Psyc 100 Term
Assignments
Rationale
► Psychology relies on a variety of research methods in order to come to
a better understanding of behaviour and other phenomena. Most
research methods can be classified either as experiments or as non-
experimental designs and it is important for students of psychology to
be able to clearly differentiate which type of a design is being used in
any specific study. As such, one goal of the term assignments is for
you to be able to find different studies relating to a specific topic and
identify which type of research method the study uses to address the
questions of interest.
► In addition, reading and interpreting published research are important
skills that all scientists must develop. The term assignments for this
course will allow you to demonstrate that you can read, summarize
and interpret research literature related to one specific topic within the
scope covered in Psychology 100.
Overview
►two components
Assignment #1 – Article Selection
►worth 3%
►due start of class Tuesday Feb. 21st
Assignment #2 – Article Summaries
►worth 7%
►due start of class Thursday March 22nd
Assignment #1 – Rationale
►an essential early step in any empirical
investigation involves a review of the
published literature relevant to the specific
topic under investigation
►this assignment will familiarize you with
locating “good” research articles as well as
introducing you to some aspects of a
standard format – namely, APA format
►on WebCT you have been assigned a
general topic
you need to find a more specific research issue
related to that topic
also have date and author restrictions
►An efficient way of finding published
research that relates to your topic is to
conduct a literature search using PsycINFO
Using PsycINFO
Introduction
For your assignment you will need to find articles
published in scholarly/academic journal. Luckily
you don’t need to skim through hundreds of
journals looking for a good article. You don’t
need to look through hundreds of Google results
either.
This tutorial will introduce you to PsycINFO, an
online psychology index which is like a very
specialized version of Google. PsycINFO will
find citations for articles on your topic, and will
even lead you to the actual articles.
Research Topic
Let’s assume you’re interested in
investigating further the phenomenon of
bystander intervention that Darley and
Latane first examined in the 1960’s
so you’re interested in articles referenced
in PsycINFO that have bystander
intervention as a subject
Connecting to PsycINFO
PsycINFO is the specialized index or
search engine which psychologists and
psychology students use to find journal
articles.
To link to PsycINFO, open up a web
browser (Internet Explorer or Firefox) in a
new window and go to http://www.sfu.ca
http://www.sfu.ca/
Connecting to ...
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSALTitleNameLake.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Title
Name
Lakeland College
address
city, state
telephone
email
Dr. Edward Jedlicka
Master of Arts in Counseling
Date
Research Paper Guidelines
Understanding the process that undergirds principles of research is a primary objective for this course. This project includes a thorough review of literature related the Counseling field. This project should include (1) a title page; (2) an abstract; (3) an introduction to the paper; (4) the review of literature; (5) a methods section; (6) a complete list of references used.
The paper that you will submit should be organized to carefully review research done on a particular topic of your choosing. In the review of literature, you will find it easier and more consistent to use the past tense when describing studies because they have already been completed. Therefore, you should write in the past tense for a scholarly audience, and should use clear and short sentences that generally avoid the use of personal pronouns (e.g., “I”). APA guidelines specify that your manuscript should be double spaced throughout, left justified (with regular “ragged right” margins), and margins should be set to 1 inch on all sides. Please check the Publication Manual of the APA.
Structure of the Paper
Title Page
Title. The title should summarize the main idea of the paper and include the main topic and actual theoretical issue investigated. Good titles are short (< 20 words) and would serve as a type of index of the main issues covered, including the nature of the tasks, participants, or other important variables. Type the title centered, in upper and lower cases, double-spaced.
Running head. Each page of your manuscript has a brief “title” (running head) printed in the upper right hand corner of the manuscript. It should be a maximum of 50 characters, and be followed by the specific page number for that page. A notation as to the specific Running head should be located in all caps, flush left at the top of the title page. For example, on your title page you would show (in the upper left hand corner):
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL - 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - 1
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
On every subsequent page the running head would be right-justified with the page number. [Note: your running head would specify the content of your selected review] For example:
Research Proposal: - 2
Abstract
(This is your section header; centered on the page)
Page two is the Abstract for the paper. It is a brief (150-200 words) comprehensive summary of the research proposal. The Running head and the number 2 are typed in the upper right-hand corner of the page. The word “Abstract” is centered as the first line of type on this page. Type the abstract as a single paragraph in block format (i.e., without paragraph indentation). You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, center the text and type Keywords: (it ...
Methodology ProjectThis project will be completed in steps wi.docxbuffydtesurina
This document outlines the steps and requirements for a methodology project. It will involve writing an annotated bibliography, developing hypotheses, operationalizing variables, creating survey questions, and designing an interview guide. The project will be completed in stages with specific guidelines for each deliverable. The annotated bibliography must summarize five scholarly sources based on their hypotheses and major findings. Later steps will involve stating hypotheses, defining variables, designing survey questions related to the hypotheses, and proposing an interview guide and research questions for a qualitative approach.
Article is uploaded1). Psychological PurposeThis paper serv.docxssusera34210
Article: is uploaded
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least
one
peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Canvas) This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on Canvas and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as the APA style powerpoint on Canvas. We are using the 7th edition of the APA style manual.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
Article Critique Paper (60 points possible)
Each student is required to write an article critique paper based on one of the research articles present on Canvas only those articles listed on Canvas can be critiqued – if you critique a different article, it will not be graded). If you are unclear about any of this information, please ask.
What is an article critique paper?
An article critique is a written communication that conveys your understanding of a research article and how it relates to the conceptual issues of interest to this course.
This article critique .
The document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses what constitutes research and the different types of research studies. It also outlines the typical parts of a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, timeline, and significance. The document emphasizes reviewing literature critically and identifying gaps to position the proposed research. It stresses synthesizing existing work to build an argument and suggests including implications and future research directions. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to developing an effective research proposal.
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxcarlstromcurtis
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 2
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Canvas) This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on Canvas and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
Article Critique Paper (60 points possible)
Each student is required to write an article critique paper based on one of the research articles present on Canvas only those articles listed on Canvas can be critiqued – if you critique a different article, it will not be graded). If you are unclear about any of this information, please ask.
What is an article critique paper?
An article critique is ...
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
Review of literature in publication of .pptxVASANTHIG10
The document provides guidance on how to write a review of literature. It outlines 12 key steps: 1) understand the purpose and type of review; 2) define a clear research question; 3) conduct a comprehensive search using keywords; 4) evaluate and select relevant articles; 5) organize articles using citation management software; 6) critically analyze the literature; 7) summarize and synthesize key findings; 8) structure the review with an introduction and logical organization; 9) write clear and concise paragraphs; 10) review and revise the draft; 11) insert citations in Word using EndNote; and 12) insert citations in Word using Mendeley.
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxtoddr4
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 2
Article Critique Instructions (60 points possible)
Ryan J. Winter
Florida International University
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Canvas) This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on Canvas and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
Article Critique Paper (60 points possible)
Each student is required to write an article critique paper based on one of the research articles present on Canvas only those articles listed on Canvas can be critiqued – if you critique a different article, it will not be graded). If you ar.
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSALTitleNameLake.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Title
Name
Lakeland College
address
city, state
telephone
email
Dr. Edward Jedlicka
Master of Arts in Counseling
Date
Research Paper Guidelines
Understanding the process that undergirds principles of research is a primary objective for this course. This project includes a thorough review of literature related the Counseling field. This project should include (1) a title page; (2) an abstract; (3) an introduction to the paper; (4) the review of literature; (5) a methods section; (6) a complete list of references used.
The paper that you will submit should be organized to carefully review research done on a particular topic of your choosing. In the review of literature, you will find it easier and more consistent to use the past tense when describing studies because they have already been completed. Therefore, you should write in the past tense for a scholarly audience, and should use clear and short sentences that generally avoid the use of personal pronouns (e.g., “I”). APA guidelines specify that your manuscript should be double spaced throughout, left justified (with regular “ragged right” margins), and margins should be set to 1 inch on all sides. Please check the Publication Manual of the APA.
Structure of the Paper
Title Page
Title. The title should summarize the main idea of the paper and include the main topic and actual theoretical issue investigated. Good titles are short (< 20 words) and would serve as a type of index of the main issues covered, including the nature of the tasks, participants, or other important variables. Type the title centered, in upper and lower cases, double-spaced.
Running head. Each page of your manuscript has a brief “title” (running head) printed in the upper right hand corner of the manuscript. It should be a maximum of 50 characters, and be followed by the specific page number for that page. A notation as to the specific Running head should be located in all caps, flush left at the top of the title page. For example, on your title page you would show (in the upper left hand corner):
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL - 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - 1
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
On every subsequent page the running head would be right-justified with the page number. [Note: your running head would specify the content of your selected review] For example:
Research Proposal: - 2
Abstract
(This is your section header; centered on the page)
Page two is the Abstract for the paper. It is a brief (150-200 words) comprehensive summary of the research proposal. The Running head and the number 2 are typed in the upper right-hand corner of the page. The word “Abstract” is centered as the first line of type on this page. Type the abstract as a single paragraph in block format (i.e., without paragraph indentation). You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, center the text and type Keywords: (it ...
Methodology ProjectThis project will be completed in steps wi.docxbuffydtesurina
This document outlines the steps and requirements for a methodology project. It will involve writing an annotated bibliography, developing hypotheses, operationalizing variables, creating survey questions, and designing an interview guide. The project will be completed in stages with specific guidelines for each deliverable. The annotated bibliography must summarize five scholarly sources based on their hypotheses and major findings. Later steps will involve stating hypotheses, defining variables, designing survey questions related to the hypotheses, and proposing an interview guide and research questions for a qualitative approach.
