Suppositories and pessaries are both types of medication delivery systems that are designed to be inserted into body orifices for therapeutic purposes. While they serve similar functions, they are used in different parts of the body.
Suppositories:
Usage: Suppositories are typically designed for rectal or vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, bullet-shaped or cone-shaped dosage forms that contain medication in a base that melts or dissolves at body temperature.
Rectal Suppositories: Commonly used for medications that need to bypass the digestive system or when a patient cannot take medications orally. They are inserted into the rectum.
Vaginal Suppositories: Often used for localized treatment of gynecological conditions, such as yeast infections or hormonal therapy. They are inserted into the vagina.
Pessaries:
Usage: Pessaries are specifically designed for vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, oval-shaped or ring-shaped devices made of various materials such as silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Indications: Pessaries are mainly used to support the uterus, bladder, or rectum in cases of pelvic organ prolapse. However, they can also be used for the controlled release of medication into the vagina for the treatment of local conditions.
Maintenance: Pessaries need to be fitted by a healthcare professional and should be cleaned and reinserted regularly.
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosomes (Formulation and evaluation).pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicular system made up of non ionic surfactants.
The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes.
Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale).
Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them.
Niosomes are biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
Based on the vesicle size, niosomes can be divided into three groups.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, size=0.025-0.05 μm),
Multilamellar vesicles (MLV, size=>0.05 μm), and
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, size=>0.10 μm).
In the formulation of niosomes, the selection of surfactants is based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. HLB values between 4 and 8 recommended for the facile formation of niosomes and surfactants with an HLB value of more than 8 are required to optimize cholesterol concentration.
However, it has been widely observed that HLB value between 4 and 8 is highly recommended for better encapsulation efficiency, of niosomes. For example, long stearyl and short lauryl chain length increase and decrease the entrapment efficiency of niosomes, respectively.
Long hydrophilic chains result in increased encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs, and long hydrophobic chains result in improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs.
Long Hydrophilic Chains and Increased Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs:
Surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains create larger aqueous compartments within the niosome bilayer. This provides more space for water-soluble drugs to reside, leading to higher encapsulation efficiency.
Example: Span 60 (HLB 4.7) has a longer hydrophilic chain compared to Span 20 (HLB 8.6). Studies have shown that using Span 60 in niosomes resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug gentamicin, compared to formulations using Span 20.
Long Hydrophobic Chains and Improved Encapsulation of Lipophilic Drugs:
Long hydrophobic chains increase the affinity of the niosome bilayer for lipid-soluble drugs. These drugs can partition and entrap themselves within the bilayer structure, leading to improved encapsulation.
Example: Tween 80 (HLB 15) has a longer hydrophobic chain compared to Tween 20 (HLB 16.7). Niosomes prepared with Tween 80 demonstrated superior encapsulation of the lipophilic drug curcumin compared to those made with Tween 20.
Pegylation is a process where polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, is attached to the surface of niosomes. This modification offers several advantages for drug delivery:
Benefits of Pegylation:
Increased Stability: PEG creates a steric barrier, preventing proteins and other molecules in the blood from adhering to the niosome surface. This reduces aggregation and opsonization (recognition by immune cells).
More Related Content
Similar to PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPOSITORIES & PESSARIES.ppt
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosomes (Formulation and evaluation).pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicular system made up of non ionic surfactants.
The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes.
Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale).
Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them.
Niosomes are biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
Based on the vesicle size, niosomes can be divided into three groups.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, size=0.025-0.05 μm),
Multilamellar vesicles (MLV, size=>0.05 μm), and
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, size=>0.10 μm).
In the formulation of niosomes, the selection of surfactants is based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. HLB values between 4 and 8 recommended for the facile formation of niosomes and surfactants with an HLB value of more than 8 are required to optimize cholesterol concentration.
However, it has been widely observed that HLB value between 4 and 8 is highly recommended for better encapsulation efficiency, of niosomes. For example, long stearyl and short lauryl chain length increase and decrease the entrapment efficiency of niosomes, respectively.
Long hydrophilic chains result in increased encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs, and long hydrophobic chains result in improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs.
Long Hydrophilic Chains and Increased Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs:
Surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains create larger aqueous compartments within the niosome bilayer. This provides more space for water-soluble drugs to reside, leading to higher encapsulation efficiency.
Example: Span 60 (HLB 4.7) has a longer hydrophilic chain compared to Span 20 (HLB 8.6). Studies have shown that using Span 60 in niosomes resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug gentamicin, compared to formulations using Span 20.
