Gaseous exchange
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The document discusses the process of gas exchange in the human respiratory system. It involves 3 main steps: 1) ventilation through inspiration and expiration, 2) external respiration where gas exchange occurs between air in the lungs and blood, and 3) internal respiration where gases diffuse between blood and tissues. The main organs involved are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place in the alveoli which are lined with blood capillaries, allowing for diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out. Several pulmonary diseases and the effects of smoking on the lungs are also outlined.
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Gaseous exchange mahlangu n_218018380
The document discusses gaseous exchange and the organs involved. Gaseous exchange is the diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment during respiration. It occurs through various organs like the trachea, epiglottis, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which provide a large surface area for efficient gas exchange between inhaled air and blood. Disruptions to this process can cause respiratory diseases like pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis and asthma.
Gaseous exchange
The document discusses gaseous exchange and lung function. It contains the following key points:
1. Lungs are specialized organs that allow for gaseous exchange through a branching network of airways ending in alveoli, which are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
2. In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli to be exhaled.
3. The alveoli have features adapted for efficient gas exchange, including a thin epithelial surface, large surface area, and being highly vascularized.
Gaseous exchange in human
The document discusses the human respiratory system and gas exchange. It describes the major organs involved including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It explains the processes of pulmonary ventilation including inspiration and expiration. It discusses oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and partial pressures of gases in the body. It also covers common respiratory disorders like asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema.
Gaseous exchange in mammals
This document discusses gaseous exchange in mammals. It begins by explaining that living organisms require a constant supply of energy, which they obtain through aerobic respiration. Oxygen is essential for this process and is obtained from the air while carbon dioxide is a waste product and is expelled. In mammals, gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs. The lungs contain bronchioles that divide into tiny alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the blood in capillaries and the air. This efficient exchange is enabled by the thin walls and large surface area of the alveoli.
Topic 5.5 gas exchange
Gas exchange occurs in two sites: (1) the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, and (2) the tissues where oxygen diffuses into cells and carbon dioxide out. Ventilation maintains concentration gradients across the alveoli by airflow replacing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, allowing diffusion down concentration gradients. The ventilation system includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and over 600 million alveoli with a large surface area and short diffusion distances to facilitate gas exchange.
Unit 3 respiratory system and gas exchange
1. Gas exchange involves ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
2. Ventilation involves inspiration and expiration moving air in and out of the lungs.
3. External respiration is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood.
4. Internal respiration is the diffusion of gases between blood and tissue cells.
6.4 gas exchange
The document discusses gas exchange in the lungs. It describes how alveoli facilitate gas exchange between inhaled air and blood in adjacent capillaries. Two types of cells are involved: type I pneumocytes that are thin to allow gas exchange, and type II pneumocytes that secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension inside alveoli. Ventilation maintains concentration gradients and involves muscle contractions that force air in and out of the lungs. Applications discussed include causes and consequences of lung cancer and emphysema.
Human ventilation system repurposed presentation
The presentation summarizes the key components and functions of the human respiratory system. It describes the pathway of air from the nose through the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the lungs. It explains the mechanical process of breathing including inspiration and expiration powered by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs as oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves. Homeostatic control maintains proper blood pH levels. Inspired air contains 21% oxygen while expired air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide after gas exchange.
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Gaseous exchange mahlangu n_218018380
The document discusses gaseous exchange and the organs involved. Gaseous exchange is the diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment during respiration. It occurs through various organs like the trachea, epiglottis, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which provide a large surface area for efficient gas exchange between inhaled air and blood. Disruptions to this process can cause respiratory diseases like pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis and asthma.
Gaseous exchange
The document discusses gaseous exchange and lung function. It contains the following key points:
1. Lungs are specialized organs that allow for gaseous exchange through a branching network of airways ending in alveoli, which are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
2. In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli to be exhaled.
3. The alveoli have features adapted for efficient gas exchange, including a thin epithelial surface, large surface area, and being highly vascularized.
