Gas testing is required to ensure work areas are safe. There are three main types of gas tests - flammable, toxic/harmful, and oxygen content. Proper gas detection equipment must be calibrated and functional, with the tester knowledgeable about safe gas levels. Locations must be carefully checked, as gases can accumulate at different levels, and frequent testing may be needed when work is occurring.
Trainee Presentaion-21 - Fire and Gas Detectors.pptxhicham benkhelifa
This document provides an overview of fire and gas detection systems. It describes the properties of combustible gases and liquids that are important for detection. It then discusses different types of detectors used in fire and gas detection systems, including human detection, smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and gas detection technologies like electrocatalytic and infrared detectors. The document focuses on explaining the basic operating principles and advantages and limitations of each type of detector.
Trainee Presentaion-21 - Fire and Gas Detectors.pptxhicham benkhelifa
This document provides an overview of fire and gas detection systems. It describes the properties of combustible gases and liquids that are important for detection. It then discusses different types of detectors used in fire and gas detection systems, including human detection, smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and gas detection technologies like electrocatalytic and infrared detectors. The document focuses on explaining the basic operating principles and advantages and limitations of each type of detector.
This training program provides information on fire and gas detection systems. The objectives are to ensure safety, protect the environment and plant, and provide early detection and alarms. A variety of detectors are discussed to detect different hazards like fire, toxic gases, and combustible gases. Factors in selecting and locating the detectors are addressed. Detector types for different applications are explained along with their working principles. Alarm settings and types of output devices are also summarized.
This document discusses confined space safety. It defines a confined space and permit-required confined space. A permit-required confined space poses significant hazards such as hazardous atmospheres, engulfment, or entrapment. Strict procedures must be followed for entry, including testing the atmosphere for hazards, isolating energy sources, using attendants and rescuers, and obtaining a permit. Personal protective equipment and air monitoring instruments are also required. The document outlines atmospheric and other hazards and means of protection to ensure safe confined space entry.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
Combustion refers to the rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by heat or heat and light. Complete combustion requires an adequate oxygen supply. The objective of good combustion is to release all the heat from fuel by controlling temperature, turbulence for mixing fuel and oxygen, and reaction time. Stoichiometry calculates the theoretical air required for combustion and can determine excess air by measuring flue gas CO2 levels. A certain amount of excess air is needed for complete combustion but too much leads to heat losses.
Source: Honeywell
Gas detection basics
Gas detection sensing technology
Sensor location
SIL in gas detection
Calibration / maintenance
ATEX
www.ie-net.be/reg
www.regeltechnieken.org
Trainee Presentaion-21 - Fire and Gas Detectors.pptxhicham benkhelifa
This document provides an overview of fire and gas detection systems. It describes the properties of combustible gases and liquids that are important for detection. It then discusses different types of detectors used in fire and gas detection systems, including human detection, smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and gas detection technologies like electrocatalytic and infrared detectors. The document focuses on explaining the basic operating principles and advantages and limitations of each type of detector.
Trainee Presentaion-21 - Fire and Gas Detectors.pptxhicham benkhelifa
This document provides an overview of fire and gas detection systems. It describes the properties of combustible gases and liquids that are important for detection. It then discusses different types of detectors used in fire and gas detection systems, including human detection, smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and gas detection technologies like electrocatalytic and infrared detectors. The document focuses on explaining the basic operating principles and advantages and limitations of each type of detector.
This training program provides information on fire and gas detection systems. The objectives are to ensure safety, protect the environment and plant, and provide early detection and alarms. A variety of detectors are discussed to detect different hazards like fire, toxic gases, and combustible gases. Factors in selecting and locating the detectors are addressed. Detector types for different applications are explained along with their working principles. Alarm settings and types of output devices are also summarized.
This document discusses confined space safety. It defines a confined space and permit-required confined space. A permit-required confined space poses significant hazards such as hazardous atmospheres, engulfment, or entrapment. Strict procedures must be followed for entry, including testing the atmosphere for hazards, isolating energy sources, using attendants and rescuers, and obtaining a permit. Personal protective equipment and air monitoring instruments are also required. The document outlines atmospheric and other hazards and means of protection to ensure safe confined space entry.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
Combustion refers to the rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by heat or heat and light. Complete combustion requires an adequate oxygen supply. The objective of good combustion is to release all the heat from fuel by controlling temperature, turbulence for mixing fuel and oxygen, and reaction time. Stoichiometry calculates the theoretical air required for combustion and can determine excess air by measuring flue gas CO2 levels. A certain amount of excess air is needed for complete combustion but too much leads to heat losses.
