This document discusses Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and its mission to increase equitable access to vaccines in lower-income countries. It covers topics such as the history of vaccines and their impact, Gavi's partnership model and support for countries, and its goal of closing the immunization gap. Key points made include that Gavi supports over half the world's children and aims to immunize 300 million more children by 2020, vaccines have reduced common diseases by 90% globally, and immunization provides both health and economic benefits through healthier communities and populations.
Presentation from Gavi CEO Dr Seth Berkley during the replenishment launch at the Seventh Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) in Yokohama, co-hosted by the Japanese government.
From 10–11 December, the global health community and leaders are meeting in Abu Dhabi to review progress midway through Gavi’s 2016–2020 investment period.
MTR session: This is now…18 years of progress
Dr Berkley reflects on two topics:
- Gavi’s progress vis-à-vis its 2016-2020 promises
- Existing and future Gavi challenges as well as lessons learned.
The 5-in-1 pentavalent vaccine is now available in all Gavi-supported countries at a record low price, but only 50% of the children are being reached. Learn more about the pentavalent success story – and the challenges that remain.
Presentation from Gavi CEO Dr Seth Berkley during the replenishment launch at the Seventh Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) in Yokohama, co-hosted by the Japanese government.
From 10–11 December, the global health community and leaders are meeting in Abu Dhabi to review progress midway through Gavi’s 2016–2020 investment period.
MTR session: This is now…18 years of progress
Dr Berkley reflects on two topics:
- Gavi’s progress vis-à-vis its 2016-2020 promises
- Existing and future Gavi challenges as well as lessons learned.
The 5-in-1 pentavalent vaccine is now available in all Gavi-supported countries at a record low price, but only 50% of the children are being reached. Learn more about the pentavalent success story – and the challenges that remain.
KCR features in the newest Pharma Voice, June 2017, top industry publication. Andrzej Piotrowski, MD, Ph.D., Medical Monitor at KCR, commented on malaria treatment and research.
Dr Seth Berkley presents an update to the Gavi Board meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, covering key developments in the global landscape, strategic progress, previous Board decisions and updates from the Alliance.
First presented at the Meningitis Vaccine Project Closure Conference in Addis Ababa in February, Gavi’s CEO Seth Berkley gives a summary of Gavi’s role in reducing the burden of meningitis in Africa.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
New presentation on immunisation in the Asia-Pacific region, including support to pentavalent, pneumococcal, measles, rubella, HPV, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccines, the growing number of manufacturers of Gavi-supported vaccines based in Asia-Pacific, and the increasing co-financing contributions by countries in the region. Despite great progress challenges remain: almost half of the world’s under-immunised children are in Gavi-supported countries in Asia-Pacific.
WHO - AMR Global Overview and Action Planmarkovingian
Diberikan dan disampaikan pada Seminar "Cegah Resistensi Antibiotik: Demi Selamatkan Manusia", kerjasama Kemenkes, WHO, dan Yayasan Orang Tua Peduli, didukung oleh React, 5 Agustus 2015
ROTAVIRUS VACCINES IN INDIA .WHICH ONE WILL YOU CHOOSE AND WHY?DR SHAILESH MEHTA
Many brands of Rotavirus vaccine are available in India. However we need to have full evidence based decision making before we choose one rotavirus vaccine over another. This slideshow focuses on the need to have Indian studies which are not there with some of the international brands. Regionwise variability of rotavirus vaccines have prompted ICMR and various other scientific bodies in India to have our own data on efficacy of rotaviral vaccines in Indian scenario. Diarrhoea is a major cause of under 5 mortality in children. After the use of rotavirus vaccines there is a huge reduction of financial burden on our healthcare sytems.
Childhood diarrhoea incidence and severity have decreased ever since rotavirus vaccine was made a part of national immunization schedule.
COVID-19 is certainly a newly emerged zoonosis, not yet understood properly thus cases need utmost care in its handling in both in human and animals.
More observations and studies can only elucidate the origin, intermediate host and definitive host (till date humans) and maintenance host of SARS CoV-2.
For control of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses potentiating one health environmental approach for understanding disease drivers and control strategies are essential elements.