Article is uploaded1). Psychological PurposeThis paper serv.docxssusera34210
Article: is uploaded
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least
one
peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Canvas) This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on Canvas and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as the APA style powerpoint on Canvas. We are using the 7th edition of the APA style manual.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
Article Critique Paper (60 points possible)
Each student is required to write an article critique paper based on one of the research articles present on Canvas only those articles listed on Canvas can be critiqued – if you critique a different article, it will not be graded). If you are unclear about any of this information, please ask.
What is an article critique paper?
An article critique is a written communication that conveys your understanding of a research article and how it relates to the conceptual issues of interest to this course.
This article critique .
The document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses what constitutes research and the different types of research studies. It also outlines the typical parts of a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, timeline, and significance. The document emphasizes reviewing literature critically and identifying gaps to position the proposed research. It stresses synthesizing existing work to build an argument and suggests including implications and future research directions. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to developing an effective research proposal.
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxcarlstromcurtis
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 2
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Canvas) This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on Canvas and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
Article Critique Paper (60 points possible)
Each student is required to write an article critique paper based on one of the research articles present on Canvas only those articles listed on Canvas can be critiqued – if you critique a different article, it will not be graded). If you are unclear about any of this information, please ask.
What is an article critique paper?
An article critique is ...
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
Review of literature in publication of .pptxVASANTHIG10
The document provides guidance on how to write a review of literature. It outlines 12 key steps: 1) understand the purpose and type of review; 2) define a clear research question; 3) conduct a comprehensive search using keywords; 4) evaluate and select relevant articles; 5) organize articles using citation management software; 6) critically analyze the literature; 7) summarize and synthesize key findings; 8) structure the review with an introduction and logical organization; 9) write clear and concise paragraphs; 10) review and revise the draft; 11) insert citations in Word using EndNote; and 12) insert citations in Word using Mendeley.
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxtoddr4
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 2
Article Critique Instructions (60 points possible)
Ryan J. Winter
Florida International University
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Canvas) This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on Canvas and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
Article Critique Paper (60 points possible)
Each student is required to write an article critique paper based on one of the research articles present on Canvas only those articles listed on Canvas can be critiqued – if you critique a different article, it will not be graded). If you ar.
This chapter discusses the review of related literature, conceptual framework, research hypotheses, and definition of terms for a research study. It provides guidelines for writing each section, including identifying key terms, locating and critically evaluating literature, organizing sources, and using appropriate citation styles. The conceptual framework section explains how to present variables and relationships in a diagram and justify them based on prior studies. Writing hypotheses involves making predictions about relationships between variables. Definitions of terms should provide conceptual and operational explanations of variables.
This chapter outlines the components of a research proposal, including the review of related literature, conceptual framework, research hypotheses, and definition of terms. The review of related literature surveys previous scholarly work on the topic. The conceptual framework is a diagram that connects the variables of the study through relationships. The research hypotheses are predictions about the outcomes of the study stated in relation to the variables. Definitions of terms clarify how variables and concepts are operationally defined for the purposes of the research.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to select a topic in the particular area in which you have an occupational or research interest, and to complete a literature review of the topic, using a minimum of ten scholarly references. This will allow you to demonstrate mastery of the program outcomes for the B.S. criminal justice program at University.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to select a topic in the particular area in which you have an occupational or research interest, and to complete a literature review of the topic, using a minimum of ten scholarly references. This will allow you to demonstrate mastery of the program outcomes for the B.S. criminal justice program at University.
The document provides instructions for writing an APA-style research report, covering sections such as the abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion. It describes the key elements that should be included in each section, such as stating the research question in the abstract, justifying hypotheses with past research in the introduction, and explaining the implications of the results in the discussion section. Guidelines are provided for formatting references according to APA style.
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 6
Article Critique Instructions (30 points possible)
Ryan J. Winter
Florida International University
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Blackboard). This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on blackboard and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
*Most peer-reviewed articles do include an abstract, but the articles you will see on Blackboard lack an Abstract. There is a good reason for this, which you’ll find out about in a later paper!
Article Critique Paper (30 points possible)
Each student is required to write an ar ...
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It outlines that a literature review critically evaluates prior research relevant to the topic. It should identify what is already known about the research problem and can point out effective and ineffective research strategies. The review should be focused on studies closely related to the research problem. Both qualitative and quantitative researchers may construct literature reviews, but qualitative researchers are more likely to do so after starting their study. The document provides tips for searching literature, evaluating sources, summarizing information, organizing the review, and writing it in an effective manner.
The document provides guidance on writing an annotated bibliography and literature review. It discusses challenges students may face in these assignments and how to evaluate sources. Students are instructed to get into groups and discuss a research article by addressing its main components, research questions, methodology, and findings. The document also provides tips on using quotations, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources in a literature review. It outlines the key components and sections a literature review should include such as introducing the topic, summarizing studies and articles, and concluding by addressing gaps in research.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific papers and reports. It discusses the typical sections of a scientific paper including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. It provides tips for each section including writing concisely, using the appropriate tenses, and citing sources. The document also covers best practices for writing style, grammar, punctuation, and responding to editorial feedback to improve scientific writing.
This document provides guidance for writing research papers. It discusses the general structure and content of research papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion. For each section, it provides the general intent, recommendations for writing that section, what to include, style guidelines, and things to avoid. The overall goal is to help students learn how to effectively communicate their research in written form using standard scientific writing conventions.
This document provides guidance on developing key components of a research proposal, including a title page, abstract, keywords, introduction, problem statement, purpose statement, research objectives, and research questions. It discusses the purpose and structure of each component. For the introduction, it describes different approaches for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods introductions. It also discusses writing research objectives and questions for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies. The document provides examples and design features for effectively writing each component of a research proposal.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
A literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to provide an overview of current knowledge and identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in existing research. It analyzes, synthesizes and critically evaluates sources, rather than just summarizing them, to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge. Conducting a literature review at the beginning of a research project helps familiarize oneself with the topic, ensure original work, identify gaps, and develop a theoretical framework and methodology.
Literature Review and Theoretical Framework.pptxSamah Abdelkarim
A literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to provide an overview of current knowledge and identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in existing research. It should analyze, synthesize, and critically evaluate sources, rather than just summarizing them. Conducting a literature review allows one to familiarize themselves with a topic, ensure they are not repeating past work, identify gaps their research could address, and develop a theoretical framework. The literature review typically comes early in a research paper, after the introduction, to ground the research in a scholarly field.
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race, Gender, and Crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. A conclusion of the literature review will end the written assignment. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. Reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references and course textbook.
.
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements) .docxamrit47
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements)
Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
When effective leaders leave an organization to move on to another organization, they often take at least one or two employees. Employees who respect a leader and have generated a relationship and bond want to work under that leader. One indicator of effective leaders is communication skills in which a leader is attuned to the needs of each employee.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATION: Discuss a leader with whom you are familiar and who has the loyalty of his or her direct reports. Alternatively, you might interview a friend or family member about their experiences or you may research a well-known leader. Address the following in your response.
Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
If you were in a leadership position, what methods would you implement to inspire, motivate, and empower your employees?
Support your discussion with at least one scholarly article and, if relevant, credible media reports, and cite each source using APA style.
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. It.docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA format httpsapastyle.apa.orghttpsowl.purd.docxamrit47
APA format
https://apastyle.apa.org/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Min number of pages are 30 pages
Must have
Contents with page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
The problem
Are there any sub-problems?
Is there any issue need to be present in relation to the problem?
The solutions
Steps of the solutions
Compare the solution to other solution
Any suggestion to improve the solution
Conclusion
References
Research Paper topic:
Computer Security Objects Register
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Computer-Security-Objects-Register
The Computer Security Objects Register (CSOR) specifies names that uniquely identify CSOs. These unique names are used to reference these objects in abstract specifications and during the negotiation of security services for a transaction or application.
The studies must look at different algorithms used CSOR and the benefits of using CSOR
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. .docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA Formatting AssignmentUse the information below to create.docxamrit47
APA Formatting Assignment
Use the information below to create a reference list using proper APA formatting
1)
Authors: Christina Jane Jones, Helen Smith and Carrie Llewellyn
Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in improving adherence: a
systematic review
Publication Year: 2014
Journal: Health Psychology Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 253_269
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.802623
2)
Authors: Mohammad Bagherniya, Ali Taghipour, Manoj Sharma, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Isobel R.
Contento, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Firoozeh Mostafavi Darani and Mohammad Safarian
Title: Obesity intervention programs among adolescents using social cognitive theory: a systematic
literature review
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Health Education Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 26_39
3)
Authors: Christine Y. K. Lau, Kris Y. W. Lok, Marie Tarrant
Title: Breastfeeding Duration and the Theory of Planned Behavior and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Framework: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Maternal and Child Health Journal, Vol. 22, 327_342
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2453-x
4)
Authors: Amy E. Bodde, Dong-Chul Seo
Title: A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual
disabilities
Publication Year: 2009
Journal: Disability and Health Journal, Vol. 2, 57_66
5)
Authors: Linda Irvine, Ambrose J. Melson, Brian Williams, Falko F. Sniehotta, Gerry Humphris, Iain K.
Crombie
Title: Design and development of a complex narrative intervention delivered by text messages to reduce
binge drinking among socially disadvantaged men
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol. 4, No.105, 1_11
.
More Related Content
Similar to Psyc 100 Term Assignments Rationale ► Psychology.docx
This chapter discusses the review of related literature, conceptual framework, research hypotheses, and definition of terms for a research study. It provides guidelines for writing each section, including identifying key terms, locating and critically evaluating literature, organizing sources, and using appropriate citation styles. The conceptual framework section explains how to present variables and relationships in a diagram and justify them based on prior studies. Writing hypotheses involves making predictions about relationships between variables. Definitions of terms should provide conceptual and operational explanations of variables.