Source: Honeywell
Gas detection basics
Gas detection sensing technology
Sensor location
SIL in gas detection
Calibration / maintenance
ATEX
www.ie-net.be/reg
www.regeltechnieken.org
Mine Gases (Gases that are experienced during underground coal mining)EngrNadeemAhmad
This document discusses various mine gases, their properties, measurement, and health effects. It covers noxious gases like methane and hydrogen, toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, and describes their chemical formulas, specific gravities, exposure limits, sources, and characteristics. Smoke and different types of "mine damps" or atmospheres are also outlined.
- Gas chromatography is commonly used in research, industrial, forensic, and environmental labs to separate and analyze compounds. It works by vaporizing samples and carrying them through a column with a stationary phase using a carrier gas. Compounds elute from the column at different retention times based on their interactions with the stationary phase. Factors like temperature, flow rate, column properties, and amount of sample injected can be adjusted to optimize separation. Common detectors include FID, TCD, and ECD. Mass spectrometry can then be used to identify unknown compounds based on their mass spectra. The lab experiment involves using GC to separate and analyze two distilled liquids.
This document outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for the storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible liquids. It provides definitions for key terms like flash point, fire point, vapor pressure, and classes of flammable liquids. The standards specify requirements for controlling ignition sources like bonding/grounding containers, ventilation, and prohibiting smoking or open flames. Requirements are provided for storage in approved containers, portable tanks, storage cabinets, and inside storage rooms. The document also addresses fire control measures, maximum storage quantities, liquid transfer methods, handling, and housekeeping practices.
This document outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for the storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible liquids. It provides definitions for key terms like flash point, fire point, vapor pressure, and classes of flammable liquids. The standards specify requirements for controlling ignition sources like bonding/grounding to prevent static discharge, ventilation, and fire control measures. The document also describes regulations for storage in approved containers, portable tanks, storage cabinets, and inside storage rooms. Requirements are provided for safe liquid transfer, handling, housekeeping, and maximum storage quantities.
This document summarizes a webinar about oxygen analysis using the rapid OXY cube. It discusses the advantages of high temperature oxygen determination at 1500°C compared to lower temperature methods. The rapid OXY cube allows matrix-independent oxygen analysis using glassy carbon tubes. It also features backflush chromatography to remove interfering gases and ensure accurate results. Examples are given showing the instrument's use for coal, fuels, liquids and other samples.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
This document provides information on training objectives and safety procedures for responding to emergencies involving flammable liquids and gases. The course objectives are to provide information on the characteristics and hazards of flammable liquids and gases, as well as control methods. Students will learn about NFPA standards, PPE requirements, and the properties of fuels like gasoline, ethanol, propane and natural gas. Tactics are outlined for responding to gas leaks and fires, including establishing attack lines and safety zones. Hazards like BLEVE are also addressed.
The document provides an overview of a course on hydrocarbon evaluation and interpretation from wellsite gas measurements. It discusses various gas measurement techniques including agitator traps, direct gas measurement tools, and chromatographic analysis. It describes the operation of common gas detectors like catalytic combustion, thermal conductivity, and flame ionization. It also covers limitations and applications of total gas detection versus chromatography. The document aims to help users understand gas responses and properly interpret real-time wellsite data for evaluation of zones, fluid typing, and reservoir properties.
methods for continues emission gas monitoringwaleedElazab
This document discusses factors to consider when choosing a continuous emission gas monitoring (CEM) system. It covers compliance with legislation, suitable analytical methods like in-situ, dilution probe, and extractive, appropriate analytical techniques for different gases, correct system design including sample extraction, transport, conditioning, and calibration. Key aspects of CEM system design include sample probe, heated transfer line, moisture measurement, water and acid removal, and calibration with certified gases. The goal is to select a reliable, cost-effective system that provides accurate emission measurements compliant with regulations.