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
The Life After COVID-19: A Frontliner's Perspective.MaMonicaRivera
These slides are uploaded for information and as partial requirement of Philippine Women's University in Master of Nursing (MAN); Subject: Nursing Practicum
By: Ma. Monica Rivera, BSN, RN
Gavi CEO Seth Berkley presents key achievements and challenges to the Gavi Board on 10 June 2015. Topics covered include: successful replenishment, new vaccine introductions, coverage and equity, sustainability, the broader immunisation landscape and risk management.
Dr. William Flynn - FDA Antibiotics StrategyJohn Blue
FDA Antibiotics Strategy - Dr. William Flynn, Deputy Director for Science Policy, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Influenza vaccine is nothing new . However there are lesser known facts about Influenza vaccine. This is just a humble attempt to highlight a few important points about Influenza vaccine, including some updates.
Burden of Influenza disease worldwide.
Importance of Influenza vaccine in Corona virus pandemic.
Influenza vaccine quadrivalent vs trivalent vaccine.
Split virion vs Subunit influenza vaccine
0.5 ml dose of influenza vaccine below 3 yrs age in children
Northern hemisphere or Southern hemisphere influenza vaccine for India, some suggestions
KCR features in the newest Pharma Voice, June 2017, top industry publication. Andrzej Piotrowski, MD, Ph.D., Medical Monitor at KCR, commented on malaria treatment and research.
Dr Seth Berkley presents an update to the Gavi Board meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, covering key developments in the global landscape, strategic progress, previous Board decisions and updates from the Alliance.
First presented at the Meningitis Vaccine Project Closure Conference in Addis Ababa in February, Gavi’s CEO Seth Berkley gives a summary of Gavi’s role in reducing the burden of meningitis in Africa.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
New presentation on immunisation in the Asia-Pacific region, including support to pentavalent, pneumococcal, measles, rubella, HPV, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccines, the growing number of manufacturers of Gavi-supported vaccines based in Asia-Pacific, and the increasing co-financing contributions by countries in the region. Despite great progress challenges remain: almost half of the world’s under-immunised children are in Gavi-supported countries in Asia-Pacific.
WHO - AMR Global Overview and Action Planmarkovingian
Diberikan dan disampaikan pada Seminar "Cegah Resistensi Antibiotik: Demi Selamatkan Manusia", kerjasama Kemenkes, WHO, dan Yayasan Orang Tua Peduli, didukung oleh React, 5 Agustus 2015
ROTAVIRUS VACCINES IN INDIA .WHICH ONE WILL YOU CHOOSE AND WHY?DR SHAILESH MEHTA
Many brands of Rotavirus vaccine are available in India. However we need to have full evidence based decision making before we choose one rotavirus vaccine over another. This slideshow focuses on the need to have Indian studies which are not there with some of the international brands. Regionwise variability of rotavirus vaccines have prompted ICMR and various other scientific bodies in India to have our own data on efficacy of rotaviral vaccines in Indian scenario. Diarrhoea is a major cause of under 5 mortality in children. After the use of rotavirus vaccines there is a huge reduction of financial burden on our healthcare sytems.
Childhood diarrhoea incidence and severity have decreased ever since rotavirus vaccine was made a part of national immunization schedule.
COVID-19 is certainly a newly emerged zoonosis, not yet understood properly thus cases need utmost care in its handling in both in human and animals.
More observations and studies can only elucidate the origin, intermediate host and definitive host (till date humans) and maintenance host of SARS CoV-2.
For control of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses potentiating one health environmental approach for understanding disease drivers and control strategies are essential elements.
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
The Life After COVID-19: A Frontliner's Perspective.MaMonicaRivera
These slides are uploaded for information and as partial requirement of Philippine Women's University in Master of Nursing (MAN); Subject: Nursing Practicum
By: Ma. Monica Rivera, BSN, RN
Gavi CEO Seth Berkley presents key achievements and challenges to the Gavi Board on 10 June 2015. Topics covered include: successful replenishment, new vaccine introductions, coverage and equity, sustainability, the broader immunisation landscape and risk management.
Dr. William Flynn - FDA Antibiotics StrategyJohn Blue
FDA Antibiotics Strategy - Dr. William Flynn, Deputy Director for Science Policy, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Influenza vaccine is nothing new . However there are lesser known facts about Influenza vaccine. This is just a humble attempt to highlight a few important points about Influenza vaccine, including some updates.
