Gastric maltoma
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Primary gastric lymphoma is a rare type of cancer comprising less than 5% of gastric tumors. It typically affects people around age 60 and affects men and women equally. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, and vomiting. Infection with H. pylori bacteria is a major risk factor. Endoscopic findings can include gastritis, ulcers, thickened folds, and masses. Endoscopic ultrasound is used to grade lymphomas as low or high grade, which determines prognosis and treatment. Treatment options include eradicating H. pylori infection, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. For low grade lymphomas, H. pylori eradication is effective for remission in
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Lymphoma gi
This document summarizes gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas. It discusses:
1. GI lymphomas account for 1-4% of all GI malignancies and are most commonly B-cell lymphomas. The major types are gastric and small intestinal lymphomas.
2. Gastric lymphomas are often marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALToma) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). MALToma has strong associations with Helicobacter pylori infection and can often be treated with H. pylori eradication therapy. DLBCL requires chemotherapy.
3. Small intestinal lymphomas include MALToma, DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burk
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Radiology plays an important role in evaluating gastrointestinal lymphoma. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma arises in the lymphatic tissue of the bowel rather than lymph nodes. Common sites of involvement include the stomach, small bowel, and colon. On imaging, gastrointestinal lymphoma can appear as thickened folds, masses, strictures, or diffuse bowel wall thickening. Staging involves assessing for involvement of lymph nodes, adjacent organs, or distant metastases. Radiology is useful for diagnosis, evaluating extent of disease, and monitoring treatment response in gastrointestinal lymphoma.
Diagnosis and treatment of gi malt lymphoma
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Small bowel lymphoma
The document discusses imaging features of small bowel lymphoma. It begins by outlining the pathogenesis, distribution, and risk factors of small bowel lymphoma. It then describes the clinical features and histopathology. The role of various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound, and contrast studies are discussed. Key imaging features include circumferential thickening, aneurysmal dilatation, nodular lesions, and intussusception. Staging is also addressed. Imaging is important for diagnosis, staging, and assessing complications of small bowel lymphoma.
Gastrointestinal lymphoma
Primary gastrointestinal lymphomas arise from lymphoid tissue in the gastrointestinal tract. They commonly involve the stomach and small intestine. Staging involves assessing whether the tumor is confined to the gastrointestinal tract or has spread to lymph nodes or distant sites. Radiologic examinations can demonstrate tumor appearance and extent, such as polypoid masses, ulcers, or circumferential thickening of the bowel wall. Accurately diagnosing primary gastrointestinal lymphoma and determining its stage is important for guiding treatment.
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This document provides an overview of MALToma (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue lymphoma). It discusses the lymphatic system and MALT, defining MALT and its role in the immune system. Diagnosis of MALToma involves endoscopy, biopsy of suspicious lesions, and testing for H. pylori infection. Histopathology shows neoplastic B-cell infiltration and lymphoepithelial lesions. Prognosis and treatment depend on disease stage and molecular markers; early-stage gastric MALToma often responds to H. pylori eradication alone. The document also reviews differential diagnoses and variants like IPSID (Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease)
Gastrointestinal tract lymphoma
1. Gastrointestinal lymphomas, especially those of B-cell origin, commonly involve the stomach and small intestine. Complete surgical resection of early stage disease may improve survival outcomes.
2. Treatment approaches for gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma typically involve chemotherapy such as CHOP, with or without radiation therapy or surgery based on disease extent and patient factors. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori can induce remission in gastric MALT lymphomas.
3. Prognosis depends on disease stage and histological subtype. Extra-nodal lymphomas generally carry a better prognosis than nodal disease, though intestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas have a poorer outlook than gastric forms.
GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT LYMPHOMAS AND PET CT
GI lymphomas are most commonly non-Hodgkin's lymphomas involving the stomach and small intestine. Imaging plays an important role in staging GI lymphomas and identifying complications. On CT, GI lymphomas often appear as bulky masses or diffuse wall thickening, with preservation of the bowel wall layers. Mesenteric involvement frequently presents as multiple masses encasing blood vessels. Accurate diagnosis relies on biopsy.