Air Pollution can be defined as “ degradation of natural atmospheric composition by any means of anthropogenic, geogenic , or biogenic sources, which may cause a short-term or long-term adverse effect to both human beings and flora & fauna” .
This document discusses fire and gas detection systems. It begins by defining fire and gases, explaining that fire is a chain reaction between fuel and oxygen that produces heat, light and other byproducts. Gases disperse and mix rapidly. Detection systems are needed to monitor hazardous gas levels and provide early warning before hazards form. They protect people, infrastructure and the environment per safety laws and codes. Detection considers flammable, toxic and asphyxiant gas risks. The document then covers gas properties, ignition risks, limits of flammability, and detection technology types like infrared and catalytic sensors. It stresses the importance of instrument calibration and certification to ensure accurate measurements. Examples of industrial accidents caused by gas leaks are also provided.
Mine gases and testing, maintenance of fire sealsSafdar Ali
This document provides information about mine gases and their testing, including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, and various fire indices used to assess the status of underground fires or heating. It discusses the physiological effects and detection of each gas. It also explains ratios like Graham's ratio, Young's ratio, Willett's ratio, and the Jones and Trickett ratio that can help interpret gas sampling results in relation to mine fires.
Vaporizers are instruments designed to facilitate the change of a liquid anesthetic agent into a vapor and add a controlled amount of this vapor to the fresh gas flow. They produce vaporization of volatile agents, mix the vapor with fresh gas, and control the mixture despite variables to safely and accurately deliver inhalational agents to patients. Vaporizer performance can be affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, barometric pressure, and intermittent back pressure, which vaporizer design and features aim to compensate for to maintain consistent agent delivery.
This document provides training instructions for basic health, safety, and environmental procedures for workers during a shutdown at the DAS Island gas plant. The key points covered include:
1. Not bringing ignition sources like lighters or phones, following rules like no smoking or drinking, attending safety training, and knowing emergency contact numbers.
2. Describing the DAS plant operations producing LNG, LPG, and CNG.
3. Outlining the emergency response plan and procedures for responding to incidents like fires, gas leaks, or equipment failures by stopping work, notifying supervisors, and evacuating to muster points.
This document discusses principles of gasification and different types of gasifiers. Gasification involves partially oxidizing biomass at high temperatures to produce a gaseous fuel called producer gas. Producer gas consists mainly of combustible gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane, as well as non-combustible gases like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Several factors affect gasification including biomass properties and moisture content. Common types of gasifiers include updraft, downdraft, crossdraft, and fluidized bed gasifiers. Updraft gasifiers have high efficiency but produce tarry gas, while downdraft and crossdraft gasifiers produce tar-free gas but with lower efficiency. Fluidized bed gasifiers allow
Air quality management involves monitoring air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide through various sampling and analytical techniques. Key aspects include establishing air quality standards, determining emission reduction needs, and enforcing compliance through multi-level collaboration between government agencies, regulated industries, and the public. Monitoring methods like high-volume air sampling and stack sampling are used to test for suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon emissions.
This document discusses air quality and comfort in buildings. It defines key factors that affect indoor air quality, including outdoor air pollution, materials used in construction, and human activities. Proper ventilation is important to maintain oxygen levels and remove carbon dioxide, smoke, and other pollutants from dwellings. High humidity, dust, and emissions from materials can also impact indoor air quality and comfort. Analyzing factors like pollution sources, ventilation, and material emissions is necessary to ensure good indoor air quality.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It discusses the basic principles and components of gas chromatography including the stationary and mobile phases, how samples are injected and separated in the column based on their partitioning properties. Key components like the carrier gas, temperature control, detectors, and columns are described. The document outlines some parameters used to evaluate chromatography performance and lists common applications of gas chromatography in fields like pharmaceutical analysis, food testing, and environmental analysis.