Burden of Influenza disease worldwide.
Importance of Influenza vaccine in Corona virus pandemic.
Influenza vaccine quadrivalent vs trivalent vaccine.
Split virion vs Subunit influenza vaccine
0.5 ml dose of influenza vaccine below 3 yrs age in children
Northern hemisphere or Southern hemisphere influenza vaccine for India, some suggestions
Prospects for GBS prevention - current candidates & removing barriers to licensure of a GBS vaccine for pregnant women globally
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Claudia Llanten, MD, MPH of CMMB describes the importance of immunization in protecting the health of children and adults and how CMMB partners with other organizations to deliver vaccines at the CCIH 2018 conference.
Sustaining community involvement in HIV prevention research:Experiences fro...wellcome.trust
Presented by William Kidega (UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program) at the Public Engagement Workshop, 2-5 Dec. 2008, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa, http://scienceincommunity.wordpress.com/
Designing vaccines for specific populations and germs - Slides by Professor E...WAidid
The presentation given by Professor Susanna Esposito at ECCMID 2019. A view on vaccines recommendations, combined vaccinations and impact of vaccination practices in the eradication of major infectious diseases.
To learn more, please visit www.waidid.org
In this topic take about public health microbiology because of people are not aware about virus or disease vaccine is more essential for human being save our lives from the virus it is major requirements for people
PLEASE NOTE: THESE SLIDES MAY NOT DISPLAY PROPERLY ONLINE, BUT THEY ARE READABLE IF DOWNLOADED.
October 28, 2018
This one-day conference explored the current pharmaceutical pricing landscape by bringing together leaders from the pharmaceutical industry, policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars to engage in novel, interdisciplinary discussions to better understand current challenges and articulate best practices to address these issues. Participants assessed the current challenges presented in drug pricing policy, from development to delivery, in both the United States and international context. We also explored and articulated best practices to expand access to medicines and worked toward developing a plan for disseminating these practices more widely.
A presentation on my life in public health and vaccinations- from measles in the West Midlands of England, 1983-2014 to COVID-19 in Europe, 2020-now, implications for the public health community and vaccines manufactures including the vaccine TRIPS waiver. Presentation to a Spanish public health and vaccines forum, October 18th 2021 211018 middleton spanish vaccines and industry presentation 1 version recorded
2014 Report: Medicines in Development for HIV/AIDSPhRMA
Biopharmaceutical Company Researchers Are Developing More Than 40 Medicines and Vaccines For HIV Infection Treatment and Prevention
Globally, approximately 35 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, new infections have dropped by 38 percent since 2001, according to UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
This is the first time in history that ZIKV has been associated with the development of adverse birth outcomes and has been linked to perinatal transmission. Little is known regarding the natural history, epidemiological transmission patterns, and major risk factors associated with ZIKV. Data on the outcomes of pregnancies in ZIKV infected women as well as specific trimesters when pregnant women are at highest risk for developing an adverse birth outcome remains sparse. This presentation discusses the epidemiological background and history of Zika Virus, preventative methods, and risk factors. In addition, the presentation discusses a research proposal to evaluate potential risk factors associated with the development of adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of ZIKV versus those Zika Virus infected pregnant women that did not develop adverse birth outcomes in three low-income regions of Northeastern Brazil.
Overview of the Decade of Vaccines Collaboration including background, structure and vision for creation of the Global Vaccines Action Plan.
www.dovcollaboration.org
Dr Seth Berkley presents an update to the Gavi Board meeting in New Delhi, India, covering key developments in the global landscape; how Gavi is working differently to reach zero-dose communities and strengthen primary health care; previous Board decisions; and updates from the Alliance and the Secretariat.
Dr Seth Berkley presents an update to the Gavi Board meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, covering key developments in the global landscape, strategic progress, previous Board decisions and updates from the Alliance.
Data presentation on global trends in immunisation, health and development. The presentation included a summary of the issues Gavi was created to address and how the results of its work are manifested in different countries.
Dr Seth Berkley presents an update to the Gavi Board meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, reporting on key developments in the global landscape, strategic progress, previous Board decisions and updates from the Alliance.