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The document discusses the human respiratory system and gas exchange. It describes the major organs involved including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It explains the processes of pulmonary ventilation including inspiration and expiration. It discusses oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and partial pressures of gases in the body. It also covers common respiratory disorders like asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema.
Gaseous exchange in mammals
This document discusses gaseous exchange in mammals. It begins by explaining that living organisms require a constant supply of energy, which they obtain through aerobic respiration. Oxygen is essential for this process and is obtained from the air while carbon dioxide is a waste product and is expelled. In mammals, gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs. The lungs contain bronchioles that divide into tiny alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the blood in capillaries and the air. This efficient exchange is enabled by the thin walls and large surface area of the alveoli.
Topic 5.5 gas exchange
Gas exchange occurs in two sites: (1) the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, and (2) the tissues where oxygen diffuses into cells and carbon dioxide out. Ventilation maintains concentration gradients across the alveoli by airflow replacing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, allowing diffusion down concentration gradients. The ventilation system includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and over 600 million alveoli with a large surface area and short diffusion distances to facilitate gas exchange.
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1. Gas exchange involves ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
2. Ventilation involves inspiration and expiration moving air in and out of the lungs.
3. External respiration is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood.
4. Internal respiration is the diffusion of gases between blood and tissue cells.
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The document discusses gas exchange in the lungs. It describes how alveoli facilitate gas exchange between inhaled air and blood in adjacent capillaries. Two types of cells are involved: type I pneumocytes that are thin to allow gas exchange, and type II pneumocytes that secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension inside alveoli. Ventilation maintains concentration gradients and involves muscle contractions that force air in and out of the lungs. Applications discussed include causes and consequences of lung cancer and emphysema.
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The presentation summarizes the key components and functions of the human respiratory system. It describes the pathway of air from the nose through the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the lungs. It explains the mechanical process of breathing including inspiration and expiration powered by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs as oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves. Homeostatic control maintains proper blood pH levels. Inspired air contains 21% oxygen while expired air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide after gas exchange.
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This document discusses gas exchange and ventilation in the human respiratory system. It explains that ventilation is the flow of air into and out of the lungs, allowing for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the alveoli and blood. Gas exchange then occurs as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the capillaries and alveoli. A ventilation system is needed for organisms with internal organs to deliver oxygen throughout the body. Features of alveoli like their spherical shape and thin walls promote efficient gas exchange. The document then describes the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation through muscle contractions that decrease and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system and gas exchange in three parts:
1. It describes the process of breathing, including inspiration, expiration, and the roles of the diaphragm and rib cage muscles. Gas exchange occurs through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues.
2. It explains the human respiratory system anatomy including the nose, air passages, lungs and alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place via diffusion.
3. It covers the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, cellular respiration consuming oxygen to produce energy, and common respiratory diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and effects of smoking.
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The respiratory system allows for gas exchange through a series of steps: 1) Ventilation - the movement of air into and out of the lungs through inspiration and expiration. 2) External respiration - the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli. 3) Internal respiration - the diffusion of oxygen from the blood into the tissue cells and carbon dioxide from the tissue cells into the blood. This process is controlled by the respiratory center in the brain and allows for cellular respiration to occur.
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The document summarizes gas exchange at the external and internal levels. At the external level, oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into pulmonary capillary blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion. At the internal level, oxygen diffuses from systemic capillaries into tissue cells while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. The cyclical process allows for continuous gas exchange and transport of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide. Factors like partial pressure differences, surface area, diffusion distance, and gas properties influence the rate of this gas exchange.
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The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It details the major components including the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. It explains how air moves through the respiratory tree from the trachea down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also discusses cellular respiration and the role of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Finally, it covers the mechanics of ventilation including atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, intra-pleural pressure, and the importance of transmural pressure gradients.
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The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the key components including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains that inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the lungs to allow air entry. Expiration is the reverse process as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil, pushing air out. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood via diffusion down a concentration gradient.
