why we crave horror movies” by Stephen King, pages
398-399.
16. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Paraphrases
- A paraphrase is also written in your own
words.
- A paraphrase is just as long as the
original source material.
- There is a sentence by sentence
correspondence between the original
and the paraphrase.
17. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Paraphrases
- A paraphrase is as detailed and
specific as the original source material.
- Paraphrases are useful in providing
specifics, details, and ideas beyond the
main ideas.
- Paraphrases are found anywhere a
writer needs to use specifics or details.
18. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Paraphrases
- Read the original source carefully, and then put it
aside.
- Write out your paraphrase in your own words,
creating the same number of sentences as the
original.
- Compare your paraphrase, sentence by sentence, to
the original. Change any exact words or phrases you
use that come from the original source.
The bulk of your citations will either be paraphrases or
direct quotes.
In-class exercise: paraphrase worksheet!
19. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Quotations
- A quotation is the use of someone
else’s exact words.
- A quotation must be indicated through
the use of “quotation marks.”
- A quotation is exactly as long as the
original material.
- Quotations cannot be rewritten or edited
20. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Quotations
- Since paraphrases and summaries
require you to use your own words,
there should be a good reason to use a
quotation instead.
- Quote when a writer’s thoughts are
unusual or controversial to accurately
convey their beliefs.
21. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Writing Quotations
- Quote when a writer’s words are
particularly memorable or eloquent.
- Quote when any attempt to paraphrase
or summarize would make the material
less clear or less eloquent.
- Quote when an expert’s opinion
reinforces your own beliefs (and thesis!)
22. MLA Citation System
- A Citation System is an artificial but
consistent method to document all
research sources used in a writer’s work.
- Citation Systems were first created in the
1900’s by the University of Chicago.
- Chicago Manual, MLA, APA, etc.
23. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation System
- All citation system can be described as
either being Note-based or Parenthetical
- A Note-based system uses sequential
numbers in the text and footnotes or
endnotes to indicate and reveal sources.
- A Parenthetical system cites sources
using parentheses ( ) and a bibliography.
24. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation System
- MLA is a Parenthetical Citation System
- MLA requires writers to pay attention to
2 different aspects of the system:
1) In-text, parenthetical attribution
2) A separate and complete bibliography
25. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation System
- An in-text attribution is a simple indicator
of the last name of the author of the
original source, followed by a page
number (if no pagination, always use 1)
- The attribution occurs at the end of each
and every note used in a paper. It
doesn’t wait until the end of the
paragraph or page!
26. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation System
Ex: A growing number of scientists have become
impatient with the lack of government
involvement regarding global warming
(Thomas 6).
Ex: Researcher Richard Thomas reveals that a
growing number of scientists have become
impatient with the lack of government
involvement regarding global warming (6).
Don’t forget your PGRG—an excellent resource
for MLA documentation styles
27. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation Style
- Try to use both forms of in-text citation
for variety’s sake.
- If you’re not sure if you should cite an
idea or not, cite it anyway! When in
doubt, always document!!!!
- Common knowledge does not need to
be cited, even if found in original
sources.
28. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation System
- A bibliography is a list of all relevant
information about the original source
cited in a paper.
- Usually includes: Author’s Name, Title,
Publication, Pages, Volume/Issue, Date,
Publisher, Publishing city, etc
29. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
MLA Citation System
- MLA is flexible enough that you can cite
anything as an original source.
- Every different type of source or even
variations of the same type have different rules
for formatting the bibliography entry.
- Refer to your textbook and MLA guides for
unique or individual cases.
- Utilize Citation Generators like KnightCite.
30. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
- Causal analysis is based on the human
need to make connections between
events and make sense of the world.
- It answers natural questions that we all
have about the world: Why?, How
Come? What if?, etc.
31. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
Causes can also be worded as:
- Reasons
- Factors
- Precipitating events
- Sources
- Motivations
32. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
Causes are concerned with what
happened or led up to an event or
phenomena occurring. Identifying causes
helps us answer the questions “Why?”
and “How come?”
33. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
Effects can also be worded as:
- Results
- Impact
- Significance
- Consequences
- Aftermath
34. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
Effects are concerned with what
happens after an event or phenomena
occurs. Identifying effects answers the
question “What if?”
35. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
There are three likely objectives or
reasons to use C/E as a writing model.
1) To simply give information
2) To argue or persuade the reader
3) To speculate or predict
36. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
Some basic strategies for using C/E :
1) Stay focused on your main objective
and don’t lose sight of it.
2) Adapt tone, diction, and content for
your audience, especially for topics
unfamiliar to your readers.
37. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
3. Think carefully and rigorously about
Cause and Effect relationships.
Understand Causal Chains and avoid
mistaking correlation for causation!!!
(Bell ringing, teacher entering example)
4. In a small essay, focus just on the
causes of a phenomena, or just on the
effects. You won’t have enough room to
do both.
38. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
5. Use an organization pattern for your
Causes and/or Effects:
A) Chronological (the order they
happen in)
B) Emphatic (the order of importance
they have)
This will help to avoid reader confusion
39. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
6. Use language appropriate for C/E writing.
Nothing is black or white or guaranteed. Avoid
words such as “clearly”, “definitely”,
“obviously”, “without a doubt” or
“guaranteed.” Try to use words such as
“probably”, “most likely”, or “seems to be”.
They give you room for doubt and show you
understand the complexity of C/E relationships
40. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Cause and Effect
Let’s read a good example of Cause &
Effect writing!
Read :
“Why we crave horror movies” by
Stephen King, pages 398-399.
41. GE 117 Composition I Week 6
Now for Homework, PRACTICE!
- Course Project Part two: Selecting and narrowing the topic
Read assignments 2, 3, and 4 on page 412 of The Longman
Writer. Select one of the situations ("flunking out," the "trash
crisis," or "Turn off the TV") and follow the directions given in the
book. Submit a minimum of three well-developed paragraphs.
Remember that a "well developed” paragraph has a topic
sentence, supporting sentences, and a conclusion sentence.
Submit your work in a Word document.