This document is a summer training report on the construction of cement concrete pavement for a rural municipality works department. It discusses the key materials used in concrete pavement construction including cement, sand, aggregate and their proportions. It also outlines the procedures to construct the pavement from site preparation, mixing and transporting concrete, placement, compaction and curing. The report aims to improve practices for more effective concrete pavement projects.

1. A
Summer Training Report
on
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
At
SONAMA RURAL MUNICIPALITY WORKS DEPARTMENT
CONSTRUCTION
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-
Mr. Surendar sir Name:Gangaram yadav
B.Tech civil, 4th yr
2016BTCE024

2. ACKNOWLEDGE
I express my satisfaction on the completion of the summer training program
and project report submission as a part of the curriculum for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology ,civil Engineering. I express my deepest gratitude
to my supervisor Mr. Ramesh Adhikari Sir for his kind guidance during the
entire period of training .His consistent support and advices has hepled
me to complete this research project successfully. They have always been
a sources of inspiration to me.

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 4
2 WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT 5
3 TYPES OF PAVEMENTS 6
4 TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS 7
5 MATERIALS USED 8
6 CEMENT 9
7 SAND 10
8 AGGREGATE 11
9 PROPORTIONS 12
10 PROCEDURE TO CONSTRUCT PAVEMENT 13

4. INTRODUCTION
Development of a country depends on the connectivity of
various places with adequate road network . Roads are the
major channel of transportation for carrying goods and
passengers . They play a significant role in improving the
socio-economic standards of a region. Roads constitute the
most important mode of communication in areas where
railways have not developed much and form the basic infra-
structure for the development and economic growth of the
country. The benefits from the investment in road sector are
indirect , long term and not immediately visible.Roads are
important assets for any nation.

5. WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT ?
Pavement or Road is an open, generally public way for the
passage of vehicles ,people ,and animals.
Pavement is finished with a hard smooth surface. It helped
make them durable and able to withstand traffic and the
environment. They have a life span of between 20-30 years.
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
There are various types of pavements depending upon the materials
used ;
(a) FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
Bitumen has been widely used in the construction of flexible pavements
for a long time.

6. This is the most convenient and simple type of construction . The cost of construction
of single lane bituminous pavement varies from 20 to 30 lakhs per km in plain areas .
However the performance of conventional bitumen may not be considered
satisfactory because of the reasons-
 In summer season , due to high temperture , bitumen becopmes soft
resulting in bleeding , ruttinng and segregation finally leading to failure of
pavement.
 In winter season , due to low temperature , the bitumen becomes brittle
resulting in cracking and unevenness which makes the pavement
unsuitable for use.
RIGID PAVEMENTS
Rigid pavements though costly in initial investment are cheap in long
run because of low maintenance costs. There are various merits in trhe use
of Rigid pavements(concrete pavements).

7. TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
1. PLAIN CONCRETE OR SHORT PAVEMENT SLABS
This type of pavement consists of successive slabs whose length is limited to about 25 times the slab thickness.
At present it is recommended that the paving slabs not be made longer than 5 , if the joints have dowels
to transfer the loads. The movements as a result of fluctuation in temperature and humidity are
concentrated in the joints . Normally the joints are sealed to prevent water from penetrating the road
structure . The width of the pavement slabs is limited to a maximum of 4.5m.
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE
• Continuously reinforced concrete
continuously reinforced concrete pavements are characterised by the absence of
transverse joints and are equipped with longitudinal steel reinforcement. The dia. Of
the reinforcing bars is calculated in such way that cracking can be controlled and that
the cracks are uniformly distributed (spacing 1 to 3 m).
• Reinforced pavement slabs
Reinforced concrete pavement slabs are almost never used ,except for inside or outside
industrial floor that are subjected to large loads or if the number of contraction joints
has to be limited.

8. MATERIALS USED
Concrete is widely used in domestic , commercial , recreational and
rural construction . It is used in all types of construction from
domestic work to multi- storey office blocks and shopping
complexes.
There are mainly three materials used primarily.
• cement
Cement is a binder , a substances that sets and hardens
independently and can bind other materials together. Cement used
in the construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or
non-hydraulic. In this project there is used of portland cement.
Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete , mortar and most
non-specialty grout. The most common use for portland cement is
in the production of concrete.

9. SAND
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable , depending on the
local rock sources and conditions , but the most common constituent of sand in
inland continental settings and non- tropicals coastal settings is silica, ususlly in
the form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonates,
for ex- aragonite .

10. AGGREGATE
Aggregate are inert granular materials such as sand , gravel or crushed stones
that along with water and portland cement , are an essential ingredient in
concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean , hard, strong
particles free of absorbed chemicals. Aggregates which account for 60 to 75
percent of the total volume of concrete are divided into two distinct categories
– fine anf coarse. Fine aggregates generally consists of natural sand or crushed
stone with most particles passing through a 4.5 mm sieve. Coarse aggregate
are greater than 4.5mm . Once processed, the aggregates are handled and
stored in a way that minimizes segregation and degradation and prevents
contamination.

11. PREPARATION OF THE SUB-GRADE
• Preparation of the subgrade for construction usually
involves digging, in order to remove surface
vegetation, topsoil and other unwanted material, and
to create space for the upper layer of the pavement.
This process is known as "subgrade formation.
• The overall strength and performance of a pavement is
dependent not only upon its design (including both mix
design and structural design) but also on the load-
bearing capacity of the subgrade soil. Thus, anything
that can be done to increase the load-bearing capacity
(or structural support) of the subgrade soil will most
likely improve the pavement load-bearing capacity and
thus, pavement strength and performance.

12. MIXING AND TRANSPORT OF CONCRETE
CONCRETE MIXING PLANT
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete
batching plant, is equipment that combines various ingredients to form
concrete. Some of these inputs include water, air, admixtures, sand,
aggregate, fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.
The heart of the concrete batching plant is the mixer, and there are many
types of mixers such as Tilt Drum, Pan, Planetary, Single Shaft and Twin shaft
mixer. The twin shaft mixer can ensure an even mixture of concrete through
the use of high horsepower motors, while the tilt mixer offers a
comparatively large batch of concrete mix.

13. TRANSPORT OF THE CONCRETE
• Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of
concrete from the mixing plant to the construction site. Keep
in mind that not all concrete is mixed on the actual
construction site and could require some significant travel.
This is most common for ready-mixed concretes. The main
objective in transporting concrete is to ensure that the water-
cement ratio, slump or consistency, air content, and
homogeneity are not modified from their intended states

14. CURING
• Curing of concrete is the last and one of the most important activities required
to be taken in the process of concrete construction. This last step plays a very
significant role in concrete performance and needs the full and minute
attention of the persons involved in construction and those involved with
quality assurance.
• Curing is not the mere process of maintaining moisture on the concrete
surface, but it helps to gain strength of concrete properly. Curing of
concrete is the process of maintaining moisture in the concrete to
ensure an uninterrupted hydration with a definite period to replenish the
loss of moisture and to maintain favourable temperature for hydration
process, in brief, the process of keeping the concrete moist to enable it
to gain full strength is called. It is because of the process of hydration;
the cement achieves its strength and binding properties. If this chemical
process does not take place, it will remain a mix without any binding
property.

15. CONCLUSION
The basic objectives of this study is to discover improvements in practice and
procedure that will enable planning and conducting more effective on
cement concrete pavement. During this training period, I got more ideas
on road construction . I feel proud while working with site investigation
and he helps me so much. He shares his ideas with me and I learn more
things with them.

16. THANK YOU