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The document summarizes the human respiratory system and the process of gas exchange. It describes the main parts of the respiratory system including the nose, trachea, alveoli, and bronchioles. It explains that inhalation is driven by the contraction of the diaphragm which expands the lungs and pulls air in, while exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs deflate, pushing air out. The document also notes that oxygen is needed to produce energy in cells through burning fuels, while carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas produced by burning carbon that is exhaled from the lungs.
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This document discusses the mechanisms of gas exchange in the human body. It begins by defining diffusion and describing the basic process of gas exchange across membranes. It then describes the four main types of gas exchange systems: integumentary, gills, tracheal, and lungs. The majority of the document focuses on the human respiratory system, describing external respiration in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, and internal respiration where gases are exchanged at the cellular level. It concludes by explaining cellular respiration, where oxygen is used to break down food molecules and release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.
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The document discusses the physiology of respiration, specifically gas exchange and diffusion through the respiratory membrane. It covers:
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2) Factors that affect the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane - thickness, surface area, gas diffusion coefficient, and partial pressure difference across the membrane.
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Ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the blood in capillaries and the air in the alveoli. Cell respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. A ventilation system with trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli is needed to maintain concentration gradients driving gas exchange. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and relax to change lung volume and pressure, inhaling and exhaling air through the ventilation system.
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This document discusses gas exchange and respiratory organs. It describes how gas exchange occurs across surfaces via diffusion, and how this is enhanced by thin, moist, and well-vascularized surfaces. It then outlines different respiratory organs used for gas exchange, including lungs, gills, and skin in various organisms. It also provides details on lung function in frogs, mammals, and birds.
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External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
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Gaseous exchange involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through breathing to fulfill the body's requirements. Respiration is the energy releasing process where glucose breaks down with oxygen to provide energy, while breathing is the voluntary physical process of gas exchange. Breathing in humans involves the air passageway which brings air through the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out, with inhalation increasing lung volume through rib and diaphragm movement and exhalation decreasing it. Physical activity increases the rate of breathing to expel more carbon dioxide produced
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This document summarizes gaseous exchange and respiration. It discusses how gases are exchanged through diffusion at respiratory surfaces in organisms. These surfaces include skin, lungs, gills and trachea. It then focuses on the specific respiratory system in mammals like humans. It describes the pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of blood. Key features that enhance gas exchange efficiency are also outlined, like cilia and mucus in the nasal cavity and thin alveolar walls with many capillaries for diffusion.
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The respiratory system allows air to enter the body through the nostrils and nasal cavity, where it is warmed and filtered. It then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles before reaching the alveoli in the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which are surrounded by blood vessels. During inspiration, the diaphragm and rib muscles contract to increase the chest cavity size and decrease pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs. During expiration, these muscles relax, decreasing cavity size and increasing pressure to push air back out.
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Gaseous exchange occurs via respiratory surfaces. In humans, gas exchange occurs in the lungs via a network of airways and alveoli with a large surface area. Breathing is controlled by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and medulla that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and signal the respiratory center to adjust breathing rate and depth. In insects, tracheae deliver oxygen directly to tissues and release of carbon dioxide is facilitated by abdominal movements. Fish rely on gills with thin membranes and a rich blood supply to oxygenate their blood and release carbon dioxide into surrounding water. Plants lack specialized respiratory organs but have structures like leaves, stems, roots and root hairs that increase surface area for gas
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The document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system and gas exchange in three parts:
1. It describes the process of breathing, including inspiration, expiration, and the roles of the diaphragm and rib cage muscles. Gas exchange occurs through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues.
2. It explains the human respiratory system anatomy including the nose, air passages, lungs and alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place via diffusion.
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The respiratory system allows for gas exchange through a series of steps: 1) Ventilation - the movement of air into and out of the lungs through inspiration and expiration. 2) External respiration - the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli. 3) Internal respiration - the diffusion of oxygen from the blood into the tissue cells and carbon dioxide from the tissue cells into the blood. This process is controlled by the respiratory center in the brain and allows for cellular respiration to occur.
