Ganoderma lucidum Triterpene and Polysaccharide Extraction for Medicinal Applications
1. Ganoderma lucidum Triterpene and Polysaccharide Extraction
for Medicinal Applications
Ramona Kahler, Jacob Simmons, Nicholas Tuttle
BE 4380
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2. Problem: To Produce a Nutraceutical from Reishi Mushroom
❖ Definition of problem
➢ Reishi mushrooms must be highly processed to extract their medicinal
compounds. Current Reishi products are expensive and of unreliably
potency.
❖ Bioprocess goals
➢ Extract over 95% triterpenes and polysaccharides from reishi
mushroom biomass.
❖ Structural goals
➢ Design entire system to be as efficient and sustainable as possible on
an industrial scale
❖ Mechanical goals
➢ Optimize scale of machinery
3. Constraints and Considerations
❖ Designing for human consumption
➢ No harmful chemicals
➢ No contamination during process
➢ Product sterilization
❖ Economic constraints
➢ Startup and run cost vs profit of extracts
➢ Supply of mushrooms available
➢ Demand for the supplement
❖ Ultimate use
➢ No waste of natural materials
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4. Questions of User, Client, Designer
❖ User- Consumer
➢ What are the positive health benefits?
➢ How expensive is this product?
➢ Are there any negative side effects?
❖ Client- Biopharmaceutical Company
➢ How can I make a profit from this procedure?
➢ How long will it take to implement this project?
➢ How is this project unique?
❖ Design Team
➢ How to make the process most efficient?
➢ How to design a process with no waste?
➢ How often will the process be run?
5. Literature Review
❖ Health Benefits of Reishi Mushroom
➢ Long chain polysaccharides
■ Maintain healthy body weight
■ Increased antioxidant activity
■ Increase anti-inflammatory response
➢ Triterpenes
■ Lower total cholesterol and LDL-C
■ Lower total glyceride content
■ Modulate metabolic disorders
6. Literature Review
❖ Determining compound content-
➢ 112.82 and 31.5 mg/g- Nakagawa et al, 2018
❖ Process of extraction
➢ Assuming mushrooms are pre-milled
❖ Polysaccharides
➢ Water soluble
➢ Varying temp- Optimal 80 degrees celsius 17.97g/100g
➢ Pressurize-Patents featuring high pressure- 3 MPa
➢ Time- typically done for 3-4 hours at temp
❖ Triterpenes
➢ Alcohol soluble
➢ Shorter extraction time
7. Consideration of Alternative Methods
❖ Alternative Extraction Methods Researched
➢ Used less safe materials like chloroform
➢ Would not be as easy to recycle our byproducts
➢ Required higher pressures and temperatures
➢ Utilized expensive and complicated equipment
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8. Synthesis of Design
❖ Governing Equations:
➢ S
➢ Kinetics of cell death at high temp. and pressure
❖ Initial Conditions:
➢ Mass comp. 8.06% polysaccharide, 2.17% triterpenes, 7.04 % misc. solubles
➢ 20 kg batches of pre-milled 1:15 biomass to solvent
❖ Two Stage Extraction procedure
❖ Stage 1 Operating Conditions: Water Extraction
➢ Blending/Storage: 80 C, 3 MPa, 1 hour (agitation, heating, pressurization)
❖ Stage 2 Operating Conditions: Ethanol Extraction
➢ Blending/Storage: 99.9% Ethanol, 30 mins., 40 C
❖ Both stages
➢ Stationary Screen: Remove 95% medicinal compounds, 50% misc. Solubles
➢ Tray Drying: Remove residual solvents
12. Budget
❖ Prototype cost
➢ $732,000
Cs
=C0
* (Ss
/S0
)a
where a is 0.6, Ss/S0=0.01 and C0 is $11.6 million
❖ Full scale cost
➢ Determined by SuperPro cost of processes
➢ Building cost: $11.6 million
➢ Operating cost: $4.53 million/year
❖ Product valuation
➢ Based on current market cost for reishi mushroom extract
➢ Approximately $7.50 per gram of extract
➢ 1.97 kg polysaccharide and triterpene yield per batch
➢ 5 batches per day= $26.9 million/year revenue
➢ Cost of product packaging and distribution not included
13. References/Patents
References
1. Chen, Y., Chen, Q., Wang, Z., & Hua, C. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects of Ganoderma
lucidum Polysaccharides against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Kunming Mice. Pharmacology,
103(3-4), 143-150. doi:10.1159/000493896
2. Liang, Z., Yuan, Z., Li, G., Fu, F., & Shan, Y. (2018). Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiapoptotic Effects of
Polysaccharides Extracted from Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Leysser: Fr) Karst, in Mice Fed a High-Fat
Diet. Journal of Medicinal Food,21(12), 1218-1227. doi:10.1089/jmf.2018.4182
3. Cheng, P., Phan, C., Sabaratnam, V., Abdullah, N., Abdulla, M. A., & Kuppusamy, U. R. (2013). Polysaccharides-Rich
Extract of Ganoderma lucidum(M.A. Curtis:Fr.) P. Karst Accelerates Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced
Diabetic Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2013, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2013/671252
4. Guo, W., Pan, Y., Li, L., Li, T., Liu, B., & Lv, X. (2018). Ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates lipid
metabolic disorders and modulates the gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet fed rats. Food & Function,9(6),
3419-3431. doi:10.1039/c8fo00836a
5. Nakagawa, T., Zhu, Q., Tamrakar, S., Amen, Y., Mori, Y., Suhara, H., . . . Shimizu, K. (2018). Changes in content of
triterpenoids and polysaccharides in Ganoderma lingzhi at different growth stages. Journal of Natural
Medicines,72(3), 734-744. doi:10.1007/s11418-018-1213-y
6. Nakach, M., Authelin, J., Perrin, M., & Lakkireddy, H. R. (2018). Comparison of high pressure homogenization and
stirred bead milling for the production of nano-crystalline suspensions. International Journal of
Pharmaceutics,547(1-2), 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.042
7. Hu, H., Zhang, Z., Lei, Z., Yang, Y., & Sugiura, N. (2009). Comparative study of antioxidant activity and antiproliferative
effect of hot water and ethanol extracts from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus. Journal of Bioscience and
Bioengineering,107(1), 42-48. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.09.004
8. Rhee, S. J., Cho, S. Y., Kim, K. M., Cha, D., & Park, H. (2008). A comparative study of analytical methods for
alkali-soluble β-glucan in medicinal mushroom, Chaga (Inonotus obliquus). LWT - Food Science and Technology,41(3),
545-549. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.028
9. Uzel, R. A., & Yaman, Ü R. (2016). A novel method for food particle production using subcritical water extraction:
Ganoderma mushroom as a case example. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids,111, 74-82.
doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2016.01.021
10. Cör, D., Botić, T., Knez, Ž, Batista, U., Gregori, A., Pohleven, F., & Bončina, T. (2014). Two-stage extraction of
antitumor, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase compounds from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. The Journal
of Supercritical Fluids,91, 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2014.04.006
Patents
1. Junmin, F., & Zheng, C. (2018). U.S. Patent No. CN109096407A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
2. Chengzhong, W. (2014). U.S. Patent No. CN104257701A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