This chapter outlines the components of a research proposal, including the review of related literature, conceptual framework, research hypotheses, and definition of terms. The review of related literature surveys previous scholarly work on the topic. The conceptual framework is a diagram that connects the variables of the study through relationships. The research hypotheses are predictions about the outcomes of the study stated in relation to the variables. Definitions of terms clarify how variables and concepts are operationally defined for the purposes of the research.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to select a topic in the particular area in which you have an occupational or research interest, and to complete a literature review of the topic, using a minimum of ten scholarly references. This will allow you to demonstrate mastery of the program outcomes for the B.S. criminal justice program at University.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to select a topic in the particular area in which you have an occupational or research interest, and to complete a literature review of the topic, using a minimum of ten scholarly references. This will allow you to demonstrate mastery of the program outcomes for the B.S. criminal justice program at University.
The document provides instructions for writing an APA-style research report, covering sections such as the abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion. It describes the key elements that should be included in each section, such as stating the research question in the abstract, justifying hypotheses with past research in the introduction, and explaining the implications of the results in the discussion section. Guidelines are provided for formatting references according to APA style.
Running head ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS1ARTICLE CRITIQUE I.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 1
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 6
Article Critique Instructions (30 points possible)
Ryan J. Winter
Florida International University
Purpose of The Article Critique Paper
1). Psychological Purpose
This paper serves several purposes, the first of which is helping you gain insight into research papers in psychology. As this may be your first time reading and writing papers in psychology, one goal of Paper I is to give you insight into what goes into such papers. This article critique paper will help you learn about the various sections of an empirical research report by reading at least one peer-reviewed articles (articles that have a Title Page, Abstract*, Literature Review, Methods Section, Results Section, and References Page—I have already selected some articles for you to critique, so make sure you only critique one in the folder provided on Blackboard). This paper will also give you some insights into how the results sections are written in APA formatted research articles. Pay close attention to those sections, as throughout this course you’ll be writing up some results of your own!
In this relatively short paper, you will read one of five articles posted on blackboard and summarize what the authors did and what they found. The first part of the paper should focus on summarizing the design the authors used for their project. That is, you will identify the independent and dependent variables, talk about how the authors carried out their study, and then summarize the results (you don’t need to fully understand the statistics in the results, but try to get a sense of what the authors did in their analyses). In the second part of the paper, you will critique the article for its methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, in part three, you will provide your references for the Article Critique Paper in APA format.
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of the Article Critique paper is to teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the instructions below, I tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your textbook! I highly recommend using the Paper I Checklist before submitting your paper, as it will help walk you through the picky nuances of APA formatting.
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you grow as a writer. Few psychology classes give you the chance to write papers and receive feedback on your work. This class will! We will give you feedback on this paper in terms of content, spelling, and grammar.
*Most peer-reviewed articles do include an abstract, but the articles you will see on Blackboard lack an Abstract. There is a good reason for this, which you’ll find out about in a later paper!
Article Critique Paper (30 points possible)
Each student is required to write an ar ...
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It outlines that a literature review critically evaluates prior research relevant to the topic. It should identify what is already known about the research problem and can point out effective and ineffective research strategies. The review should be focused on studies closely related to the research problem. Both qualitative and quantitative researchers may construct literature reviews, but qualitative researchers are more likely to do so after starting their study. The document provides tips for searching literature, evaluating sources, summarizing information, organizing the review, and writing it in an effective manner.
The document provides guidance on writing an annotated bibliography and literature review. It discusses challenges students may face in these assignments and how to evaluate sources. Students are instructed to get into groups and discuss a research article by addressing its main components, research questions, methodology, and findings. The document also provides tips on using quotations, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources in a literature review. It outlines the key components and sections a literature review should include such as introducing the topic, summarizing studies and articles, and concluding by addressing gaps in research.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific papers and reports. It discusses the typical sections of a scientific paper including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. It provides tips for each section including writing concisely, using the appropriate tenses, and citing sources. The document also covers best practices for writing style, grammar, punctuation, and responding to editorial feedback to improve scientific writing.
This document provides guidance for writing research papers. It discusses the general structure and content of research papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion. For each section, it provides the general intent, recommendations for writing that section, what to include, style guidelines, and things to avoid. The overall goal is to help students learn how to effectively communicate their research in written form using standard scientific writing conventions.
This document provides guidance on developing key components of a research proposal, including a title page, abstract, keywords, introduction, problem statement, purpose statement, research objectives, and research questions. It discusses the purpose and structure of each component. For the introduction, it describes different approaches for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods introductions. It also discusses writing research objectives and questions for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies. The document provides examples and design features for effectively writing each component of a research proposal.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
A literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to provide an overview of current knowledge and identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in existing research. It analyzes, synthesizes and critically evaluates sources, rather than just summarizing them, to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge. Conducting a literature review at the beginning of a research project helps familiarize oneself with the topic, ensure original work, identify gaps, and develop a theoretical framework and methodology.
Literature Review and Theoretical Framework.pptxSamah Abdelkarim
A literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to provide an overview of current knowledge and identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in existing research. It should analyze, synthesize, and critically evaluate sources, rather than just summarizing them. Conducting a literature review allows one to familiarize themselves with a topic, ensure they are not repeating past work, identify gaps their research could address, and develop a theoretical framework. The literature review typically comes early in a research paper, after the introduction, to ground the research in a scholarly field.
Similar to Psyc 100 Term Assignments Rationale ► Psychology.docx (15)
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race, Gender, and Crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. A conclusion of the literature review will end the written assignment. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. Reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references and course textbook.
.
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements) .docxamrit47
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements)
Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
When effective leaders leave an organization to move on to another organization, they often take at least one or two employees. Employees who respect a leader and have generated a relationship and bond want to work under that leader. One indicator of effective leaders is communication skills in which a leader is attuned to the needs of each employee.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATION: Discuss a leader with whom you are familiar and who has the loyalty of his or her direct reports. Alternatively, you might interview a friend or family member about their experiences or you may research a well-known leader. Address the following in your response.
Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
If you were in a leadership position, what methods would you implement to inspire, motivate, and empower your employees?
Support your discussion with at least one scholarly article and, if relevant, credible media reports, and cite each source using APA style.
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. It.docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA format httpsapastyle.apa.orghttpsowl.purd.docxamrit47
APA format
https://apastyle.apa.org/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Min number of pages are 30 pages
Must have
Contents with page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
The problem
Are there any sub-problems?
Is there any issue need to be present in relation to the problem?
The solutions
Steps of the solutions
Compare the solution to other solution
Any suggestion to improve the solution
Conclusion
References
Research Paper topic:
Computer Security Objects Register
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Computer-Security-Objects-Register
The Computer Security Objects Register (CSOR) specifies names that uniquely identify CSOs. These unique names are used to reference these objects in abstract specifications and during the negotiation of security services for a transaction or application.
The studies must look at different algorithms used CSOR and the benefits of using CSOR
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. .docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA Formatting AssignmentUse the information below to create.docxamrit47
APA Formatting Assignment
Use the information below to create a reference list using proper APA formatting
1)
Authors: Christina Jane Jones, Helen Smith and Carrie Llewellyn
Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in improving adherence: a
systematic review
Publication Year: 2014
Journal: Health Psychology Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 253_269
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.802623
2)
Authors: Mohammad Bagherniya, Ali Taghipour, Manoj Sharma, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Isobel R.
Contento, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Firoozeh Mostafavi Darani and Mohammad Safarian
Title: Obesity intervention programs among adolescents using social cognitive theory: a systematic
literature review
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Health Education Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 26_39
3)
Authors: Christine Y. K. Lau, Kris Y. W. Lok, Marie Tarrant
Title: Breastfeeding Duration and the Theory of Planned Behavior and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Framework: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Maternal and Child Health Journal, Vol. 22, 327_342
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2453-x
4)
Authors: Amy E. Bodde, Dong-Chul Seo
Title: A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual
disabilities
Publication Year: 2009
Journal: Disability and Health Journal, Vol. 2, 57_66
5)
Authors: Linda Irvine, Ambrose J. Melson, Brian Williams, Falko F. Sniehotta, Gerry Humphris, Iain K.
Crombie
Title: Design and development of a complex narrative intervention delivered by text messages to reduce
binge drinking among socially disadvantaged men
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol. 4, No.105, 1_11
.
APA style300 words10 maximum plagiarism Mrs. Smith was.docxamrit47
APA style
300 words
10% maximum plagiarism
Mrs. Smith was a 73-year-old widow who lived alone with no significant social support. She had been suffering from emphysema for several years and had had frequent hospitalizations for respiratory problems. On the last hospital admission, her pneumonia quickly progressed to organ failure. Death appeared to be imminent, and she went in and out of consciousness, alone in her hospital room. The medical-surgical nursing staff and the nurse manager focused on making Mrs. Smith’s end-of-life period as comfortable as possible. Upon consultation with the vice president for nursing, the nurse manager and the unit staff nurses decided against moving Mrs. Smith to the palliative care unit, although considered more economical, because of the need to protect and nurture her because she was already experiencing signs and symptoms of the dying process. Nurses were prompted by an article they read on human caring as the “language of nursing practice” (Turkel, Ray, & Kornblatt, 2012) in their weekly caring practice meetings.