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The document summarizes gas exchange at the external and internal levels. At the external level, oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into pulmonary capillary blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion. At the internal level, oxygen diffuses from systemic capillaries into tissue cells while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. The cyclical process allows for continuous gas exchange and transport of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide. Factors like partial pressure differences, surface area, diffusion distance, and gas properties influence the rate of this gas exchange.
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The document outlines a request for a local hospital to develop an educational booklet on the structure and function of the major body systems for trainee nurses. It lists the 11 body systems that should be covered in the booklet and provides some additional context on the required content for the respiratory system section, including describing the structure and function of the gas exchange system and investigating the structure of the trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli and how each is adapted to its function at a cellular level.
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The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It details the major components including the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. It explains how air moves through the respiratory tree from the trachea down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also discusses cellular respiration and the role of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Finally, it covers the mechanics of ventilation including atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, intra-pleural pressure, and the importance of transmural pressure gradients.
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The document discusses respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It describes the structure and function of the respiratory system, including how breathing works through inhalation and exhalation. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through diffusion between the alveoli and blood capillaries. Exercise increases breathing rate and depth to supply more oxygen to working muscles. Smoking damages lung tissue and reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
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The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the key components including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains that inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the lungs to allow air entry. Expiration is the reverse process as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil, pushing air out. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood via diffusion down a concentration gradient.
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The document summarizes the human respiratory system and the process of gas exchange. It describes the main parts of the respiratory system including the nose, trachea, alveoli, and bronchioles. It explains that inhalation is driven by the contraction of the diaphragm which expands the lungs and pulls air in, while exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs deflate, pushing air out. The document also notes that oxygen is needed to produce energy in cells through burning fuels, while carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas produced by burning carbon that is exhaled from the lungs.
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This document discusses the mechanisms of gas exchange in the human body. It begins by defining diffusion and describing the basic process of gas exchange across membranes. It then describes the four main types of gas exchange systems: integumentary, gills, tracheal, and lungs. The majority of the document focuses on the human respiratory system, describing external respiration in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, and internal respiration where gases are exchanged at the cellular level. It concludes by explaining cellular respiration, where oxygen is used to break down food molecules and release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.
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The document discusses the physiology of respiration, specifically gas exchange and diffusion through the respiratory membrane. It covers:
1) The steps in respiratory gas exchange - alveolar ventilation, gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries, and delivery of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide.
2) Factors that affect the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane - thickness, surface area, gas diffusion coefficient, and partial pressure difference across the membrane.
3) The concept of partial pressure gradients driving gas exchange between alveolar air and blood, and between systemic blood and tissues. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide determine diffusion rates.
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Respiration is the process by which the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through gas exchange in the lungs. It requires ventilation of the lungs through inspiration and expiration, gas exchange across the alveolar membrane via diffusion, and transport of gases through the blood via hemoglobin. Other functions of the respiratory system include defense against particles, speech, metabolism, and regulation of acid-base balance.
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Ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the blood in capillaries and the air in the alveoli. Cell respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. A ventilation system with trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli is needed to maintain concentration gradients driving gas exchange. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and relax to change lung volume and pressure, inhaling and exhaling air through the ventilation system.
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This document discusses gas exchange and respiratory organs. It describes how gas exchange occurs across surfaces via diffusion, and how this is enhanced by thin, moist, and well-vascularized surfaces. It then outlines different respiratory organs used for gas exchange, including lungs, gills, and skin in various organisms. It also provides details on lung function in frogs, mammals, and birds.
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External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
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The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through specialized organs and surfaces. Large multicellular animals developed respiratory surfaces like gills and lungs that increase surface area for gas exchange. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which allow for diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood for transport to the lungs.
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The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Various animal groups have evolved different respiratory surfaces and structures to efficiently carry out this gas exchange, such as lungs, gills, and tracheal systems. In humans, air enters through the nose and mouth and moves through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Lontok Demonstation Presentation
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through specialized organs and surfaces. Large multicellular animals developed respiratory surfaces like gills and lungs that increase surface area for gas exchange. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which allow for diffusion of gases between inhaled air and blood in the lungs.