Long Hydrophobic Chains and Improved Encapsulation of Lipophilic Drugs:
Long hydrophobic chains increase the affinity of the niosome bilayer for lipid-soluble drugs. These drugs can partition and entrap themselves within the bilayer structure, leading to improved encapsulation.
Example: Tween 80 (HLB 15) has a longer hydrophobic chain compared to Tween 20 (HLB 16.7). Niosomes prepared with Tween 80 demonstrated superior encapsulation of the lipophilic drug curcumin compared to those made with Tween 20.
Pegylation is a process where polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, is attached to the surface of niosomes. This modification offers several advantages for drug delivery:
Benefits of Pegylation:
Increased Stability: PEG creates a steric barrier, preventing proteins and other molecules in the blood from adhering to the niosome surface. This reduces aggregation and opsonization (recognition by immune cells).
Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, commonly referred to as niosomes, have garnered significant attention within the pharmaceutical industry due to their remarkable capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of these vesicles to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, making them a promising strategy for delivering various therapeutic agents such as gene materials, protein therapeutics, and chemical pharmaceuticals. This approach offers minimal toxicity and desirable targeting effectiveness. Niosomes are substantially more stable during the preparation and storage procedure than liposomes. The desired pharmacokinetics property can be attained through the optimization of constituents or surface modifications. This novel method of distribution is also facile to establish and expand, while maintaining cost-effective manufacturing expenses. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of niosomes as non-ionic surfactant vesicles, including their structure and components, as well as various formulation methods. Additionally, the article explores the diverse applications of niosomal in the analgesics.
The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Op...Prachi Pandey
Introduction: This study explores the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical optimization technique, to optimize the SR properties of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) matrix tablets. PCM is a phenothiazine derivative used for treating schizophrenia, nausea, and vomiting. Sustained-release formulations offer extended drug delivery, potentially improving patient compliance and reducing side effects. RSM helps identify optimal combinations of critical formulation factors influencing drug release, such as polymer type and concentration, filler type, and drug/polymer ratio. The study likely involves designing experiments based on chosen RSM designs (e.g., Box-Behnken) with varying factor levels. Formulate SR tablets with different factor combinations. Evaluating the drug release profiles of each tablet formulation. Analyzing data using RSM software to build mathematical models relating factors to drug release and identifying optimal factor combinations that maximize desired release characteristics.
Objective: The ongoing research purpose to improve the advancement of a sustained release tablet containing Phenothiazine derivative PCM loaded matrix. This is achieved by utilizing DoE as a computational method to statistically validate the formulation.
The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Linco...Prachi Pandey
Objectives: The ongoing research aims to enhance the development of LNH-loaded nanogel by
utilizing DoE as the computational method to statistically validate their formulation.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol)
[PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized
using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio
(1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the
efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD,
employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to
ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent
variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent
variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release
(P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable
information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper
comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance
and quality of the Nanogels being produced
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfPrachi Pandey
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Pharmaceutical Suspension Dosage Form (PPT)Prachi Pandey
A pharmaceutical suspension is a heterogeneous system in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Unlike solutions, where solutes are completely dissolved, suspensions involve particles that are only partially soluble or insoluble in the liquid. These suspensions are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver medications that may be poorly soluble or unstable in their pure form. The solid particles, often in the form of powders or crystals, are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, creating a stable mixture through the use of suspending agents or stabilizers. These agents prevent the settling of particles, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of redispersion upon shaking before administration. Pharmaceutical suspensions offer advantages in terms of flexibility in dosing and formulation, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents in various forms such as oral liquids, injectables, or topical preparations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation and stability of pharmaceutical suspensions require careful consideration of factors such as particle size, density, and the choice of stabilizers to maintain a consistent and reliable product.
Partition coefficients are a fascinating and important concept in many fields, from chemistry and environmental science to medicine and pharmacology. They tell us about how a substance will distribute itself between two immiscible phases, like how a drug might move between your blood and tissues, or how a pollutant might spread through soil and water.
A partition coefficient, denoted as P or log P, describes the ratio of the concentration of a compound in one phase (usually organic) to its concentration in another phase (often water) at equilibrium.
Higher values of P indicate a greater preference for the organic phase, meaning the compound is more lipophilic (fat-loving).
Lower values of P suggest a higher affinity for the aqueous phase, implying the compound is more hydrophilic (water-loving).
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
Research Methodology_UNIT_I_General Research Methodology M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements, practical
difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies, strategies to eliminate
errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design, placebo, blinding techniques.