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Lymphoma gi
This document summarizes gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas. It discusses:
1. GI lymphomas account for 1-4% of all GI malignancies and are most commonly B-cell lymphomas. The major types are gastric and small intestinal lymphomas.
2. Gastric lymphomas are often marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALToma) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). MALToma has strong associations with Helicobacter pylori infection and can often be treated with H. pylori eradication therapy. DLBCL requires chemotherapy.
3. Small intestinal lymphomas include MALToma, DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burk
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Radiology plays an important role in evaluating gastrointestinal lymphoma. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma arises in the lymphatic tissue of the bowel rather than lymph nodes. Common sites of involvement include the stomach, small bowel, and colon. On imaging, gastrointestinal lymphoma can appear as thickened folds, masses, strictures, or diffuse bowel wall thickening. Staging involves assessing for involvement of lymph nodes, adjacent organs, or distant metastases. Radiology is useful for diagnosis, evaluating extent of disease, and monitoring treatment response in gastrointestinal lymphoma.
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The document discusses imaging features of small bowel lymphoma. It begins by outlining the pathogenesis, distribution, and risk factors of small bowel lymphoma. It then describes the clinical features and histopathology. The role of various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound, and contrast studies are discussed. Key imaging features include circumferential thickening, aneurysmal dilatation, nodular lesions, and intussusception. Staging is also addressed. Imaging is important for diagnosis, staging, and assessing complications of small bowel lymphoma.
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Primary gastrointestinal lymphomas arise from lymphoid tissue in the gastrointestinal tract. They commonly involve the stomach and small intestine. Staging involves assessing whether the tumor is confined to the gastrointestinal tract or has spread to lymph nodes or distant sites. Radiologic examinations can demonstrate tumor appearance and extent, such as polypoid masses, ulcers, or circumferential thickening of the bowel wall. Accurately diagnosing primary gastrointestinal lymphoma and determining its stage is important for guiding treatment.
MALToma
This document provides an overview of MALToma (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue lymphoma). It discusses the lymphatic system and MALT, defining MALT and its role in the immune system. Diagnosis of MALToma involves endoscopy, biopsy of suspicious lesions, and testing for H. pylori infection. Histopathology shows neoplastic B-cell infiltration and lymphoepithelial lesions. Prognosis and treatment depend on disease stage and molecular markers; early-stage gastric MALToma often responds to H. pylori eradication alone. The document also reviews differential diagnoses and variants like IPSID (Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease)
Gastrointestinal tract lymphoma
1. Gastrointestinal lymphomas, especially those of B-cell origin, commonly involve the stomach and small intestine. Complete surgical resection of early stage disease may improve survival outcomes.
2. Treatment approaches for gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma typically involve chemotherapy such as CHOP, with or without radiation therapy or surgery based on disease extent and patient factors. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori can induce remission in gastric MALT lymphomas.
3. Prognosis depends on disease stage and histological subtype. Extra-nodal lymphomas generally carry a better prognosis than nodal disease, though intestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas have a poorer outlook than gastric forms.
GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT LYMPHOMAS AND PET CT
GI lymphomas are most commonly non-Hodgkin's lymphomas involving the stomach and small intestine. Imaging plays an important role in staging GI lymphomas and identifying complications. On CT, GI lymphomas often appear as bulky masses or diffuse wall thickening, with preservation of the bowel wall layers. Mesenteric involvement frequently presents as multiple masses encasing blood vessels. Accurate diagnosis relies on biopsy.
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This document discusses primary lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract. It begins by providing background on lymphomas and noting that the gastrointestinal tract is a common extra-nodal site. The most common subtypes of primary GI lymphomas are then described, including their typical locations and risk factors. Diagnostic workup, staging systems, treatments, and outcomes are outlined for several subtypes affecting different areas of the GI tract, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and MALT lymphoma in the stomach, and immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. Throughout, key points are illustrated with images and tables.
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- Inherited conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome can cause colorectal cancer. FAP causes multiple polyps developing by the teen years and cancer by age 40.
- Presenting symptoms include blood in stool, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, obstruction, and weight loss. Investigations include colonoscopy, imaging, and blood tests. Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
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Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of extra nodal lymphoma.