This document discusses atmospheric hazards found in confined spaces and how to test and monitor for them. Common hazards include oxygen deficiency, enriched oxygen, corrosive gases, carbon monoxide, welding fumes, solvents, and flammable vapors or gases. Instrumentation like 4-gas meters and photoionization detectors are used to test for oxygen levels, combustible gases, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and toxic gases. Engineering controls like ventilation can eliminate hazards from flammable gases, carbon monoxide, solvents, and welding fumes. Proper personal protective equipment includes respirators and dermal protection depending on the hazards present.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Mine Gases (Gases that are experienced during underground coal mining)EngrNadeemAhmad
This document discusses various mine gases, their properties, measurement, and health effects. It covers noxious gases like methane and hydrogen, toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, and describes their chemical formulas, specific gravities, exposure limits, sources, and characteristics. Smoke and different types of "mine damps" or atmospheres are also outlined.
- Gas chromatography is commonly used in research, industrial, forensic, and environmental labs to separate and analyze compounds. It works by vaporizing samples and carrying them through a column with a stationary phase using a carrier gas. Compounds elute from the column at different retention times based on their interactions with the stationary phase. Factors like temperature, flow rate, column properties, and amount of sample injected can be adjusted to optimize separation. Common detectors include FID, TCD, and ECD. Mass spectrometry can then be used to identify unknown compounds based on their mass spectra. The lab experiment involves using GC to separate and analyze two distilled liquids.
This document outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for the storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible liquids. It provides definitions for key terms like flash point, fire point, vapor pressure, and classes of flammable liquids. The standards specify requirements for controlling ignition sources like bonding/grounding containers, ventilation, and prohibiting smoking or open flames. Requirements are provided for storage in approved containers, portable tanks, storage cabinets, and inside storage rooms. The document also addresses fire control measures, maximum storage quantities, liquid transfer methods, handling, and housekeeping practices.
This document outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for the storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible liquids. It provides definitions for key terms like flash point, fire point, vapor pressure, and classes of flammable liquids. The standards specify requirements for controlling ignition sources like bonding/grounding to prevent static discharge, ventilation, and fire control measures. The document also describes regulations for storage in approved containers, portable tanks, storage cabinets, and inside storage rooms. Requirements are provided for safe liquid transfer, handling, housekeeping, and maximum storage quantities.
This document summarizes a webinar about oxygen analysis using the rapid OXY cube. It discusses the advantages of high temperature oxygen determination at 1500°C compared to lower temperature methods. The rapid OXY cube allows matrix-independent oxygen analysis using glassy carbon tubes. It also features backflush chromatography to remove interfering gases and ensure accurate results. Examples are given showing the instrument's use for coal, fuels, liquids and other samples.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
This document provides information on training objectives and safety procedures for responding to emergencies involving flammable liquids and gases. The course objectives are to provide information on the characteristics and hazards of flammable liquids and gases, as well as control methods. Students will learn about NFPA standards, PPE requirements, and the properties of fuels like gasoline, ethanol, propane and natural gas. Tactics are outlined for responding to gas leaks and fires, including establishing attack lines and safety zones. Hazards like BLEVE are also addressed.
The document provides an overview of a course on hydrocarbon evaluation and interpretation from wellsite gas measurements. It discusses various gas measurement techniques including agitator traps, direct gas measurement tools, and chromatographic analysis. It describes the operation of common gas detectors like catalytic combustion, thermal conductivity, and flame ionization. It also covers limitations and applications of total gas detection versus chromatography. The document aims to help users understand gas responses and properly interpret real-time wellsite data for evaluation of zones, fluid typing, and reservoir properties.
methods for continues emission gas monitoringwaleedElazab
This document discusses factors to consider when choosing a continuous emission gas monitoring (CEM) system. It covers compliance with legislation, suitable analytical methods like in-situ, dilution probe, and extractive, appropriate analytical techniques for different gases, correct system design including sample extraction, transport, conditioning, and calibration. Key aspects of CEM system design include sample probe, heated transfer line, moisture measurement, water and acid removal, and calibration with certified gases. The goal is to select a reliable, cost-effective system that provides accurate emission measurements compliant with regulations.
Air Pollution can be defined as “ degradation of natural atmospheric composition by any means of anthropogenic, geogenic , or biogenic sources, which may cause a short-term or long-term adverse effect to both human beings and flora & fauna” .