The nurse manager reorganized patient assignments. She felt that the newly assigned clinical nurse leader who was working between both the medical and surgical units could provide direct nurse caring and coordination at the point of care (Sherman, 2012). Over the next few hours, the clinical nurse leader and a staff member who had volunteered her assistance provided personal care for Mrs. Smith. The clinical nurse leader asked the nurse manager whether there was a possibility that Mrs. Smith had any close friends who could “be there” for her in her final moments. One friend was discovered and came to say goodbye to Mrs. Smith. With help from her team, the clinical nurse leader turned, bathed, and suctioned Mrs. Smith. She spoke quietly, prayed, and sang hymns softly in Mrs. Smith’s room, creating a peaceful environment that expressed compassion and a deep sense of caring for her. The nurse manager and nursing unit staff were calmed and their “hearts awakened” by the personal caring that the clinical nurse leader and the volunteer nurse provided. Mrs. Smith died with caring persons at her bedside, and all members of the unit staff felt comforted that she had not died alone.
Davidson, Ray, and Turkel (2011) note that caring is complex, and caring science includes the art of practice, “an aesthetic which illuminates the beauty of the dynamic nurse-patient relationship, that makes possible authentic spiritual-ethical choices for transformation—healing, health, well-being, and a peaceful death” (p. xxiv). As the clinical nurse leader and the nursing staff in this situation engaged in caring practice that focused on the well-being of the patient, they simultaneously created a caring-healing environment that contributed to the well-being of the whole—the emotional atmosphere of the unit, the ability of the clinical nurse leader and staff nurses to practice caringly and competently, and the qualit.
APA format1. What are the three most important takeawayslessons.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this module? (150 words or more)
2. Drawing on the material that was provided what else would like to know? What other related questions/ideas/topics would you like to explore in the future? (100 words or more)
3. What is lobbying? What role does it play in the relationship between government and business? (100 words or more)
.
APA General Format Summary APA (American Psychological.docxamrit47
APA General Format
Summary
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within
the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the
APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
Contributors: Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore,
Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck
Last Edited: 2016-05-13 12:06:24
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart
of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.
You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.
General APA Guidelines
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins
on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt.
Times New Roman font.
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create
a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened
version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections: The Title Page, Abstract, Main Body,
and References.
Title Page
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional
affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right
at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should
look like this:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/949/01/
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8F43A67F38DE3D5D&feature=edit_ok
http://www.youtube.com/user/OWLPurdue
After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th
edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after
the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the
errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA
recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain
abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two l.
Appearance When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my b.docxamrit47
Appearance
When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my black straight skirt, closed toed shoes and white collared shirt gave a professional appearance and more credibility with the audience. My hair was a little too casual. I wished I had that one strand tacked back so it would have stayed out of my eyes. This made it hard for the audience to see my face and was distracting when I had to keep tucking it back. My earrings were small so the audience would watch me and not my jewelry. I wasn’t standing up straight and it made me look less confident. I need to remember to have better posture when speaking.Organizational Pattern
My introduction was slow and clear and the story was suspenseful enough to grab their attention. It was a little confusing at the beginning because I didn’t preview the main points but because I transitioned well between the steps by saying, “Now that you have completed step 1, selecting the pattern, you are ready to move to step two, preparing the wood” the audience was able to follow. I remembered to state my research source for two of the steps but forgot the third. It made the third step seem shallower and I think I lost credibility. My word choice was good. I made sure to use a variety of descriptive words for the types of wood, explained new vocabulary and repeated phrases to help the audience remember the steps. For some reason the ending was weak. I didn’t tie it to the introduction or have a good ending sentence. It would have been a good idea to remind them of the beginning story and how woodworking affects their everyday life.Vocal Qualities
During my speech I had such a dry mouth that I messed up on the pronunciation of some of the words like saying “exspecially” instead of “especially.” This sounded less professional to the audience. I had good projection so that even the back row could hear without straining. My pitch variation is getting better but I still keep using the same rhythm with my pauses. This make me sound more monotone, like I’m reading the speech rather than just having a conversation. I’ll need to practice changing my rate and pauses. I also noticed many of my sentences end in an up-pitch, like I’m asking a question. If I bring some of those down it will make me appear more confident rather than questioning. It is hard to get rid of those filler words. “Like” and “so” are two of my favorites but it does make me sound like a teenager. I had no idea I said them so much.Delivery
There weren’t many gestures, which made me look stiff and nervous. I just held my note cards and stood in one spot the whole time. I need to do more with my hands and maybe move a little more in the space. I really admire the people in class who have such a good flow with their delivery from gestures to using the space around them purposefully. I felt I held my note cards too close to my face and had my head down most of the time. While watching the video, I noticed I looked at my cards and the poster a l.
apa format1-2 paragraphsreferencesFor this week’s .docxamrit47
apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
For this week’s discussion, choose a current social movement from anywhere in the world. Then, using the required readings, videos, and your own research, discuss the “role these leaders” play in your chosen social movement. In addition, describe any group or collective processes that you discovered. Use specific examples to make major points.
Support your writing with at least two scholarly sources that are
in addition
to required reading.
.
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment..docxamrit47
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment.
1. Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial
activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments
for both points of view.
3. What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing
intelligent systems on mobile data?
4. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from
current literature and their impact on data science as a
profession.
Ex.2. Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent
systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment,
mass customization, and teamwork.
Reflective Assignment:
What has been significant about this course that will help you perform data science tasks in the future.
.
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential .docxamrit47
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential psychological impact of long-term exposure to mass media messages on the major issues surrounding political advertising and political campaigns in the United States and why it is currently relevant and impacts society.
12 Point Times New Roman Font
Double Spaced
Please include research that supports ideas and topics related to political advertising and political campaigns in the United States.
.
APA STYLE 1.Define the terms multiple disabilities and .docxamrit47
APA STYLE
1.Define the terms
multiple disabilities
and
deaf-blindness
as described in the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)
2.Identify three types of educational assessments for students with severe and multiple disabilities.
3.Identify the features of effective services and supports for children with severe and multiple disabilities during a) early childhood years and b) elementary school years.
4. Distinguish between the term
deaf
and
hard of hearing
5.
Identify 4 approaches to teaching communication skills to people with a hearing loss.
6.
What are the distinctive features of refractive eye problems, muscle disorders of the eye and receptive eye problems?
7.Describe two content areas that should be included in educational programs for students with vision loss.
8. Identify several disabilities that may accompany cerebral palsy.
9.What is spina bifida myelomeningocele?
10.Describe the physical limitations associated with muscular distrophy
11.Describe the AIDS disease stages through which individuals with the syndrome move
12.Identify present and future interventions for the treatment of children and youth with cystic fibrosis.
.
APA STYLE follow this textbook answer should be summarize for t.docxamrit47
APA STYLE
follow this textbook answer should be summarize for this below text
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
Don't use
any other text or article except this one.
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
· 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (Rawls 1993, pp. 5–6. The principles are numbered as they were in Rawls' original
A Theory of Justice
.)
Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
Dworkin proposed that people begin with equal resources but be allowed to end up with unequal economic benefits as a result of their own choices. What constitutes a just material distribution is to be determined by the result of a thought experiment designed to model fair distribution. Suppose that everyone is given the same purchasing power and each uses that purchasing power to bid, in a fair auction, for resources best suited to their life plans. They are then permitted to use those resources as they see fit. Although people may end up with different economic benefits, none of them is given less consideration than another in the sense that if they wanted somebody else's resource bundle they could have bid for it instead.
In Dworkin's proposal we see his attitudes to ‘ambitions’ and ‘endowments’ which have become a central feature of luck egalitarianism (though under a wide variety of al.
APA7Page length 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Pag.docxamrit47
APA7
Page length: 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Page.
Discuss and explore the synergy that RFID technology & Time Based Competition has had on the grocery retail industry. Are the two concepts compatible? And then explain. Provide real-world scenarios, which reflect Time Base Competition.
video on
RFID in Logistics
.
APA format, 2 pagesThree general sections 1. an article s.docxamrit47
This document outlines the three main sections required for an APA format summary of a research article that is 2 pages in length: 1) A summary of the article, 2) An explanation of how the article relates to psychology and human behavior, specifically discussing the meaning and implications of the results, 3) A reaction to the article providing thoughts on whether the results were interesting, surprising, or common sense.
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotation.docxamrit47
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotations and 3 references.
. Mass vaccination after a disaster:
There was a natural disaster that occurred and has led to an infectious disease outbreak (your choice of one that is vaccine-preventable). Those affected by the disaster are settled in temporary locations with high population densities, inadequate food and shelter, unsafe water, poor sanitation and infrastructure that has been compromised or destroyed. There is a vaccine available for the infectious disease but there are not enough doses to give to all who are at-risk due to the natural disaster.
You are the public health official in charge of infectious disease prevention. Devise a plan to administer the vaccine to the population. Will you use a lottery system or target specific sub-populations? How will you track and monitor those who are vaccinated? Use the attributes of the infectious disease to provide reasoning behind your plan. What other prevention techniques that can be used to supplement the vaccination plan?
.
APA FORMAT1. What are the three most important takeawayslesson.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this online course (the entire quarter) and why? (150 words or more)
2. How did the material provided in this course assist your growth as a student and as an individual, in general? (150 words or more).
.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Psyc 100 Term Assignments Rationale ► Psychology.docx
1. Psyc 100 Term
Assignments
Rationale
► Psychology relies on a variety of research methods in order
to come to
a better understanding of behaviour and other phenomena. Most
research methods can be classified either as experiments or as
non-
experimental designs and it is important for students of
psychology to
be able to clearly differentiate which type of a design is being
used in
any specific study. As such, one goal of the term assignments is
for
you to be able to find different studies relating to a specific
topic and
identify which type of research method the study uses to
address the
questions of interest.
► In addition, reading and interpreting published research are
important
skills that all scientists must develop. The term assignments for
this
course will allow you to demonstrate that you can read,
summarize
2. and interpret research literature related to one specific topic
within the
scope covered in Psychology 100.