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G I S T
Los GISTomas son tumores del estroma gastrointestinal que ocurren a lo largo del tracto digestivo. Se presentan principalmente en el estómago y pueden causar hemorragia, dolor abdominal u obstrucción. Son neoplasias mesenquimatosas submucosas que se originan en las células intersticiales de Cajal. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante estudios de imagen como la tomografía computarizada.
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The document discusses primary gastrointestinal lymphomas. It notes that the gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of extra nodal lymphoma, mostly non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The stomach is the most common site of involvement, accounting for 80% of cases, followed by the small intestine (15%) and colorectum (5%). Risk factors include H. pylori infection, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnosis is typically made through endoscopy and biopsy. Presentation and histologic subtypes vary depending on the specific gastrointestinal location.
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MALT lymphoma arises from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found along mucosal surfaces. It most commonly involves the stomach and is often associated with H. pylori infection. Histologically, it ranges from resembling normal MALT to displaying lymphoepithelial lesions and infiltration of lymphoma cells. Immunohistochemistry shows B-cell markers and molecular testing can identify translocations involved in pathogenesis. IPSID is a subtype associated with C. jejuni infection seen in certain regions. Staging involves extent of involvement from mucosa to large masses with cytologic atypia.
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3) Two pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis are discussed: the classic adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the serrated neoplastic pathway, which involves certain serrated polyps.
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2. Risk factors include older age, with most cases occurring after age 60, having multiple or large polyps, a family history of colon cancer, and diets low in fiber and high in fat.
3. Cancers are often asymptomatic initially, but can eventually cause anemia, changes in bowel habits, or abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis involves examinations, imaging, and biopsies to determine stage and appropriate treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
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This document summarizes information about colorectal carcinoma:
- It is the 3rd most common cancer and most common after age 60. Risk factors include diet, diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and genetic conditions.
- Inherited conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome can cause colorectal cancer. FAP causes multiple polyps developing by the teen years and cancer by age 40.
- Presenting symptoms include blood in stool, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, obstruction, and weight loss. Investigations include colonoscopy, imaging, and blood tests. Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
L18 colorectal carcinoma
Colorectal carcinoma is the third most common cancer worldwide. Adenocarcinoma accounts for 98% of large intestine cancers, which almost always arise from adenomatous polyps. Risk factors for high-grade dysplasia and cancer in polyps include a size over 1 cm, villous histology, and high-grade dysplasia. Symptoms often develop late and include fatigue, anemia, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnosis involves various screening tests and imaging, while treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
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oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
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This document provides an overview of growths and tumors that can occur in the colon. It discusses inflammatory, metaplastic, hamartomatous, and neoplastic polyps and tumors. Neoplastic adenomas can be tubular, tubulovillous, or villous and can develop into adenocarcinoma. Familial adenomatous polyposis is described, which has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and causes multiple colon polyps. Diagnosis involves colonoscopy and biopsy. Treatment includes proctocolectomy. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is also summarized.
Etiopathogenesis and staging of gastric cancer
This document discusses the etiology, staging, and classification of gastric cancer. It covers:
1. Risk factors for gastric cancer including H. pylori infection, diet, genetic factors, and conditions like pernicious anemia.
2. Precancerous lesions like atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia that can develop due to chronic inflammation.
3. Pathological classification systems for gastric cancer including the Lauren classification of intestinal and diffuse types.
4. The Cancer Genome Atlas project identified 4 molecular subtypes of gastric cancer with different genetic profiles and clinical outcomes.
Ca colon premanagement
This document summarizes key information about colon cancer, including:
1. The anatomy of the colon, epidemiology showing it is the 3rd most common cancer in men and 2nd in women globally. Highest rates are seen in developed countries like Australia and New Zealand.
2. Risk factors include age, family history, diet high in red meat and saturated fats, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, and genetic conditions like FAP and Lynch Syndrome.
3. Screening methods for average risk patients over 50 include fecal occult blood test, digital rectal exam, colonoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy. Colonoscopy allows direct visualization and removal of polyps.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of extra nodal lymphoma.
This document discusses extranodal lymphoma, which refers to lymphomatous infiltration of sites other than lymph nodes. It provides examples of extranodal lymphoma in many organs and tissues throughout the body, as seen on various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound. Extranodal lymphoma can mimic other diseases, so it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions and focal abnormalities. Biopsy is often needed for definitive diagnosis.