This document discusses fire and gas detection systems. It begins by defining fire and gases, explaining that fire is a chain reaction between fuel and oxygen that produces heat, light and other byproducts. Gases disperse and mix rapidly. Detection systems are needed to monitor hazardous gas levels and provide early warning before hazards form. They protect people, infrastructure and the environment per safety laws and codes. Detection considers flammable, toxic and asphyxiant gas risks. The document then covers gas properties, ignition risks, limits of flammability, and detection technology types like infrared and catalytic sensors. It stresses the importance of instrument calibration and certification to ensure accurate measurements. Examples of industrial accidents caused by gas leaks are also provided.
Mine gases and testing, maintenance of fire sealsSafdar Ali
This document provides information about mine gases and their testing, including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, and various fire indices used to assess the status of underground fires or heating. It discusses the physiological effects and detection of each gas. It also explains ratios like Graham's ratio, Young's ratio, Willett's ratio, and the Jones and Trickett ratio that can help interpret gas sampling results in relation to mine fires.
Vaporizers are instruments designed to facilitate the change of a liquid anesthetic agent into a vapor and add a controlled amount of this vapor to the fresh gas flow. They produce vaporization of volatile agents, mix the vapor with fresh gas, and control the mixture despite variables to safely and accurately deliver inhalational agents to patients. Vaporizer performance can be affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, barometric pressure, and intermittent back pressure, which vaporizer design and features aim to compensate for to maintain consistent agent delivery.
This document provides training instructions for basic health, safety, and environmental procedures for workers during a shutdown at the DAS Island gas plant. The key points covered include:
1. Not bringing ignition sources like lighters or phones, following rules like no smoking or drinking, attending safety training, and knowing emergency contact numbers.
2. Describing the DAS plant operations producing LNG, LPG, and CNG.
3. Outlining the emergency response plan and procedures for responding to incidents like fires, gas leaks, or equipment failures by stopping work, notifying supervisors, and evacuating to muster points.
This document discusses principles of gasification and different types of gasifiers. Gasification involves partially oxidizing biomass at high temperatures to produce a gaseous fuel called producer gas. Producer gas consists mainly of combustible gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane, as well as non-combustible gases like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Several factors affect gasification including biomass properties and moisture content. Common types of gasifiers include updraft, downdraft, crossdraft, and fluidized bed gasifiers. Updraft gasifiers have high efficiency but produce tarry gas, while downdraft and crossdraft gasifiers produce tar-free gas but with lower efficiency. Fluidized bed gasifiers allow
Air quality management involves monitoring air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide through various sampling and analytical techniques. Key aspects include establishing air quality standards, determining emission reduction needs, and enforcing compliance through multi-level collaboration between government agencies, regulated industries, and the public. Monitoring methods like high-volume air sampling and stack sampling are used to test for suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon emissions.
This document discusses air quality and comfort in buildings. It defines key factors that affect indoor air quality, including outdoor air pollution, materials used in construction, and human activities. Proper ventilation is important to maintain oxygen levels and remove carbon dioxide, smoke, and other pollutants from dwellings. High humidity, dust, and emissions from materials can also impact indoor air quality and comfort. Analyzing factors like pollution sources, ventilation, and material emissions is necessary to ensure good indoor air quality.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It discusses the basic principles and components of gas chromatography including the stationary and mobile phases, how samples are injected and separated in the column based on their partitioning properties. Key components like the carrier gas, temperature control, detectors, and columns are described. The document outlines some parameters used to evaluate chromatography performance and lists common applications of gas chromatography in fields like pharmaceutical analysis, food testing, and environmental analysis.
This document discusses atmospheric hazards found in confined spaces and how to test and monitor for them. Common hazards include oxygen deficiency, enriched oxygen, corrosive gases, carbon monoxide, welding fumes, solvents, and flammable vapors or gases. Instrumentation like 4-gas meters and photoionization detectors are used to test for oxygen levels, combustible gases, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and toxic gases. Engineering controls like ventilation can eliminate hazards from flammable gases, carbon monoxide, solvents, and welding fumes. Proper personal protective equipment includes respirators and dermal protection depending on the hazards present.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
3. Course aim
• To provide you with a full understanding of the role of a Gas Tester
• To provide you with a full understanding of the different types of gas test that can be
conducted
How this will be achieved?
• Through PowerPoint, DVD and practical demonstration
• By taking notes as the lesson progresses
Confirmation of understanding
• There will be a short test at the end of this presentation to confirm your understanding
of the material presented
4. INTRODUCTION TO GAS TESTING
Q, Why do we test need to test for gas?