THE CURRENT STATUS IN MUCOSALDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (MDDS)AND FUTURE PROSPECTUS...Prachi Pandey
This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of mucosal drug delivery systems (MDDS) and explore their future prospects in drug delivery. MDDS have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance drug absorption, improve therapeutic efficacy, and minimize systemic side effects. This review critically evaluates the existing literature on MDDS, including various mucosal routes such as oral, nasal, ocular, pulmonary, and vaginal delivery. Additionally, it discusses the challenges associated with MDDS, such as formulation development, stability, and regulatory considerations. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging technologies and innovative strategies that hold promise for the future of MDDS. Overall, this systematic review provides valuable insights into the current landscape of MDDS and offers recommendations for future research and development in this field.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...Prachi Pandey
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services.
The application for Registration and import can be made to the Licensing Authority under the Act i.e. to the Drugs Controller General at CDSCO. Drug and Cosmetic Act 1945: It Contains provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules. Guidelines for the storage,sale,display and prescription of each schedule.
Microspheres are small spherical particles, with diameter 1 µm to 1000 µm.
They are spherical free flowing particles consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which are biodegradable in nature.
PROTEINS: Proteins are the large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds.
Protein > 50 amino acids
PEPTIDES: These are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order of amino acids.
Peptide < 50 amino acids
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing is elevating various growth in production viewpoint both at nanoscale and macro-scales. 3-D printing is being scouted for numerous bio-pharmaceutical administration and creation of nano-medicines employing supplementary production methods and shows assurance in capability in satisfying the demands for a patient-based customized approach. The previous outcome features the accessibility of novel natural bio-materials and finely designed polymeric substances, which can be created as unique 3-D printed nano-materials for numerous bio-pharmaceutical administrations as nano-medicines. Nano-medicine is described as the utilization of nanoscience in fabricating nano-materials for various pharmaceutical utilization, comprising identification, cure, scan, stopping, and management of diseases. Nano-medicine has also displayed a huge effect in the creation and evolve an accurate drug. In contrary the "one-size-fits-all" benchmark for the traditional drug is a personalized, structured, or accurate drug considering the variation in numerous characteristics, comprising genetics and pharmacokinetics of various victims, which have exhibited better outcomes over traditional cures. This article highlights the approaches advancements in the design and development of customized-made nano-medicine employing 3-D printing science.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, BUDGET & COST CONTROL.pptxPrachi Pandey
Definition: TQM has been defined as an integrated organization effort designed to improve quality at every level.
“ The process to produce a perfect product by a series of measures require an organized effort by the entire company to prevent or eliminate errors at every stage in production is called Total Quality Management (TQM).”
The Aim of TQM is “Prevention of defect rather than detection on defect.”
TQM is very important for pharmaceutical industries to produce the better product and ensure the maximum safety of health care system and also protect waste of money for both government and individual customer.
The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon”, meaning medicine or drug. In other term, “Pharmacy may defined as the art and science of preparing (manufacturing) and dispensing of drugs prepared by the natural and synthetic sources and using for the treatment as well as prevention of diseases”. In general sense, it is the place where medicine or drugs are sold. Pharmacy is a health profession that links health science with chemical science and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. It includes the collection, identification, synthesis, purification, isolation and quality control of medical substance or pharmaceutical products.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. SUPPOSITRORIES
& PESSARIES
Presented By: *Rahul Pal, Prachi Pandey
Department of Pharmaceutics,
NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University,
Jaipur, Rajasthan,
303121, India.
M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS)
2. OVERVIEW OF CONTENT
OBJECTIVES: After the end of this topic students will be able to:
Define suppositories and pessaries.
Differentiate between suppositories and pessaries.
Classify suppositories
Advantages & disadvantages of suppositories.
Discuss different suppository bases used.
Discuss the different method of preparation
3. SUPPOSITORIES &
PESSARIES: DEFINITION
SUPPOSITORIES:
British Pharmacopoeia (BP) definition:
“Suppositories are solid, single-dose preparations. The shape, volume and
consistency of suppositories are suitable for rectal administration”.
Suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body
orifices where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert localized or systemic
effects.
4. SUPPOSITORIES TYPES
Types of Suppositories:
a. Rectal suppositories for adults weigh 2 gm and are torpedo shape.
Children's suppositories weigh about 1 gm.
b. Vaginal suppositories or Pessaries weigh about 3-5gm and are molded in globular or
oviform shape or compressed on a tablet press into conical shapes.
c. Urethral suppositories called bougies are pencil shape. Those intended for males
weigh 4 gm each and are 100-150 mm long.