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal tumors that arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs most commonly present in the stomach and small intestine in patients in their late 60s, and median size is 5 cm. While small GISTs are often asymptomatic, larger tumors can cause vague symptoms like abdominal pain or bleeding. Diagnosis involves biopsy or excision of nodules over 2 cm. Immunohistochemistry shows 95% of GISTs are positive for CD117. Prognosis depends on tumor size, mitotic rate, and location. Treatment involves surgery for resectable localized disease and imatinib for advanced or metastatic
G I S T
Los GISTomas son tumores del estroma gastrointestinal que ocurren a lo largo del tracto digestivo. Se presentan principalmente en el estómago y pueden causar hemorragia, dolor abdominal u obstrucción. Son neoplasias mesenquimatosas submucosas que se originan en las células intersticiales de Cajal. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante estudios de imagen como la tomografía computarizada.
Git Endoscopic Ultrasound.
EUS can be used to stage cancers of the esophagus, stomach, rectum, lung and diagnose pancreatic cancer. It allows evaluation of abnormalities in the GI tract wall and adjacent structures. EUS guided FNA biopsy enables cytopathological diagnosis of cancers and nodal metastases. EUS is well-suited for TNM tumor staging as it can assess depth of tumor penetration, locoregional nodal spread and vascular invasion. It also has applications in diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, evaluation of pancreatic cysts and masses, and celiac plexus neurolysis for pain relief.
Gastrointerstinal stromal tumor (GIST) recent advances and differential diagn...
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), including:
- GISTs arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract and are defined by activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA.
- Common symptoms are nonspecific but most GISTs are found in the stomach.
- Immunohistochemistry shows positivity for CD117 in 95% of cases, as well as DOG1, CD34, and protein kinase C theta.
- Risk stratification systems exist to determine malignant potential and guide treatment, which frequently involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor(gist)
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare tumors that originate from the gastrointestinal tract. They most commonly occur in the stomach. Surgical resection is the primary treatment, but molecular targeted therapy with imatinib is also used in advanced or unresectable cases. Imatinib has improved outcomes by reducing recurrence rates after surgery or controlling tumor growth. Ongoing clinical trials are further evaluating the neoadjuvant and adjuvant uses of imatinib to improve prognosis.
Gastric Cancer 09.
Gastric tumors can be benign or malignant. The most common malignant tumors are adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Risk factors for gastric cancer include H. pylori infection, diet, genetics, and conditions causing gastric atrophy. Early detection of gastric cancer improves survival rates. Treatment depends on the stage but may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Gastric lymphoma is usually non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and has a better prognosis than adenocarcinoma. GIST tumors originate in the stomach wall and can be benign or malignant depending on size and other characteristics.
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This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common bacterial infection worldwide. It causes chronic gastritis and is linked to peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and lymphoma. Infection rates are higher and acquired earlier in developing countries due to socioeconomic factors. H. pylori is transmitted person-to-person through fecal-oral or oral-oral routes. Treatment requires antibiotic therapy, with clarithromycin-based regimens avoided if there are risk factors for resistance. Eradication should be confirmed with follow-up testing, and culture-guided treatment used for patients who fail multiple regimens.
Non muscle invasive bladder cancer
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is the most common type of bladder cancer. It is typically treated with transurethral resection of the bladder tumor followed by a single dose of intravesical chemotherapy within 6 hours to prevent reimplantation of tumor cells. For high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, such as carcinoma in situ, multiple tumors, or high grade tumors, intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin is recommended following resection. Early cystectomy may be considered for refractory high grade disease that does not respond to initial treatment. Long term surveillance cystoscopy is important for monitoring recurrence and progression.
Carcinoma stomach.pptx
- Stomach cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide and is linked to H. pylori infection in many cases. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and include weight loss, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Diagnosis is made through endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment involves surgery if possible along with chemotherapy and radiation. Even with treatment, the 5-year survival rate is less than 30% due to late diagnosis and spread. Gastric lymphoma is also discussed as another rare type of stomach cancer.