Overview
►two components
– Article Selection
►worth 3%
►due start of class Tuesday Feb. 21st
– Article Summaries
►worth 7%
►due start of class Thursday March 22nd
Assignment #1 – Rationale
►an essential early step in any empirical
investigation involves a review of the
published literature relevant to the specific
topic under investigation
►this assignment will familiarize you with
locating “good” research articles as well as
introducing you to some aspects of a
3. standard format – namely, APA format
►on WebCT you have been assigned a
general topic
related to that topic
►An efficient way of finding published
research that relates to your topic is to
conduct a literature search using PsycINFO
Using PsycINFO
Introduction
published in scholarly/academic journal. Luckily
you don’t need to skim through hundreds of
journals looking for a good article. You don’t
need to look through hundreds of Google results
either.
online psychology index which is like a very
specialized version of Google. PsycINFO will
4. find citations for articles on your topic, and will
even lead you to the actual articles.
Research Topic
investigating further the phenomenon of
bystander intervention that Darley and
Latane first examined in the 1960’s
in PsycINFO that have bystander
intervention as a subject
Connecting to PsycINFO
search engine which psychologists and
psychology students use to find journal
articles.
5. browser (Internet Explorer or Firefox) in a
new window and go to http://www.sfu.ca
http://www.sfu.ca/
Connecting to PsycINFO (con’t)
Connecting to PsycINFO (con’t)
column click
on the link to Journal articles and databases.
Connecting to PsycINFO (con’t)
reach all databases with
names starting with the letter P, and find PsycINFO in the list.
6. Connecting to PsycINFO (con’t)
this
database.
Connecting to PsycINFO (con’t)
on Connect to link to PsycINFO
Connecting to PsycINFO (con’t)
previous page
PsycINFO -- you should now have a page like the one below
PsycINFO -- now type in your search term
bystander intervention
Using Official Subject Headings
7. in PsycINFO can be used to restrict the results of the search
Using Official Subject Headings
choose to search for instances
where the search terms are Subjects
Using Official Subject Headings
Search box to conduct your initial search
Using Official Subject Headings
oing this you should get a screen like this
“bystander
intervention” is not recognized as an official term within
PsycINFO
asiest way is to use the “SmartText Searching” feature in
PsycINFO
8. SmartText Searching
• clicking here gives you the results (listed next)
SmartText Results
•
Narrowing Your Search Results
to Citations to Appropriate Articles
to find a scholarly or peer-reviewed journal
article which reports an empirical study.
limit your search results by making choices on
a Search Options menu like the one that
follows.
You can use the sliding bar beside each set of options to read
9. all the
options available before making your choices.
Often, you’ll
want to only
choose “Peer
Reviewed
Journals”
Narrowing Your Search Results (con’t)
to Citations to Appropriate Articles
choose
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal article
Methodology: Empirical Study
Language: English (and any other languages you
may read)
10. Narrowing Your Search Results to Citations to Appropriate
Articles
within a certain range of
publication dates by using the sliding bars on the right
2000
Narrowing Your Search Results to Citations to Appropriate
Articles
he
boxes) to set the limits
of 1995 and 2000 and click “Update Results”
True Experiments or
Correlational Studies?
instructed to select an article which describes a
true experiment, an experiment with an
independent variable. An independent variable
is one that can be manipulated or changed by
the researcher.
true experiments and correlational studies as
11. empirical studies. To decide if the article
describes a true experiment with an independent
variable you need to read the abstract of the
article carefully.
Finding the Journal Article
citation is the real goal of library research!
The SFU Library has an excellent
collection of psychology journals, some
online and some in paper format.
in the PsycINFO citation to open up a new
window with information about where to
get the journal.
Where can I get this
Assignment #1 – Formatting
►the American Psychological Association
(APA) has a publication manual that outlines
standard format for articles submitted for
publication
►your assignments need to conform to APA
formatting guidelines
12. General Instructions
►your manuscript should be printed on one
side of standard sized paper
-- 8 ½ X 11 in.
►use 12-pt Times Roman font
►leave uniform margins of at least 2.54 cm
(1 in.) at the top, bottom, left, and right of
each page
►double space between ALL lines of the
manuscript
Example Title
Page
Be sure to include:
• the short title & page
number
• the running head
• the title
• submission information
13. Reference Page
►your reference list should appear on a
NEW page at the end of your paper
►it provides the information necessary for a
reader to locate and retrieve any source
you cite in the body of the paper
►each source you cite in the paper must
appear in your reference list;
►similarly, each entry in the reference list
must be cited in your text.
Reference Page
Note: References are listed
alphabetically by last name
of the first author of each
source.
References
{centered on first line}
• use hanging indentation for each
reference
14. Short-title & page#
Assignment #1 – Submission
► assignments are due at the START of lecture, 10:30 am on
Tuesday February 21st
► you will need to obtain copies of the abstract for each
article as well as copies of the method section for each
article.
article
either a true experiment or correlation and to show that they’re
dealing with the same general research hypothesis
Levy et al. Abstract
Experiment
Hypothesis
Levy et al. Method Section
Experiment due to random
assignment of subjects to
the four groups
15. Assignment #1 – Submission
► You will submit these along with an APA-formatted
reference page listing your two articles to your TM
(tutor/marker).
► Your submission will also include an APA-formatted cover
page (see WebCT for an example) listing your name,
student number, and TM’s name.
Assignment #1 Grading
Assignment #2 – Rationale
► One important skill you need to succeed when
writing papers, answering essay exam questions,
or simply taking notes in lecture is the ability to
summarise material accurately and concisely.
Accurately means that you have selected only the
key points and recorded them precisely. Concisely
means that you have used the minimum number
of words and figures to communicate the accurate
meaning of the original source.
Assignment #2 – Summarizing the
Articles
16. ► Article summaries must be written in your own
words. If you merely copy the words of the
author(s) you are committing plagiarism. [You
should work through the Plagiarism module on
WebCT in order to avoid plagiarism.] Your article
summaries will require you to describe in your
own words what the article was about. Each
summary should be between 300 – 400 words and
should address the following issues in the
following order. Please label each section. Failure
to clearly label each section will result in a lower
grade.
Introduction
In their introduction, the author(s) will
describe previous research. In your summary
indicate the main findings of that previous
research. Additionally, in the introduction the
author(s) will describe the purpose of the
study they conducted and how it relates to
the previous research. In your summary you
should identify the question that the author(s)
were trying to answer and the hypotheses
they were evaluating.
Method
The author(s) will describe the methods they used in
17. their study. In your summary you should provide a
description of the methods used in the study and
identify the study as using either an experimental or
a non-experimental design.
For the experimental study identify the independent
and dependent variables and provide the operational
definitions of these variables. Briefly describe the
experimental method used.
For the non-experimental study identify the variables
being measured and how they are operationally
defined. Briefly describe the method used to study
the relationship between the variables.
Results
Summarize the major findings that the article
author(s) report in the results section.
Discussion
In the article’s Discussion section the
author(s) will tell you the implications of what
they found in their study. Your summary
should include a brief overview of the
implications of the study.
Assignment #2 – Formatting
18. ►the assignment should be submitted in APA
format
Psyc 100 Assignment
#2
Example Summaries
Note:
The example summary is
provided only to illustrate
format.
General Instructions
►your manuscript should be printed on one
side of standard sized paper
-- 8 ½ X 11 in.
►use 12-pt Times Roman font
►leave uniform margins of at least 2.54 cm
(1 in.) at the top, bottom, left, and right of
each page
►double space between ALL lines of the
manuscript
19. Example Title
Page
Be sure to include:
• the short title & page
number
• the running head
• the title
• submission information
Example First
Page
• Short title & page #
Title
{heading centred}
Introduction
{heading centred,
underlined}
20. Method
{heading centred,
underlined}
• Start with the summary of
the experimental study
{heading left-justified}
Results
{heading centred,
underlined}
Short title & page
#
Discussion
[heading centred, underlined}
Continue with the summary
of the non- experimental
study
21. {heading left-justified}
Introduction
{heading centred, underlined}
Method
{heading centred, underlined}
Results
{heading centred, underlined}
Short title & page #
Discussion
{heading centred, underlined}
Reference Page
►your reference list should appear on a
NEW page at the end of your paper
►it provides the information necessary for a
reader to locate and retrieve any source
you cite in the body of the paper
►each source you cite in the paper must
appear in your reference list;
22. ►similarly, each entry in the reference list
must be cited in your text.
Reference Page
Note: References are listed
alphabetically by last name
of the first author of each
source.
References
{centered on first line}
• use hanging indentation for each
reference
Short-title & page#
Assignment #2 Submission
► each summary should be between 300-400
words
► be sure to clearly label the sections
23. ► you will need to submit two copies of this
assignment:
aper/hard copy
► this will include the summary of the two articles (with the
title and reference pages)
► also submit your annotated copies of the two articles that
you summarized
► this will be just your written summary of the two articles
(with the title and reference pages)
► this needs to be in either .doc or .rtf format
• finally, with your hard copy you’ll need to include
a copy of the successful submission page from
your WebCT online-submission
Click Here
Click Here
Locate the file
on your
computer and
select it and
24. then click OK
Click Here
Click Here
You’ll want to print off and include a copy of this page with
your
hard copy.
Assignment #2 Submission
DUE:
►the paper copy is to be submitted at the
beginning of lecture (9:30 am) on March
22nd
►the electronic copy must be submitted by
9:00 am on the same day to avoid
penalties.