Some of the gasses we work with can be very
dangerous, so we need to make sure the
atmosphere is safe to work in before any work
start AND during the time the work taking
place
5. Upper
Explosive
Limit
Explosive
Envelope
Why are gas tests required?
To:
• Determine if an area is
hazardous due to the
presence of gas
• Provide monitoring of an
area to ensure the
continued safety of a
workplace
• Determine the type of work
that can take place in an
area
• Determine any worksite
restrictions that may be
necessary
6. When will “gas tests” be required?
• Hot work
• Naked flames
• Welding and grinding
• Flame cutting and burning
• Use of flare guns in hazardous areas
• Use of equipment or work on pipelines or
vessels contaminated with pyrophoric scale
7. When will “gas tests” be required?
• Hot Work (Spark potential in hazardous areas)
• Use of non IS electrical equipment, soldering
• Opening of junction boxes in hazardous areas
• Pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools capable of generating a spark
• Explosives and perforating guns
• Cartridge operating fixing tools
• Dry grit, shot blasting
• Portable diesel engines
• Use of battery operated cameras
8. When will “gas tests” be required?
• Confined Space Entry
• Definition of a ‘Confined Space’:
• Limited access or egress
• Poorly ventilated
• Not designed for human occupancy
• Dangerous by design, through products held, vessel shape or if there are
known hazards contained
• If any doubt is present then it should be classified as a confined space
• Cold work:
• Where there may be a potential for hydrocarbon leakage
9. Three main types of test
• Flammable gas tests
• Hydrocarbon gas is explosive
• Toxic or harmful gas tests
• Toxic gases are dangerous to health
• Oxygen content tests (deficiency or enrichment)
• We need oxygen to breathe
• Enrichment is a fire hazard
10. Gas testers
• Must ensure that equipment used is:
• suitable for the atmosphere to be tested
• an approved type
• properly calibrated and maintained
• within its validation period
11. Gas testers
• Must also be:
• adequately trained
• sufficiently knowledgeable to interpret and record the results correctly
• aware of the likely contaminants
• sure that gas tests are carried out at the correct time
• authorised and registered on the rig or installation that they are currently
working on
12. Gas meter users
• Must also be:
• able to interpret meter readings and
alarms
• know the actions to take should an alarm
activate
• know who to contact should a problem
arise
• know the local hazards which may affect
the worksite
13. Gas meter users
• Read the manufacturers meter instructions
• Know the instrument limitations
• Check the general condition of the meter
• Check the meter is within its calibration date
• Ensure the battery has been charged
• Ensure that the sensor intakes are not blocked
• Check that any sample probes or aspirators are in good condition
14. Basic instrument checks
• Switch on the meter
• Check the readings in normal air
• Meter should show:
• Oxygen 20.9% v/v
• Hydrocarbons 0 %LEL
• Hydrogen Sulphide 0 ppm
• Carbon Monoxide 0 ppm
• Zero the meter in normal air if there are any deviations
• Meter function and alarms may be checked with test gas prior to use
17. Portable gas detectors
Disadvantages
• May be contaminated by:
• silicones
• sulphur compounds
• welding fumes
• chlorine
• high levels of hydrocarbons
• ‘catalytic’ gas detectors
• There must be at least 16% Oxygen present
in the atmosphere to be measured before
hydrocarbon gas concentrations can be
accurately detected
19. • Gas in correct concentration
• Sufficient Oxygen
• Sufficient ignition energy
Gas ignition
20. Flammable limits of hydrocarbon gas
• Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
• Lowest concentration of gas that can ignite
• Below this level the mixture of gas in air is too lean
• Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
• The highest concentration of gas that can ignite
• Above this limit the mixture of gas in air is too rich
• The maximum range used in most gas meters
• Between these limits, hydrocarbon gas is explosive
• Known as the explosive envelope
22. Flashpoints
• The lowest temperature at which a liquid will
emit ignitable vapours
• The flashpoint of Methanol
is very low at 11°C
23. Ignition temperatures
• Gas within it’s flammable range will ignite if the temperature is raised to a
certain value
• Known as the ignition temperature
• Normally caused by a spark or flame
• Ignition temperatures for gases vary
• Approx 635° C for methane and 460° C for butane
• A match-head burns at around 1500° C
• Naked flame hot work ignites all of the flammable gases and vapours
24. Auto ignition