Indolent lymphoma-Management
This document summarizes the management of indolent lymphomas including follicular lymphoma grade 1-2, marginal zone lymphoma involving extranodal sites (MALT lymphoma), nodal sites, and the spleen, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. For early stage follicular lymphoma, radiation therapy alone is usually sufficient and can cure 20% of patients. For advanced disease, chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab-containing regimens is preferred. MALT lymphoma often responds to antibiotics for H. pylori or local radiation therapy. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma commonly presents with fatigue in elderly men.
Gastric carcinoma.pptx
This document discusses gastric cancer, including:
- Risk factors like H. pylori infection, smoking, diet high in pickled foods, and family history.
- Precursor lesions include atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia.
- Symptoms are often nonspecific like weight loss, but can include bleeding or obstruction.
- Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Staging evaluates depth of invasion and lymph node spread.
- Treatment is surgical resection with chemotherapy or radiation for advanced cases.
- Recurrence after surgery may involve the anastomosis or peritoneal spread.
gastriccancer.ppt
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in early stage disease. Ongoing studies continue to refine the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies to further improve outcomes.
gastriccancer.ppt
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
gastriccancer.ppt
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
gastriccancer types classified and manage
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with high rates in Eastern Asia and South America. While rates have declined significantly in the last century, most patients still present with advanced disease. Surgical resection with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival rates of 20-50% depending on stage. Adjuvant chemoradiation has been shown to improve survival after surgery in some trials. Ongoing research focuses on expanding neoadjuvant approaches and personalized treatment.
3. The Management Of Hepatic Metastases In Gastrointestinal
The document discusses various treatment options for hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Supportive care and octreotide analogues are first-line treatments aimed at symptom control rather than increasing survival. Local hepatic therapies like chemoembolization and ablation can be tried if first-line treatments fail. Liver resection is the first choice for resection candidates but only 10% qualify. Liver transplantation is reserved for rare cases that are refractory to other options. Aggressive local and systemic therapies may increase 5-year survival to 50-70% compared to 0-40% with no treatment.
62159 hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Risk factors include hepatitis and excessive alcohol use. Complete surgical resection or liver transplantation offers the best outcomes for eligible patients with early-stage HCC. For patients who cannot undergo surgery, radiofrequency ablation and chemoembolization provide good local control of small, localized tumors. Systemic therapies are minimally effective for HCC due to resistance, and palliation is the main goal for widespread disease. Long-term survival requires a multidisciplinary approach and close monitoring for recurrence.
Rathod Gastric Cancer Presentation final.pptx
- Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death. It is more common in older individuals, males, and those in East Asia. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, dietary factors like salt and smoking, and hereditary conditions.
- Staging workup includes endoscopy with biopsy, EUS, CT, PET, and laparoscopy to determine depth of invasion, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Surgery is the main treatment and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation depending on stage. Outcomes have improved with more extensive lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy. Palliative options exist for advanced or unresectable cases.
Medicine 5th year, 4th lecture/part two (Dr. Abdulla Sharief)
Lymphomas are cancers that arise from lymphoid tissues and are diagnosed via biopsy. They are classified as either Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and is divided into subtypes based on histology. Treatment depends on the stage of disease and may involve radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of both. Prognosis varies based on disease stage and response to initial treatment.
Seminoma testis (1).pptx
Seminoma testis is a relatively rare but common germ cell tumor in young men. It typically presents as a painless testicular swelling. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging and pathology. Stage I seminoma can be managed with surveillance, adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Carboplatin is as effective as radiotherapy for stage I. For stage II, radiotherapy to retroperitoneum is standard but chemotherapy is also effective. Seminoma is highly curable with long term survival over 90% even with advanced stages. Careful follow up is needed long term.