Assignment #2 Grading
25. First Term Test
►Thursday January 26th
-choice questions
-answer essay
questions
number
Multiple Choice Answer Sheets
(need to use a pencil)
Fill in circles completely
Complete Personal Information
Fill in special code
Completely erase changes
3 3 3 3
Short-Answer Essay
► Use Outline
26. ► Limit essay to space provided
► Circle the question you’ve chosen to answer
► Write your name, ID #, and your TMs name
Jane Student 399999999
Your TMs Name
Psyc 100 Term Assignments
Rationale
Psychology relies on a variety of research methods in order to
come to a better
understanding of behaviour and other phenomena. Most research
methods can be
classified either as true experiments or as non-experimental
designs and it is important
for you as a student of psychology to be able to clearly
differentiate which type of a
design is being used in any specific study. One goal of the term
assignments is for you
to be able to find different studies relating to a specific topic
and identify which type of
research method the study uses to address the questions of
interest.
In addition, reading and interpreting published research are
important skills that all
27. scientists must develop. The term assignments for this course
will allow you to
demonstrate that you can select, read, summarize and interpret
research literature
related to one specific topic within the scope covered in
Psychology 100.
The written assignments must be completed entirely by you
alone.
Assignment #1 (3% of final grade)
You will be assigned a specific topic relevant to the Psyc 100
curriculum (see your WebCT
MyGrades section by the middle of the second week of classes).
With your assigned topic
area in mind, you should read the appropriate section of the
textbook to fully understand the
scope and parameters of your topic area (many of the topics will
only be discussed in class
later in the course). Once you feel that you understand enough
about the assigned
topic, you will use PsycINFO® (an abstract database that
provides coverage of the
psychological literature from the 1800s to the present) to find
two empirical (original data
collected), peer-reviewed research articles that you understand
well enough that you
can summarize them in your own words. One of these articles
must be based on a true
experiment while the other article must be based on a non-
experimental study that examines
the same general research hypothesis. [In addition, to ensure
that not everyone uses the
28. same articles, there will be further constraints on the articles
including limiting them to a
specific range of publication dates and requiring that at least
one author of the article have a
last name starting with a range of specific initials.] You will
find your specific topic [with
related restrictions] on your MyGrades page (WebCT) by the
middle of the second week of
classes.
Step 1. Finding The Articles
An efficient way of finding published research that relates to
your topic is to conduct a
literature search using PsycINFO®. There is a learning module
on WebCT that will provide
you with specific instructions on using PsycINFO® to find
articles relevant to your specific
topic. The articles you use must be listed in PsycINFO®– this is
a way to ensure the
scientific merit of the articles you select – however, you will
need to judge whether or
not the research reported is empirical or not, and truly
experimental or not.
2
Format Notes: Formatting your Assignments
Nearly all manuscripts and published works in Psychology
follow a standard set of
29. conventions outlined by the American Psychological
Association (APA). For authors wishing
to publish research and students of psychology, these
conventions provide a standard format
so that ideas can be more accurately communicated. Of
particular concern is the appropriate
acknowledgement of original sources with citations and
references. Instruction will be
provided in class and you should complete the APA learning
module in WebCT.
Step 2. Submission of Assignment #1
Once you have found two empirical articles (one true
experiment, one non-experimental) that
meet the criteria you were assigned you will need to obtain
paper copies (print or photocopy
originals) of the abstract and method section for each article
(DO NOT simply copy and
paste into a word-processed document – that is considered
unacceptable academic conduct).
You will submit the appropriate article sections properly
annotated (labels and highlighting or
underlining) to indicate the evidence supporting your judgment
that the article is reporting a
true experiment (non-experimental) design assessing the same
general research hypothesis.
Your submission will include an APA-formatted title page (see
WebCT for an example) listing
your name, student number, and your tutor/marker’s (TM’s)
name, followed by the annotated
article sections, followed by an APA-formatted reference page
listing your two articles.
Assignment #1 is due in class at 10:30 on Tuesday February 21
30. st
. Late assignments
will be awarded a grade of zero.
Assignment #1 will be graded based on the appropriateness of
the articles submitted and the
conformity of your title and reference pages to APA standards
(see WebCT). Articles deemed
inappropriate, that is, incorrect topic, publication dates,
author(s), two articles reporting the
same type of research method, or both articles not related to the
same general research
hypothesis must be replaced with appropriate articles for
Assignment #2.
Assignment #2 (7% of final grade)
Rationale
One important skill you need to succeed when writing papers,
answering essay exam
questions, or simply taking notes in lecture is the ability to
summarise material accurately
and concisely. Accurately means that you have selected only the
key points and recorded
them precisely. Concisely means that you have used the
minimum number of words and
figures to communicate the accurate meaning of the original
source. One goal of the
assignments in this course is to give you practice in
summarising material in your own
words.
31. 3
Step 1. Summarizing The Articles
Article summaries must be written in your own words. If you
merely copy the words of the
author(s) you are committing plagiarism. [You should work
through the Plagiarism module in
WebCT in order to learn how to avoid plagiarism.]
Each summary should be between 300 – 400 words and should
address the following issues
in the following order. Please label each section. Please include
an in-text citation in each
section. Failure to clearly label each section or missing in-text
citations will result in a lower
grade.
Introduction (Experimental) (or Non-Experimental)
In their introduction, the author(s) will describe previous
research. In your summary indicate
the main findings of that previous research. Additionally, in the
introduction the author(s) will
describe the purpose of the study they conducted and how it
relates to the previous
research. In your summary you should identify the question that
the author(s) were trying to
answer and the hypotheses they were evaluating. Be sure to
specify the general hypothesis
concisely – it will be compared with the general hypothesis of
32. your second article summary.
Method
The author(s) will describe the methods they used in their study.
In your summary you should
provide a conceptual description of the methods used in the
study and identify the study as
using either a true experimental or a non-experimental design.
For the experimental study identify the independent and
dependent variables and provide the
operational definitions of these variables. Briefly describe the
experimental method used.
For the non-experimental study identify the variables being
measured and how they are
operationally defined. Briefly describe the method used to study
the relationship between the
variables.
Results
Summarize the major findings that the article author(s) report in
the results section. This is a
conceptual summary only – do not include specifics unless
critical to communicating the main
findings.
Discussion
In the article’s Discussion section the author(s) will tell you the
implications of what they
found in their study. Your summary should include a brief
overview of the implications of the
study.
33. 4
Part of your goal is to communicate your understanding of the
research, so the accuracy of
the summaries will be important. Assignment #2 will be graded
based on the appropriateness
of the article summaries and how your paper conforms to APA
standards (see WebCT for the
grading guide used by the TMs).
Article summaries must be written in your own words (you need
to paraphrase the ideas
expressed in the articles). Using quotations is strongly
discouraged as it demonstrates a lack
of understanding of the material. In the rare cases when a
quotation is absolutely necessary,
you must include the proper quotation marks and the
appropriate citation.
Format Notes: Formatting your Assignments
Nearly all manuscripts and published works in Psychology
follow a standard set of
conventions outlined by the American Psychological
Association (APA). Of particular concern
is the appropriate acknowledgement of original sources with
citations and references.
Instruction will be provided in class and you should complete
the APA learning module in
WebCT.
34. APA specifies 1 inch (2.54 cm) margins on all sides, double-
spacing of all lines (title page
and reference page included), 12-point Times (Times New
Roman) font, and single-sided
printed pages for manuscripts. Please do not use any document
covers.
Step 2. Submitting Assignment #2
Your assignment submission should include the following in
this order:
-formatted title page listing your name, student
number, and TM’s name (see
WebCT for an example)
– see WebCT for
details)
-formatted reference page listing the two articles you
summarized
your name on each)
o remember, do NOT just cut and paste these into a word-
processed document
o on the copies of the articles, identify and label by
circling/highlighting the
specific elements of the study that make one a true experimental
design, and
for the other, a non-experiment design
35. the
hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables, and the
experimental method
-experimental study you will need to identify and
label the
research question, the variables under investigation, and the
method
used
m
WebCT
o Windows users see:
http://www.wikihow.com/Take-a-Screenshot-in-Microsoft-
Windows#In_Windows_7
o Mac users see:
http://www.wikihow.com/Take-a-Screenshot-in-Mac-OS-X
o Linux users: -- if you’re using Linux you surely know
http://www.wikihow.com/Take-a-Screenshot-in-Microsoft-
Windows#In_Windows_7
http://www.wikihow.com/Take-a-Screenshot-in-Mac-OS-X
5
You must submit two copies of this assignment. One copy, the
paper hardcopy will
include the annotated copies of the articles. Be sure that you’ve
stapled the various
components of the assignment, in the requisite order, in advance
of bringing to class for
36. submission.
The second copy of the assignment (only the material you have
written) must be
submitted electronically in WebCT (in either .doc, docx, or .rtf
format).
The paper copy and the article photocopies will be returned to
you with comments; we will
archive the electronic copy of your assignment as an antidote to
plagiarism.
The paper copy is to be submitted at the beginning of class
(9:30am) on Thursday,
March 22
nd
– the electronic copy must be submitted by 9:00 am on the
same day to
avoid late or incomplete penalties.
Late or incomplete assignment submissions will not be graded
(e.g., a paper copy of the
article summaries without attached articles or a missing
electronic copy) until complete and
are subject to significant penalties (25% per day late or
incomplete).
This article was downloaded by: [Simon Fraser University]
On: 18 March 2012, At: 20:07
Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
37. Number:
1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer
Street,
London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Divorce &
Remarriage
Publication details, including instructions
for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjdr20
Impact of Parental Divorce
on Children's Dreams
Karoline Proksch Dipl. Psych. a & Michael
Schredl Dipl. Psych. a
a Lucidity Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
b Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of
Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
Available online: 12 Oct 2008
To cite this article: Karoline Proksch Dipl. Psych. & Michael
Schredl Dipl.
Psych. (1999): Impact of Parental Divorce on Children's
Dreams, Journal of
Divorce & Remarriage, 30:1-2, 71-82
To link to this article:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J087v30n01_05
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Full terms and conditions of use:
http://www.tandfonline.com/page/
terms-and-conditions
38. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private
study
purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction,
redistribution,
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjdr20
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J087v30n01_05
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http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution
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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or
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or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and
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The
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demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused
arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of
the
use of this material.