Victorino Demonstation Presentation
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Large animals developed respiratory surfaces like lungs and gills to efficiently exchange gases through diffusion. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which deliver air to the lungs for gas exchange via diffusion between alveoli and capillaries before exhalation. Diseases can impact the respiratory system by affecting airway condition or gas exchange.
Animal Physiology (Respiration)
This document summarizes respiration in animals. It begins with an overview of the topics to be covered, including the anatomy of the respiratory system, external respiration (gas exchange between the lungs and environment), and internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and body tissues). It then defines respiration and describes the modes. The anatomy section details the structures of the airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles. External respiration involves inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide between the lungs and air. Internal respiration is gas exchange between blood in the pulmonary capillaries and tissues via diffusion. The cycle of respiration continuously supplies oxygen to tissues and removes carbon dioxide.
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM for students.pptx
The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and a lower respiratory tract. The conducting portion transports air from the nose to the lungs, while the respiratory portion exchanges gases in the alveoli. The respiratory tract contains a conducting zone from the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory zone from bronchioles to alveoli. Gas exchange takes place in the thin walls of the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The lungs are divided into lobes and surrounded by pleural membranes that allow for ventilation.
Group 2
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human breathing system. It identifies the nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli as the main parts. It describes the function of each part, with the nose filtering air, the trachea and bronchi conducting air to the lungs, bronchioles further dividing air flow, and alveoli facilitating gas exchange. The document emphasizes that each part works interdependently and a failure in any part would compromise the entire breathing process.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESP. SYSTEM 2023.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major components of the respiratory tract, including the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It divides the respiratory tract into the upper and lower tract, and conducting versus respiratory zones. It then provides more detailed descriptions of specific structures like the lungs, pleura, trachea and bronchial tree. Finally, it discusses the functions of the respiratory system including gas exchange, and the processes of ventilation, diffusion and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
GAS EXCHANGE-AS LEVEL
This document summarizes gas exchange and the mammalian respiratory system. It explains that multicellular organisms require specialized exchange surfaces due to their higher surface area to volume ratio compared to single-celled organisms. It then describes the key features of the lungs and respiratory system that facilitate efficient gas exchange in mammals, including the large surface area of the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the air and blood. The roles of structures like cartilage, ciliated cells, and smooth muscle in supporting breathing and airflow throughout the respiratory tract are also outlined.
Respiration in animals.
Respiration.
Types of respiration.
Various modes of respiration in animals.
Human respiratory system.
Upper respiratory tract.
Nose.
Pharynx.
Larynx.
Lower respiratory tract.
Trachea.
Bronchi and bronchioles.
Lungs.
Mechanism of respiration.
Exchange of gases.
Functions of respiratory system.
1-converted (2)-converted_102612.pptx
This document summarizes breathing and the exchange of gases in various organisms. It discusses cellular respiration and how oxygen is used to produce energy in cells. It then describes the mechanisms of gas exchange in invertebrates like sponges, hydras, flatworms, earthworms, horseshoe crabs, and insects. In vertebrates, it discusses gas exchange through gills in fish and lungs in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It provides details on the human respiratory system, including the pathways of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It also outlines the process of gas exchange that occurs between the lungs, blood,
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BIO - Chapter 10-13 - Respiration, Excretion, Homeostasis, The Nervous System
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Gaseous exchange
- 2. BREATHING. A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT RESULTS IN GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING STEPS: 1. VENTILATION: INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION 2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR IN LUNGS AND AIR IN BLOOD. 3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE FLUID.
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY SURFACE 1. LARGE SURFACE AREA, IN RELATION TO THE BODY SIZE 2. PERMEABLE, SO THAT GASES CAN PASS THROUGH EASILY 3. THIN WALLS, TO HAVE EFFICIENT DIFFUSION. IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR EFFECTIVE GAS EXCHANGE 4. A MOIST INNER SURFACE, SO THAT GASES CAN DIFFUSE ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES 5. RICH BLOOD SUPPLY, TO PROVIDE AN EFFICIENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN A DIFFUSION GRADIENT.