Pharmacology in ent ii anticancer drugs dr rk
This document discusses anticancer drugs and chemotherapy. It begins by noting that over 25% of the US population will be diagnosed with cancer and chemotherapy will be used in about 75% of cases. Chemotherapy can cure some cancers like Wilms tumor or prolong remission in others. The document then discusses the types and goals of chemotherapy including neoadjuvant, adjuvant, concurrent, and palliative chemotherapy. It explains the principles of how chemotherapy works to cause cancer cell death and the cell cycle and tumor biology concepts related to chemotherapy effectiveness. The rest of the document details the various classes of chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, heavy metals and their mechanisms of action and uses. It provides information on chemotherapy response,
Carcinoma stomach- A Brief Overview- Part 1
Carcinoma of the stomach is the 14th most common cancer in the US and the 4th most common worldwide. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, low socioeconomic status, smoking, and diets high in salted/smoked foods and nitrates. Premalignant conditions include polyps, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. Presentation includes dyspepsia unresponsive to treatment, epigastric pain worsened by eating but not relieved by vomiting, and nausea. Endoscopic biopsy is needed for diagnosis.
hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignancy of the liver that is now the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B or C infection and cirrhosis are major risk factors. Treatment options include surgical resection, liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and systemic therapies, with resection and transplantation offering the best outcomes for eligible patients with early-stage disease. However, hepatocellular carcinoma commonly recurs within 2 years despite treatment.
Helicobacter Pylori & Gastric Cancer - An Evidence Based Approach for Primary...
Helibacter pylori affects 50% of the world's population. It is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. We present a contemporary evidence based approach for the primary care doctor, incorporating the latest guidelines. We provide a diagnostic and management approach incorporating the latest studies, and present a contemporary approach to preventing gastric cancer
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Gastric maltoma
- 2. Introduction Primary gastric lymphoma : rare tumour, <5% of primary gastric neoplasms. median age of diagnosis = 60 years old Male=female Symptoms :abdominal pain , loss of appetite ,weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, and Vomiting The primary risk factor for gastric lymphoma is infection with H. pylori
- 3. Endoscopic findings gastritis and superficial ulcers diffuse thickening and irregularities of mucosal folds submucosal mass-like effect Frankly exophytic masses with the appearance of carcinoma
- 4. Grading , by EUS low-grade or indolent high-grade or aggressive grading is extremely important in the prognosis and treatment
- 5. Treatment *H. pylori eradication therapy. * Surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy for patients with less than complete response to treatment
- 6. Prevalence of H. pylori Infection eradicating therapy and thus tumour regression in a high percentage of cases • highly variable , almost 90% in low-grade lymphomas • depend on the number and type of diagnostic techniques used for diagnosis, on histological grade, and on tumour invasion depth
- 7. *negativity in at least two diagnostic modalities should be required to definitely consider a patient as non-infected • H. pylori mucosal colonisation is in patches • Extensive mucosal lesion secondary to lymphoma may reduce the density of the infection to even undetectable levels • Histological grade: H. pylori infection is cleared by lymphoma progression and blastic transformation • Invasion depth : The prevalence of infection decreases with the progression of gastric wall invasion –it is very high in tumours confined to the mucosa or superficial submucosa (90%), and lower than 50% in neoplasms extending beyond the lamina propria.
- 8. H. pylori Eradication and MALT Lymphoma Remission *low grade : effective in treating approximately 80% endoscopic surveillance every 3-6months. time interval between eradication and lymphoma regression : 4 weeks - 14 months If failure >> 2nd line trt *High grade : not considered standard therapy unlikely to respond (transformed, antigen independent, autonomously growing tumours ) *H.pylori negative :no guideline, under discussion, may be beneficial ( low bacterial counts and urease-negative H. pylori mutant strains may escape detection by the diagnostic tests )
- 9. Histological Regression of the Lymphoma after H. pylori Eradication can vary and can take even longer than 12 months. Accordingly, most protocols recommend to wait at least for 12 months after successful eradication therapy before a nonresponder is defined and second-line therapy is applied
- 10. Molecular Regression After H. pylori Eradication lags histological regression by 1–2 years despite the response of localized gastric MALT lymphoma to H. pylori eradication, a relatively high proportion of patients in histological remission have persistent monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IgVH) gene rearrangements for as long as 10 years in most patients achieving a histological regression of the gastric MALT lymphoma, a minimal residual disease persists for years. This may indicate that the eradication therapy suppresses, but does not completely eradicate the tumour clone although the finding of persistent monoclonal populations at the molecular level would appear to be a risk factor for lymphoma relapse, patients with histological regression but with a persistent clonal band should not be treated unless the lymphoma can be histologically demonstrated