Those for females are 2 gm each and 60-75 mm in length.
d. Nasal suppositories: called nasal bougies or buginaria meant for introduction in to
nasal cavity.
They are prepared with glycerogelatin base.
They weigh about 1 gm and length 9-10 cm.
5. SUPPOSITORIES TYPES
CONT…
e. Ear cones:
Aurinaria and meant for introduction into ear.
Rarely used
Theobroma oil is used as base.
Prepared in urethral bougies mould and cut according to size.
6. SUPPOSITORIES
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Can exert local effect on rectal mucosa.
Used to promote evacuation of bowel.
Avoid any gastrointestinal irritation.
Can be used in unconscious patients (e.g. during fitting).
Can be used for systemic absorption of drugs and avoid first-pass
metabolism.
Babies or old people who cannot swallow oral medication.
Post operative people who cannot be administered oral medication.
People suffering from severe nausea or vomiting.
7. SUPPOSITORIES
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES OF SUPPOSITORIES:
The problem of patient acceptability.
Suppositories are not suitable for patients suffering from diarrhea.
In some cases the total amount of the drug must be given will be either
too irritating or in greater amount than reasonably can be placed into
suppository.
Incomplete absorption may be obtained because suppository usually
promotes evacuation of the bowel.
8.
9. PESSARIES
Pessaries are a type of suppository intended for vaginal use.
The larger size moulds are usually used in the preparation of pessaries
such as 4 g and 8 g moulds.
Pessaries are used almost exclusively for local medication, the
exception being prostaglandin pessaries that do exert a systemic effect.
10. PESSARIES DEFITION
British Pharmacopoeia (BP) definition:
“Pessaries are solid, single-dose preparations. They have various
shapes, usually ovoid, with a volume and consistency suitable for
insertion into the vagina. They contain one or more active substances
dispersed or dissolved in a suitable bases that may be soluble or
dispersible in water or may melt at body temperature.
Excipients such as diluents, adsorbents, surface-active agents,
lubricants, antimicrobial preservatives and colouring matter, authorised
by the competent authority, may be added, if necessary.”
11. PESSARIES AGETS
Pessaries common ingredients for inclusion in pessaries for local action
include:
Antiseptics
Contraceptive agents
Local anaesthetics
The various therapeutic agents to treat trichomonal, bacterial and
monilial infections.
12. PESSARIES BASE
CHARACTERISTICS
IDEAL SUPPOSITORY BASE:
1. Melts at body temperature or dissolves in body fluids.
2. Non-toxic and non-irritant.
3. Compatible with any medicament.
4. Releases any medicament readily.
5. Easily moulded and removed from the mould.
6. Stable to heating above the melting point.
7. Easy to handle.
8. Stable on storage.
13. PESSARIES BASES
I FATTY BASES: designed to melt at body temperature.
1- Theobroma oil (Cocoa butter)
It is a yellowish-white solid with an odour of chocolate and is a mixture of
glyceryl esters of different unsaturated fatty acids.
Advantages:
A melting range of 30 - 36°C (solid at room temperature but melts in the
body).
Readily melted on warming, rapid setting on cooling.
Miscible with many ingredients.
Non-irritating.
14. Disadvantages:
a- Polymorphism:
- When melted and cooled it solidifies in different crystalline forms,
depending on the temperature of melting, rate of cooling and the size of
the mass.
- If melted at not more than 36°C and slowly cooled it forms stable beta
crystals with normal melting point.
- If over-heated then cooled it produce unstable gamma crystals which
melt at about 15°C or alpha crystals melting at 20°C.
Cocoa butter must be slowly melted over a warm water bath to avoid
the formation of the unstable crystalline form.
15. b- Adherence to the mould:
c- Softening point too low for hot climates.
d- Melting point reduced by soluble ingredients: Phenol and chloral
hydrate have a tendency to lower the melting point of cocoa butter.- So,
solidifying agents like beeswax (4%) may be incorporated to compensate for
the softening effect of the added substance.
e- Rancidity on storage:
f- Poor water-absorbing ability: Improved by the addition of emulsifying
agents.
g- Leakage from the body:
h- Expensive
16. SYNTHETIC HARD FAT:
- For example: Suppocire, witepsol.
Advantages:
Their solidifying points are unaffected by overheating.
They have good resistance to oxidation because of the lower content of unsaturated
fatty acids.
The difference between melting and setting points is small. Hence they set quickly, the
risk of sedimentation of suspended ingredients is low.