Gavi CEO Dr Seth Berkley presents an update to the Gavi Board meeting in Vientiane, Lao PDR, reporting on key developments in the global landscape, previous Board decisions and strategic discussion topics.
Dr Seth Berkley presents a general update to the Gavi Board meeting in Geneva, reporting on key developments in the global landscape, previous Board decisions, strategic discussion topics and critical findings from partner and performance reviews of the Alliance.
Dr Seth Berkley presents a general update to the Gavi Board meeting in Côte d’Ivoire, reporting on previous Board decisions, global health threats and how the Alliance is gearing up to deliver on the new strategy.
Gavi’s CEO Dr Seth Berkley presents an overview of the Vaccine Alliance’s achievements to the Board on 22 June 2016. Topics include results and challenges in the 2011-2015 period, early progress in implementing the 2016-2020 strategy and the role of immunisation on the global agenda.
Gavi’s CEO Dr Seth Berkley presents an overview of the Alliance’s achievements to the Board on 2 December 2015. Topics include a summary of results and challenges in the 2011-2015 strategy period, Gavi’s increasing focus on coverage, equity and sustainability going forward, global health security and the broader immunisation landscape.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
www.gavi.org
Name of presenter
Place, date
1. About vaccines
2. About Gavi
3. Healthy communities
4. Closing the immunisation gap
Gavi, the
Vaccine Alliance
2. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
About vaccines
About vaccines
3. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
The world before vaccines
Flu pandemic
1918-1920
> 50-100 million deaths worldwide
Smallpox
epidemic
INDIA
1974
15,000 deaths
Yellow fever
PHILADELPHIA
1793
>5,000 deaths
Cholera
pandemic
EUROPE
1829-1851
>200,000 deaths
About vaccines
Polio
NEW YORK
1916
6,000 deaths
Examples of major disease outbreaks
4. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
What is a vaccine?
Vaccines use the body’s natural defenses to safely develop immunity
About vaccines
weakened
form of
disease
antibodies
2
actual
disease
antibodies
3
1
weakened
form of
disease
5. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Smallpox
1798 Rabies
1885
Typhoid
1886
Cholera
1896
Plague
1897
Tuberculosis
(Bacille Calmette-Guérin)
1927 Typhus
1938
Tetanus toxoid
Pertussis
1926
Diphtheria
toxoid
1923
Influenza
1936
Yellow
Fever
1935
Polio (injected inactivated)
(1955) Mumps, live
(1967)
Anthrax, secreted proteins (1970)
Pneumococcus polysaccharides (1977)
Hepatitis B (plasma derived) (1981)
Tick-borne encephalitis (1981)
Hepatitis B surface antigen recombinant (1986)
Typhoid (salmonella Ty21a), Live (1989)
13 valent pneumococcal conjugates (2010)
Zoster, live (2006)
Rotavirus (attenuated and new reassortants (2006)
Human papillomavirus recombinant quadrivalent (2006)
Cold-Adapted Influenza (2003)
Rotavirus reassortants (1999)
Meningococcal conjugate* (group C) (1999)
Acellar pertussis, various (1996)
Hepatitis A, inactivated (1996)
Cholera, live attenuated (1994)
Typhoid (Vi) polysaccharide (1994)
Japanese encephalitis, inactivated (1992)
Polio (oral live) (1963)
Measles, live (1963)
Rubella, live (1969)
Meningococcal polysaccharides (1974)
Adenovirus (1980)
Rabies, cell culture (1980)
H. influenza type B polysaccharide (1985)
H. influenzae conjugate* (1987)
Varicella (1995)
Cholera (recombinant Toxin B) # (1993)
Cholera (WC-rBC) (1991)
Lyme OspA, protein (1998)
Pneumococcal conjugate, heptavalent* (2000)
Japanese encephalitis (Vera-cell) (2009)
Cholera (WC only) (2009)
Human papillomavirus recombinant bivalent (2009)
Meningococcal quadrivalent conjugates* (2005)
Quadrivalent influenza vaccines (2012)
Meningococcal C and Y and
Haemophilus influenza type b (2012)
Meningococcal B (2013)
Influenza vaccine (baculovirus) (2013)
Human papillomavirus, 9-valent (2014)
Enterovirus (2015)
Dengue (2015)
Cumulativenumberofvaccines
Acceleration in vaccine development
Sources: timeline as of the end of 2010: Plotkin SA, Plotkin SL. The development of vaccines: how the
past led to the future. Nature Reviews Microbiology, AOP, 2011, 1–5. 2011-2015: US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
About vaccines
50+
licensed
vaccines1798–2015
6. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Fully protecting children with vaccines
1. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) (1 dose)
2. Diphtheria (3 doses)
3. Tetanus (3 doses)
4. Pertussis (3 doses)
5. Hepatitis B (3–4 doses)
6. Hib (3 doses)
7. Pneumococcal (3 doses)
8. Polio (OPV and/or IPV, 3–4 doses)
9. Rotavirus (2–3 doses)
10. Measles (2 doses)
11. Rubella (1 dose)
12. HPV (2 doses) (adolescent girls)
Recommended for children in all countries
About vaccines
7. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
1980
2017
Vaccines have changed our lives
Note: shows reduction in the number of reported cases. Source: WHO: Global and regional immunization profile, July 2018.
Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/gs_gloprofile.pdf
Tetanus Diphtheria Pertussis Measles Polio
About vaccines
~90% reduction in common
vaccine-preventable
diseases
8. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Vaccines protect against common types of cancer
About vaccines
HPV vaccine
cervical cancer
Pentavalent vaccine
liver cancer caused by
hepatitis B
9. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
No other health intervention touches so many lives
Worldwide, over 30 vaccine doses
are given every second
00:01
About vaccines
10. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
10
About Gavi
About Gavi
11. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
in lower-income
countries
by increasing
equitable use of
vaccines
and protecting
people’s health
Saving
children’s
lives
Gavi’s mission
About Gavi
12. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Vaccine Alliance partners
About Gavi
IMPLEMENTING
COUNTRY
GOVERNMENTS
DONOR COUNTRY
GOVERNMENTS
CIVIL SOCIETY
ORGANISATIONS
VACCINE
MANUFACTURERS
PRIVATE
SECTOR PARTNERS
RESEARCH
AGENCIES
13. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
100%100%
72%
High-income
countries
Low-income
countries
% countries
with national
Hib vaccine
programmes
Note: Only countries with universal national programmes are included.
World Bank 2016 country classification has been applied to the whole time series.
Source: The International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC) VIMS database.
Data as of 31 December 2017.
Why Gavi was launched: creating equal access to vaccines
About Gavi
2017
High-income
countries
Low-income
countries
3%
2000
14. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
How Gavi supports countries
About Gavi
Health system strengthening
support
Tailored technical
support
Vaccine
support
About vaccines Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
15. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Continued
support
The Gavi business model: reinventing aid
Country
Country
Country
Country
Country
Country
Pooling demand of
poorest countries
Strengthening vaccine
delivery platforms
Long-term
funding
Donor base
Co-financing
Market shaping
Shaping
markets
Supply Demand
Accelerating
access to vaccines
Sustaining
immunisation
Transition out
of support
About Gavi
16. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Gavi’s resource mobilisation model: a three-pronged approach
About Gavi
US$ 330m
US$
696m
US$
1,505m
$
US$ 32m
US$ 136m
2000 2010 2017
growing
donor
contributions
1
increasing
country
co-financing
3
17. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Accelerating access: our vaccine portfolio
About Gavi
Year of first
introduction/
use of stockpile
PNEUMO-
COCCAL
MULTIVALENT
MENINGITIS
INACTIVATED
POLIO
JAPANESE
ENCEPHALITIS
ORAL
CHOLERA
HPV
(CERVICAL
CANCER)
MEASLES-
RUBELLAMENINGITIS A
YELLOW
FEVER
HEPATITIS B
PENTAVALENT
HIB
2001 2002 2007 2008 2010 2013 2015 20172009 20142003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2016 2018 2019
Gavi 1.0 Gavi 2.0 Gavi 3.0 Gavi 4.0
>400
introductions
and
campaigns
since 2000EBOLA TYPHOID
MEASLES
2ND DOSE
ROTAVIRUS
18. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Affordable and sustainable vaccine prices
Cost to immunise a child
with a full course of:
About Gavi
Approx.