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Impact of Parental Divorce
on Children’s Dreams
Karoline Proksch
Michael Schredl
ABSTRACT. The present article summarizes the findings of
major
studies investigating the effect of stress on dreams. Forty-four
children
(11 to 13 yrs.) participated in this study to investigate the
impact of
parental divorce on their dreams. The dreams of the acute
divorce
group have not been, as expected, more negatively toned but
showed
more ‘‘primitivity’’ and ‘‘unsuccessful roles.’’ These findings
were
discussed within the continuity and mastery hypothesis of
dreaming.
[Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document
Delivery Service:
1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: [email protected]]
KEYWORDS. Dream content, stress, divorce, children, sleep
disor-
ders
41. In 1994, about 30% of all marriages in Germany ended with
separa-
tion (Statistisches Bundesamt, 1996). The process of divorce for
all
persons is a period of transition which may be accompanied by
stress,
depression, and other problems (e.g., Emery, 1994). At least one
child
was present in 54% of the divorce cases (Statistisches
Bundesamt,
1996). These children often experienced family quarrels prior to
the
divorce, at times accompanied by violence, the breaking-off of
paren-
tal relationships, or a complete separation from one parent.
Results of
Karoline Proksch, Dipl. Psych., is affiliated with the Lucidity
Institute, Stanford,
CA. Michael Schredl, Dipl. Psych., is affiliated with the Sleep
Laboratory, Central
Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
Address correspondence to: M. Schredl, Schlaflabor,
Zentralinstitut für Seelische
Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany.
Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, Vol. 30 (1/2) 1999
E 1999 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All r ights r eserved. 71
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JOURNAL OF DIVORCE & REMARRIAGE72
a variety of studies investigating short-term and long-term
effects of
divorce on children indicate that children experiencing parental
sepa-
ration show more interpersonal problems, mental health
problems,
such as depression or lower school achievement (Chase-
Lansdale,
Cherlin & Kiernan, 1995; Bolgar, Zweig-Frank & Paris, 1995).
Another way to investigate the impact of stress on the well-
being of
a person, is to study their dreams. According to the continuity
hypoth-
esis which states that dreaming is reflecting waking life (e.g.,
Dom-
hoff, 1996), one would expect that dreams after stress or major
life
events reflect the event itself and the possible negative affects
associ-
ated with the event. For example, several studies in adults
(Goode-
nough et al., 1975; De Koninck & Koulak, 1975; Lauer et al.,
44. 1987;
Powell, Nielson & Chung, 1993) showed that a presleep stress
film in
some cases lead to the incorporation of film elements and
higher
self-rated involvement but most dream affects shifted toward
negative
emotions compared to the affect of watching a neutral film.
Other
experimental stressors, such as presleep suggestions (De
Koninck &
Brunette, 1992) and difficult cognitive tasks (Cicogna et al.,
1976;
Stewart & Koulack, 1993) yield to similar results. However,
some
researchers (e.g., Breger, Hunter & Lane, 1971) criticized that
the
impact of experimental stress may be different from the effects
of real
life stress. Breger, Hunter and Lane (1971) showed that intense
psy-
chotherapy or awaiting a major surgery is more potent in
altering
dream content (e.g., higher rates of incorporation) and dream
affect
than a presleep film. Persons vulnerable to stress tend to rate
their
dreams as more anxious than controls do and their dreams also
contain
a greater incidence of misfortunes (Nesca & Koulak, 1991).
Other
emotional stress, such as menstrual stress (Sirois-Berliss & De
Ko-
ninck, 1982), interpersonal conflict (Delorme et al., 1996),
nuclear
accident (Davidson et al., 1988), tornado (Pagel, Vann &
45. Altomare,
1995), release from prison (Pung, 1978), loss of a beloved
person
(Garfield, 1996) or escaping from homeland (Cernovsky, 1990)
lead
to similar effects in dreams. Further evidence of the relationship
be-
tween negative dream emotions and stress is provided by
findings that
show that stress increases nightmare frequency (Kales et al.,
1980;
Cook, Kaplan & Wood, 1990; Koulack & Nesca, 1992; Tan &
Hicks,
1995). Even many years after severe stressors, for example,
sexual
abuse (Garfield, 1987; Draijer, 1990; Cuddy & Belicki, 1992) or
sur-
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47. viving the Holocaust (Lavie & Kaminer, 1991), the dreams tend
to be
more negative than those of non-stressed controls.
Cartwright and coworkers (Cartwright & Lamberg, 1992; Cart-
wright, 1996) have investigated the effects of divorce on women
and
found, as expected, more negative dream emotions in the
divorce
group in comparison with married females (Cartwright et al.,
1984). In
addition, dream content differentiated women reacting with
depres-
sion from women who did not. The dreams of the former were
domi-
nated by non-prefered roles of the dream ego and inadequate
coping
behavior (Trenholme et al., 1984). A follow-up after one year
showed
that differences in dream content diminished (such as
preponderance
of negative dream emotions) in non-depressed women
(Cartwright et
al., 1984). King (1996), who carried out a questionnaire study,
re-
ported that adults whose parents were divorced have more
negative
dreams and dreams which show a higher activity.
In children, a considerable amount of research has investigated
the
effects of trauma, such as natural and man-made disaster, sexual
and
physical abuse, war exposure, animal attacks, and
hospitalizations on
children’s dreams (overview: Nader, 1996). For example, Terr
48. (1979,
1981) has studied a group of 25 children who were kidnapped
while
riding the school bus. Almost every child suffered, among other
symp-
toms such as anxiety and pessimistic expectations, from night
terrors
and nightmares directly after the trauma. Even a few years after
the
trauma, nightmares did occur at the same intensity although
they were
less frequent and did not replay the original traumatic
experience
(Terr, 1983). The psychological impact of the Intifada (Israeli-
Arab
conflict) on Palestinian children living in refugee camps (10 to
12
years old) was studied by Nashef (1992). Their dreams
contained
more anxiety and conflict themes than the dreams of controls.
Unfor-
tunately, almost no systematic research exists on the
relationship be-
tween everyday stress and dream content in children although
Garfield
(1984) gave parallels between dream content and waking-life
prob-
lems, such as being chased in the dream representing feelings of
pressure from within or without in waking life. An experimental
study
of the influence of television was carried out by Foulkes,
Belvedere
and Brubaker (1971). They found no relationship between film
con-
tent and negative dream emotions. However, Viermerö and
Pajaanen
49. (1992) reported a relationship between the amount of time
watching
violent TV series and the occurence of ‘‘bad’’ dreams. This
discrepan-
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cy may be explained by the recurrent exposure present in the
second
study over the single exposure design used by Foulkes et al.
(1971).
To summarize, dreams seem to reflect the effects of stress on
adults
and on children.
The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of parental
divorce on children’s sleep and dreams. According to the
previous
findings, it was expected that dreams would be negative-toned,
51. show
higher involvement of the dream ego and would be
characterized by
inadequate coping behavior.
METHOD
Participants
Overall, 44 children (11 to 13 years old) partcipated in the
study.
They were divided into three groups: children whose parents
were
divorced within the last year (acute), children whose parents
were
divorced one to five years ago (non-acute), and a control group
of
children living with both parents (see Table 1). Twenty-six
children
attended ‘‘Gymnasium’’ and 18 children ‘‘Hauptschule.’’
Materials
Personality questionnaire. To measure personality, a
standardized
test (Persönlichkeits-fragebogen für Kinder, PFK 9-14; Seitz &
Rausche, 1976) was used. This test measured three different
areas:
behavior (70 items), motives (72 items), and self-concepts (61
items),
TABLE 1. Description of the Sample
Variable Divorce (<1 yr.) Divorce (1-5 yrs.) No Divorce
(N = 12) (N = 10) (N = 22)
52. age (yrs.) 11.1± 0.3 12.1± 1.0 12.0± 0.7
female/male 8/4 5/5 16/6
Gymn./Hauptsch. 8/4 6/4 12/10
Sleep index 5.6± 2.1 3.5± 2.1 4.2± 2.1
No. of dreams 13.1± 7.7 13.0± 6.4 12.8± 6.4
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Karoline Proksch and Michael Schredl 75
such as ego-strength, anxiety, emotionality, extraversion, school
achievement, shyness, and social behavior. Interitem
consistency of
the 15 subscales ranged from r = .587 to r = .812.
Sleep questionnaire. To quantify the sleep behavior, the
Pittsburgh
Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1988) was used. The
questionnaire
was comprised of 19 items measuring sleep quality, sleep
efficiency,
and sleep disturbances during the last month. The global score
54. ranges
from 0 to 21. The cut-off point 5 indicated sleep problems.
Dream content analysis. First, several scales of the dream
manual of
Riemann et al. (1985) were adopted, such as dream-like quality,
visual
and auditory perception. Second, dream content rating scales by
Breg-
er, Hunter and Lane (1971), including formal-descriptive and
thematic
dimensions, were translated into German. The formal-
descriptive di-
mensions (five-point scales ranging from 1 to 5) were:
‘‘anxiety’’
experienced by the dream ego; ‘‘cognitive disturbance,’’ such
as con-
fusion, fragmentation of dream episodes, inconsistencies;
‘‘implausi-
bility,’’ i.e., from real life (1) to bizarre (5); ‘‘involvement’’ of
the
dream ego; and ‘‘primitivity’’ ranging from extremely
socialized ex-
pression of impulses, such as conversation, intellectual activity,
help-
ing someone to mostly or extremely primitive or unsocialized
expres-
sion of impulses, such as stealing, injuring others, destroying
something, or murder. The thematic dimensions (three-point
scales
ranging from 1 to 3) were: ‘‘quality of interactions,’’ pleasant
(1),
neutral (2), unpleasant (3); ‘‘roles’’ inadequate or unsuccessful
(1), for
example, when the dreamer fails a task, neutral (2), such as
walking
55. around, talking, and adequate-successful (3), e.g., dreamer wins
a
game or does something well; ‘‘outcome’’ of the dream,
desirable
outcome (1), neutral (2), and undesirable outcome (3).