They are marketed in a series of grades with different melting point ranges, which can
be chosen to suit particular products and climatic condition.
They contain a proportion of w/o emulsifying agents, and therefore, their water-
absorbing capacities are good.
No mould lubricant is necessary because they contract significantly on cooling.
17. PESSARIES BASE: WATER
SOLUBLE
II Water-soluble and water-miscible bases:
1- Glycero-gelatin:
The commonest is Glycerol Suppositories Base B.P., which has 14% w/w
gelatin, and 70% w/w glycerol & water Q.S. to 100%. .
The glycerol-gelatin base U.S.P. consisted of 20% w/w gelatin, and 70%
w/w glycerol & water Q.S. to 100%.
18. DISADVANTAGES:
a- A physiological effect: osmosis occurs during dissolving in the mucous
secretions of the rectum, producing a laxative effect.
b- Can cause rectal irritation due to small amount of liquid present.
c- Unpredictable solution time.
d- Hygroscopic: So, they should be packaged in tight containers and also have
dehydrating effects on the rectal and vaginal mucosa leading to irritation.
e- Microbial contamination likely.
f- Long preparation time.
g- Lubrication of the mould is essential.
19. MACROGOLS (POLYETHYLENE
GLYCOLS)
2- Macrogols (polyethylene glycols):
- Polyethylene glycols are polymers of ethylene oxide and water, prepared to
various chain lengths, molecular weights, and physical states.
- The numerical designations refer to the average molecular weights of each of
the polymers.
- Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) having average molecular weights of 300, 400,
and 600 are clear, colorless liquids, while those with molecular weights of
600-1000 are semisolids.
- Those having average molecular weights of greater than 1000 are wax-like,
white solids with the hardness increasing with an increase in the molecular
weight.
20. These polyethylene glycols can be blended together to
Produce suppository bases with varying: melting points, dissolution rates
and physical characteristics.
Drug release depends on the base dissolving rather than melting.
The melting point is often around 50°C.
Higher proportions of high molecular weight polymers
Produce preparations which release the drug slowly and are also brittle.
Less brittle products which release the drug more readily can be prepared
by mixing high polymers with medium and low polymers.
21. PREPARATION METHODS OF
SUPPOSITORIES
Suppositories are prepared by four methods:
I. Hand moulding:
Hand molding is useful when we are preparing a small number of
suppositories:
1. The drug is made into a fine powder.
2. It is incorporated into the suppository base by kneading with it or by
trituration in a mortar.
3. The kneaded mass is rolled between fingers into rod shaped units.
4. The rods are cut into pieces and then one end is pointed.
22. II Compression molding:
The cold mass of the base containing the drug is compressed into
suppositories using a hand operated machine.
**Advantages:
1. It is a simple method.
2. It gives suppositories that are more elegant than hand moulded
suppositories.
3. In this method sedimentation of solids in the base is prevented.
4. Suitable for heat labile medicaments.
**Disadvantages:
1.Air entrapment may take place.
2.This air may cause weight variation.
3.The drug and/or the base may be oxidized by this air.
23. III Pour moulding:
- Using a supp. mould which is made of metal or plastic. Traditional metal
moulds are in two halves which are clamped together with a screw.
Steps:
1. The base is melted and precautions are taken not to overheat it.
2. The drug is incorporated in it.
3. The molten liquid mass is poured into chilled(lubricated if cocoa butter or
glycrogelatin is the base)molds.
4. After solidification the cone shaped suppositories.
24. Lubricating the cavities of the mould is helpful in producing elegant
suppositories and free from surface depression.
- The lubricant must be different in nature from the suppository base,
otherwise it will be become absorbed and will fail to provide a buffer
film between the mass &the metal.
- The water soluble lubricant is useful for fatty bases while the oily
lubricant is useful for water soluble bases.
- The lubricant should be applied on a pledget of gauze or with fairly stiff
brush.
26. IV Automatic Moulding machine:
All the operations in pour moulding are done by automatic
machines. Using this machine, up to about 10,000
suppositories per hour can be produced.
27. SUPPOSITORIES & PESSARIES:
PACKAGING AND STORAGE
Packaging and storage:
Suppositories are usually packed in tin or aluminium, paper or plastic.
Poorly packed suppositories may give rise to staining, breakage or deformation by
melting.
Both cocoa butter and glycerinated gelatin suppositories stored preferably in a
refrigerator.
Polyethylene glycol suppositories stored at usual room temperature without the
requirement of refrigeration.