- 4. Organs Involved in Gaseous Exchange. – Nose – Pharynx – Larynx – Trachea – Bronchi – Lungs
- 5. NOSE
- 6. NOSE – THE NASAL CAVITY OF THE NOSE LEADS TO THE PHARYNX – THE NASAL CAVITY HAS CILIA AND XELLS THAT MAKE MUCUS. THE MUCUS AND CILIA FILTER THE AIR – DUST, POLLEN AND OTHER FOREIGN PARTICLES – TURBINATE BONES DIVIDE THE NASAL CAVITY IN TO 4 PASSAGES TO ENLARGE THE SURFACE AREA. – BLOOD VESSELS WARM THE AIR
- 7. AIR PASSAGES
- 8. AIR PASSAGES 1. PHARYNX – PASS AIR FROM NOSE TO TRACHEA, VIA LARYNX 2. TRACHEA – LONG C-SHAPED CARTILAGE RINGS. TRACHEA IS LINED WITH CILIA AND GOBLET CELLS WHICH TRAP FOREIGN PARTICLES
- 10. BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES – TRACHEA DIVIDES IN A RIGHT AND LEFT BRONCHUS. –BRONCHI BRANCH IN THE LUNGS AND FORM BRONCHIOLES WHICH BRANCH FURTHER TO FORM AIR SACS(ALVEOLI), WHICH DO NOT HAVE CARTILAGE RINGS
- 11. LUNGS
- 12. LUNGS –RIGHT LUNG IS SHORTER THAN THE LEFT LUNG. –SPONGY, ELASTIC PINK ORGAN –CONSISTS OF ALVEOLI WHICH FORM THE ENDINGS OF BRONCHIOLES
- 13. ALVEOLI
- 14. ALVEOLI – HAS A SINGLE LAYER SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS, FOR EASY DIFFUSION. – SURROUNDED BY NETWORK OF BLOOD CAPILARIES, FOR TRANSPORTATION – LINED WITH MOIST LAYER – OXYGEN DISSOLVES IN THE MOISTURE AND DIFFUSE INTO BLOOD CAPILARY.
- 15. PULMONARY DISEASES – PNEUMONIA: Alveoli fill with pus and fluid making gas exchange difficult – PULMONARY FIBROSIS: Fibrous connective tissue builds up in lungs, reducing their elasticity and Oxygen diffusion. – PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: CAUSES BACILLUS BACTERIUM – EMPHYSEMA: ALVEOLI BURST AND DUSE INTO ENLARGED AIR SPACES. REDUCES SURFACE AREA – BRONCHITIS: AIRWAYS ARE INFLAMED BECAUSE OF INFECTION OR IRRITATION. – ASTHMA: AIRWAYS ARE INFLAMED BECAUSE OF IRRITATION AND BRONCHIOLES CONSTRICT BECAUSE OF MUSCLE SPASM.
- 16. SMOKING –SMOKING TOBBACO CAUSES ALMOST ALL LUNG CANCES AND IT ALSO CAUSE EMPHYSEMA.
- 17. NJOROGE, R(2015) https://www.slideshare.net/RichardNjoroge/gaseous-exchange (ACCESSED 03 SEPTEMBER 2018) NYAONGO, M (2014) https://www.slideshare.net/mnyaongo/gaseous-exchange-in-mammals (ACCESSED 03 SEPTEMBER 2018) MENDINA, M (2016 https://www.slideshare.net/maleigh/grade-11-earth-life-science-earth-systems-subsystems (ACCESSED 03 SEPTEMBER 2018) POIUYTREW(2013) https://www.slideshare.net/poiuytrew21/grade-11-gas-exchange-and-smoking (ACCESSED 03 SEPTEMBER 2018) PUNYATHORN, A (2014) https://www.slideshare.net/armsisb/as-level-biology-9-gas-exchange (ACCESSE 03 SEPTEMBER 2018) KAU_DEAN OF E-LEARNING EDUCATION( 2014) https://www.slideshare.net/ddlg_kau/chapter-22-gas-exchange-compatibility-mode (ACCESSED 03 SEPTEMBER 2018)