Procedure
In public schools children were asked to participate in the
study. If a
child was willing to participate written consent of the parent(s)
was
obtained. First, sociodemographic data were elicited, and then
the
children completed the personality and sleep questionnaires.
During a
period of twelve weeks the participants kept a dream diary
writing
down every dream recalled in the morning. In weekly sessions
chil-
dren rated their dreams along the scales by Breger et al. (1971).
In
these sessions questions about dreams and emotional issues of
the
children were discussed. In addition, dream content was judged
along
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the scales of Riemann et al. (1985) and Breger et al. (1971) by
an
independent rater, and the dream words were counted out. The
statisti-
cal analysis included ANOVA procedures with contrasts
between di-
vorce groups and controls and ANCOVA procedures to control
for
word count.
RESULTS
Personality questionnaire. The analysis of variance of the
personal-
ity dimensions led to one significant result: the children whose
parents
were divorced within the last year scored higher on the
dimension
‘‘need for improvement.’’
Sleep questionnaire. The mean global score of the sleep
question-
the
three groups did not reach significance, a tendency of
heightened
values was found in the acute divorce group in comparison with
58. con-
trols (p = .0654, one-tailed; see Table 1).
Dream recall and dream word count. Overall, 568 dream reports
were collected over the twelve-week peroid. Dream recall did
not
differ between the three groups (see Table 1). Mean word count
was
er dream (range: 4 to 327 words). The
analysis of
variance revealed significant group differences (F = 6.5, p =
.0016; see
Table 2) so that word count was used as covariate in further
analysis.
Dream content. In Table 2 the formal aspects measured by the
Riemann et al. scales are depicted. When word count was
partialed out
(all effects p < .0001), all three scales still showed differences
between
children of the acute divorced group and controls. For example,
TABLE 2. Formal Dream Aspects of the Three Groups
(Riemann et al., 1985)
Variable Divorce (<1 yr.) Divorce (1-5 yrs.) No Divorce
(N = 157) (N = 130) (N = 281)
word count 37.4± 33.4*** 49.6± 50.1 52.5± 43.4
dream-like quality 1.73± 0.94** 1.89± 0.82 2.06± 0.77
visual perception 1.17± 1.21*** 1.25± 0.88* 1.48± 0.87
auditory perception 0.20± 0.58* 0.38± 0.65 0.42± 0.77
*p < .05, **p < .01, *** p < .001 comparison to controls
(covariate word count)
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Karoline Proksch and Michael Schredl 77
dreams of the acute divorce dream group were less dream-like
(more
realistic) and contained a lower amount of visual and auditory
percep-
tion. Significant differences were also found for the dimension
‘‘prim-
itivity’’ and ‘‘roles’’ (see Table 3). A similar but smaller
difference in
the dimension ‘‘roles’’ was found for the non-acute divorce
group.
The self-rated dimension ‘‘involvement’’ of the dream ego was
more
pronounced in both divorce groups than in controls. The
correlations
between self-ratings of the children and the ratings made by a
judge
were high: ‘‘anxiety’’ (r = .905), ‘‘cognitive disturbances’’ (r =
.581),
61. ‘‘implausibility’’ (r = .784), ‘‘involvement’’ (r = .777),
‘‘primitivity’’
(r = .749), ‘‘quality of interaction’’ (r = .747), ‘‘roles’’ (r =
.801), and
‘‘outcome’’ (r = .793).
The results of the judge’s ratings showed similar patterns to the
children’s self-ratings (see Table 4), with the exception of the
dimen-
sion ‘‘involvement.’’ One unexpected finding was the
significantly
lower value of the dimension ‘‘implausibility’’ of the non-acute
di-
vorce group.
DISCUSSION
As expected, marked effects of parental divorce on personality
measures were not found, yet this may be due to the small
sample size.
TABLE 3. Descriptive and Thematic Dream Dimensions of the
Three Groups
(Self-ratings, Breger, Hunter & Lane, 1971)
Variable Divorce (<1 yr.) Divorce (1-5 yrs.) No Divorce
(N = 157) (N = 130) (N = 281)
Anxiety 2.29± 1.54 2.05± 1.40 2.25± 1.59
Cognitive disturbances 1.59± 0.93 1.63± 0.89 1.70± 0.92
Implausibility 3.27± 1.46 2.86± 1.39* 3.25± 1.35
Involvement1 2.46± 1.59* 2.47± 1.51* 2.20± 1.47
Primitivity 2.55± 1.10*** 2.21± 1.04 2.21± 1.08
Quality of interaction 1.99± 0.74 1.93± 0.76 1.97± 0.76
Roles 2.52± 0.76*** 2.66± 0.60* 2.81± 0.48
Outcome 2.00± 0.79 1.98± 0.82 2.12± 0.82
62. *p < .05, **p < .01, *** p < .001 comparison to controls
(covariate word count)
1one-tailed tests
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TABLE 4. Descriptive and Thematic Dream Dimensions of the
Three Groups
(Ratings by judge, Breger, Hunter & Lane, 1971)
Variable Divorce (<1 yr.) Divorce (1-5 yrs.) No Divorce
(N = 157) (N = 130) (N = 281)
Anxiety 2.27± 1.46 2.12± 1.41 2.25± 1.42
Cognitive disturbances 1.66± 0.86 1.49± 0.75 1.59± 0.80
Implausibility 3.41± 1.24 3.19± 1.38 3.44± 1.21
Involvement1 2.40± 1.57 2.39± 1.54 2.19± 1.46
Primitivity 2.55± 0.99* 2.52± 1.07 2.40± 1.06
Quality of interaction 2.03± 0.69 1.94± 0.73 1.96± 0.71
64. Roles 2.59± 0.71*** 2.70± 0.59 2.80± 0.50
Outcome 2.09± 0.76 2.12± 0.78 2.22± 0.75
*p < .05, **p < .01, *** p < .001 comparison to controls
(covariate word count)
1one-tailed tests
On the other hand, increased sleep difficulties were associated
with
recent divorce, congruent with findings indicating that stress
increases
sleep problems in adults (e.g., Hohagen et al., 1993).
Whereas dream recall frequency did not differ between the three
groups, dream length was considerably lower in the acute-
divorce
group. If one interprets dream length as a measure of dream
recall, as
done by Waterman (1991), one could say that stress reduces the
amount of recalled dream material. In the literature, the findings
con-
cerning the effect of stress on dream recall are inhomogeneous,
for
example, stress increases dream recall in females but reduces
dream
recall in males (Armitage, 1992). It may also be possible that
sleep
disturbances influence dream recall since it was found that
dream
recall and dream length were higher in long sleepers (Taub,
1972).
The formal aspects of the lowered auditory and visual
perception in
the dreams of the acute-divorce group cannot be explained by
the
65. influence of stress on dreams, and thus warrants further
research.
Although dream content of the acute-divorce group did not
reflect
an increased global negative affect (‘‘anxiety,’’ ‘‘quality of
interac-
tions’’ and ‘‘outcome’’), as predicted by previous findings (see
introduction), it showed more ‘‘primitivity,’’ such as
unsocialized ex-
pression of impulses and ‘‘inadequate’’ or ‘‘unsuccessful’’
roles.
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Karoline Proksch and Michael Schredl 79
These dreams may reflect role confusion the child experiences
during
the time of separation and adaptation to new family structures
(e.g.,
Knoke, 1994). Although a small difference was still found in
67. the
non-acute divorce group, the increase of ‘‘adequate’’ and
‘‘success-
ful’’ roles in these dreams may indicate an increase of coping
behavior
in those children adapting to the new situation. Whether dreams
them-
selves contribute to the adaption process is discussed in the
literature
as mastery hypothesis (Koulack, 1993). Wright and Koulack
(1987)
assumed that the process of mastery in dreams is the same that
occurs
during the waking state. When we are confronted by a stressful
event
or a problem during the waking state, we think about it, until
obtaining
a successful resolution or until having to put it away because of
other
demands of our waking life. Support for this hypothesis was
provided
by the findings of Cartwright (1991, 1996) who found that
incorpora-
tion of the ex-spouse in the dream was helping the investigated
women
to cope with divorce. The findings of Hajek and Blecher (1991)
re-
ported that persons with negative toned dreams about smoking
are
those who stayed abstinent. In the present study, higher self-
rated
involvement in dream action and more realistic (less dream-
like)
dreams in the acute-divorce group may reflect the process of
mastery
within the dream.
68. On the other hand, dream work was adopted in group therapy
with
women undergoing divorce to cope effectively with the demands
of
this transition period (Falk and Hill, 1995).
Overall, the results of the present study indicate that children’s
dreams were influenced by the stressor divorce. To extend the
present
findings, it will be of interest to carry out a prospective
longitudinal
study of children prior to divorce, during the process, and at
least one
or two years after the divorce. Additional measures such as
subjective
stress experienced by the child and the investigation of
incorporation
of the life event into dreams (the separated parent, family
conflict) will
shed more light on the possible coping function of dreams.
Whether or
not the reported pattern (no change in dream emotions but more
‘‘primitive’’ themes and ‘‘unsuccessful role’’ behavior) is
typical for
children of divorce could be evaluated by studying dreams of
children
who experience other stressors, for example, mental illness of
one
parent, school problems or loss of a near relative.
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