• Combustible materials may ignite without a spark or flame
• Caused by heating or contact with a hot surface
• Known as the auto ignition temperature
25. Expansion of NGL to gas
• A small volume of Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) gives a large hydrocarbon
gas vapour cloud, for example:
• Butane expands 225 times when changing from liquid to gas
• Propane expands around 250 times
• L.E.L. of Butane is approximately 2%(v/v) in air
• An explosive gas cloud approximately 11,000 times the volume of liquid
escaping may develop
• The gas cloud will expand again, up to fifty times and still be explosive
26. Flammable gas testing
• Gas is never likely to be distributed evenly
• Some gases are lighter than air and some are heavier
• Lighter than air gases will rise and may be trapped below ceilings
• Gases that are heavier than air will tend to hug the ground and fall to lower
levels
• Distribution depends on the area layout (equipment)
• Atmospheric conditions must also be considered (temperature, wind speed and
direction)
• For ‘Hot Work’ there must be NO hydrocarbon gas present
27. Oxygen
• Level required for normal breathing is 20.89%
• Low levels of oxygen may be caused by:
• rusting
• welding, burning or a fire
• displacement by another gas
• chemicals
• vacuum
• High levels of oxygen can be caused by:
• leaking oxygen hose (oxy/acetylene)
• vents on nitrogen generators
• chemicals
28. Ventilation in a confined space
• A good supply of fresh air required in a vessel to be entered without BA
equipment
• Air movers may be needed
• Air supply from a safe, clean source
• The air should be vented safely
• Note:- 20.9% Oxygen in a vessel does not on it’s own mean that the
vessel is safe to enter
29. Oxygen levels
• Reduced oxygen levels
• Reduces explosive envelope
• At around 8% oxygen it drops to zero
• During purging operations look for
6% oxygen prior to admitting
hydrocarbons
30. High oxygen content
Risks to personnel
• Increased fire risk
• Human intoxication
• Risk to IS equipment
31. Ignition energy
The third element needed for fire / explosion
• Energy is needed to ignite a gas
• Ignition energy required varies for each gas
• Energy varies within the flammability envelope
• Dependant on amount of Oxygen available
33. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
• H2S is measured in ‘Parts Per Million’ (ppm) in air
• Lethal at concentrations of only 700 ppm or 0.07% v/v
• Meter alarm settings
• Evacuate area upwind and across wind if alarm sounds
• H2S is highly corrosive
• Causes stress cracking in steel
• Flammable at high levels, (LEL of 4% UEL of 45%)
• May be absorbed by sample tubes
• Heavier than air
• Insoluble in water (creates acid)
34. H2S generation
• Generated by bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic)
• Some oil and gas reservoirs produce (H2S)
• May be found where oil/water interfaces
• Common in drains and sewers
• Found in light end gas systems
35. Physiological properties of H2S
• Smell of rotten eggs at low concentrations
• Sense of smell is LOST at around levels of only 100 ppm
• Eye irritation
• Throat irritation
• Coughing
• Dizziness
• Loss of vision
• Unconsciousness
• Death (levels of around 700ppm)
36. Note: Never depend on your sense of smell to detect gas
Other harmful gas
• Benzene (found in some hydrocarbon systems)
• Carbon monoxide (found in exhaust flues)
• Carbon dioxide (gas blankets on storage tanks, fire fighting)
• Nitrogen (inert gas purging, blankets etc)
• Chlorine ( found in water systems)
• Hydrogen (emitted by battery systems)
37. Toxic gas exposure limits
• Meters alarm at Maximum Exposure Limits
• Long Term Exposure Limit or Time Weighted Average (TWA) is taken over an 8
hour period within 24 hours
• Short Term Exposure Limit is taken over a 15 minute period
• Toxic exposure limits may be found in HSE document EH40
38. Exposure limits
The 8 Hour reference period covers any 8 hours in 24, time weighted average
Formulae used:
C1T1 + C2T2 = CnTn
8
Where C is the occupational exposure and T is the exposure time in hours
39. Exposure limits
Within a 24 hour period a worker was exposed to the following levels of H2S:
4.0 ppm for a period of 4 hours, then
4.5 ppm for a period of 3 hours
This gives an exposure level of
(4 x 4) + (4.5 x 3) = 3.69
8
Which is below the 8 hour occupational exposure limit (TWA) of 5ppm for
Hydrogen Sulphide
40. Chemical tubes
• Used to test various gases
• Two common systems :
• Draeger
• Kitagawa
• Gas sample sucked into a tube containing chemicals by
pump or bellows
• Chemical changes colour depending on gas concentration
• Scale indicated on tube and also dependent on the
number of pump strokes
• Errors may be caused if:
• Tubes are out of date
• Contamination occurs due to mists/particles
41. Where to test
• ‘Risk Assessment’ to determine possible gases
• Check at all levels of the worksite in the area specified by the work permit
• High for methane
• Low for heavier hydrocarbons
• Select the type of gas on the meter or apply a correction factor
• With a vessel, approach from upwind, testing all the time
• Never expose yourself to unknown gas concentrations
42. Where to test?
Areas to check on equipment include the following:
• In tanks or vessels
• In cellars
• Behind weir plates or barriers in vessels
• Pipe flanges
• Vents and drains
• Loop seals leading to drain systems
• Screwed fittings
• Valve packing
• Pump seals
43. When to test?
• Immediately before work begins
Testing Frequency’ depends on:
• Nature of the work
• Time elapsed since the last test
• Requirements of the work permit
• Atmospheric conditions
• Area classification
• Company requirements
• Continuous ‘sentry’ testing may be required by work
party
44. Recording results
When recording test results:
• Remember to insert the correct units of measurement
• Hydrocarbons % LEL
• Oxygen % v/v
• Hydrogen Sulphide ppm
• Carbon Monoxide ppm
45. Vessel entry
• Good mechanical and electrical isolation procedures
• Consider LSA scale, radiation from instruments, hazardous substance
requirements, loose equipment, slippery surfaces
• Gas monitors
• Correct vessel entry procedures
• Sentry duties clearly defined
• Good communications system (internal and external)
• Good access/egress
• Inertia reels and retrieval facilities
• Certified lighting required
• Barriers and signs
• No pressurised cylinders within vessel
• External risks considered (drains, vents etc)
• Air moving equipment if required
46. Vessel procedures
Use correct vessel entry procedures
Test for:
• Oxygen Content
• Hydrocarbons
• Toxic gases
• Special gases as required
47. Respiratory Equipment
• Breathing apparatus
• Provides an independent source of breathable air
• Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Air line breathing apparatus
48. Respiratory Equipment
• Respirators
• Provides filtration or absorption of atmospheric
contaminants
• Filter mask
• Filter and cartridge
• Canister type
• Will not remove high levels of gas
49. Gas Type New Colour RAL Code
Acetylene Maroon RAL 3009
Argon Dark Green RAL 6001
Oxygen White RAL 9010
Nitrogen Black RAL 9005
Gas cylinders
• Several gases arrive on board in cylinders
• Clear identification is critical
• New colour coding system introduced
• Colour code applies to shoulder of cylinder
• Identification label on neck of bottle
• Some Gas cylinder ‘Colour Codes’
50. Personal Protective Equipment
• Protection required for:
• Head
• Eyes and Face
• Hearing
• Body and limbs
• Hands
• Feet
• Additional equipment (e.g. BA, paper suits;
may be required for entering confined spaces)
51. Training aims and goals
• You should now be able to:
• decide where and when gas tests will be required list the types of gas tests
carried out
• describe gas testing principles
• identify and use various types of gas detectors
• describe pre-checks to be carried out on a meter
• explain the hazards and effects of flammable, toxic(H2S) and inert gases
• identify the hazards of oxygen deficiency and enrichment
52. Summary
• Gas tests can be divided into three types:
• Flammable
• Toxic or harmful
• Oxygen
• Always pre-check the tester or analyser
• Consider carefully where and when to test
• Hydrogen Sulphide is highly toxic and is a poisonous gas
• Oxygen levels above and below 20.89% are hazardous
• Be aware of the dangers of high nitrogen concentrations