USA price:
US$
1,100
~US$ 28
HEPATITIS B
PENTAVALENT
HIB
ROTAVIRUS
PNEUMOCOCCAL
INACTIVATED POLIO
MEASLES
RUBELLA
HPV (CERVICAL CANCER)
DTP
19. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
0
20
40
60
80
100
Immunisationcoveragerate(%)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Immunisation coverage: closing the gap
About Gavi
.
Note: Includes DTP-containing vaccines, such as pentavalent vaccine.
Source: WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage, 2018
Expanded Programme
on Immunization takes off
Stagnating immunisation
coverage
Gavi support to world’s
poorest countries
High-income countries
Global
average
96%
85%
80%
Launch of Gavi
Post-Gavi
increase
2000-2017
21%
points
Lowest-income countries Gavi-supported countries
20. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Improving health systems: key ingredients
About Gavi
Integrated
service
delivery
Health
service
workforce
Health information
systems
Demand promotion
& community
engagement
Management
& coordination
Vaccine
supply chain
21. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Gavi catalyses new partnerships and innovation
About Gavi
Immunisation cold chainVaccine innovation Data and technology
22. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
22
Healthy communities,
healthy economies
Healthy communities
23. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Vaccines: saving lives and boosting economies
Healthy communities
Reduced sickness
Improved
learning
Reduced burden
on families
Healthcare savings
Increased
productivity
Increased economic &
political stability
24. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Healthy communities, healthy economies: Gavi’s impact
Gavi-supported countries, 2000–2018
Healthy communities
>700
million
children immunised
keep people healthy
>10
million
future deaths averted
vaccines save lives
>150
billion US$
economic benefits
generated
stronger economies
~20
countries
set to transition out of
Gavi support by 2020
sustainable future
25. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Pre-school
education
Community
health workers
Calculating immunisation’s return on investment
Public
infrastructure
Immunisation
3x
7x 9x 18x
(cost of illness)
48x
(full income
approach)
The Economic Benefits of Public Infrastructure Spending in Canada.
The Centre for Spatial Economics, September 2015
The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program.
Department of Economics, University of Chicago, April 2009
Strengthening primary health care through community health workers…
Dessalegn H, Chambers R, Clinton C, Phumaphi J, Sirleaf J, Evans T, et al. 2015
Return on investment from childhood
immunizations in low- and middle-income
countries, 2011-20.
Health Affairs. 35(2):199-207. Ozawa S, Clark S,
Portnoy A, Grewal S, Brenzel L, Walker D. 2016
Healthy communities
In Gavi-supported countries, 2011–2020
26. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
26
Closing the immunisation gap
Closing the immunisation gap
27. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
The immunisation gap
19.9
million
are not fully
protected with
basic vaccines
~140
million
children born
every year
~80%
are in Gavi-supported
countries
Nigeria
India
Pakistan
Indonesia
Other Gavi
Rest of
world
Number of children globally not receiving the third dose of DTP-containing vaccine in 2017.
Sources: WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage and UNPD, 2018
Closing the immunisation gap
1 in 5 children
in Gavi-supported
countries do not get
a full course of
basic vaccines
28. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
Increase domestic
resources for immunisation
Improve data quality
Optimise supply chains
Strengthen country leadership
Shape markets
Accelerate vaccines
Gavi’s strategy for closing the gap
Closing the immunisation gap
STRATEGIC GOALS
FOCUS AREAS: EXAMPLES
Strengthen immunisation delivery
Improve sustainability
Focus on
vaccine coverage and
overcoming inequity to
reach every child
29. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
2000–2020: ever accelerating impact
Future deaths
prevented
Closing the immunisation gap
1 million
+4
million
+3
million
+5-6
million
13-14
million
90 million
+280
million
+200
million
+300
million
~900
million
Children
immunised
2001-
2005
2006-
2010
2011-
2015
2016-
2020
Gavi’s strategic periods
2001-
2005
2006-
2010
2011-
2015
2016-
2020
Sources: Gavi strategic demand forecasts 9 and 10,
Investing together for a healthy future: the 2016–2020 investment opportunity
30. About vaccines About Gavi Healthy communities Closing the immunisation gap
www.gavi.org
Thank you