This document provides a summary of a civil engineering student's summer internship at Vaishno Devi Group as a site engineer. It includes sections on the aims, objectives, company profile, materials and equipment used, and descriptions of tasks performed like brick masonry work, column construction, beam work, and more. The conclusion expresses gratitude for the opportunity to gain practical experience complementing their theoretical studies.
This document provides a summary of a civil engineering student's summer internship at Vaishno Devi Group as a site engineer. It includes sections on the aims, objectives, company profile, materials and equipment used, and descriptions of tasks performed like brick masonry work, beam construction, and slab pouring. The student gained practical skills in construction supervision, problem solving, and applying their theoretical knowledge to real-world projects over the summer internship period. In conclusion, the internship was a valuable opportunity for the student to bridge the gap between classroom and jobsite experiences.
This site visit report summarizes a visit to a construction site building 42 terrace houses in Shah Alam, Selangor. The student describes the concrete frame structures being used, including columns, beams, slabs, and foundations. Timber formwork and reinforcement bars are utilized. Brick walls are also discussed. Photos document scaffolding, workers cutting materials, and timber pilings. The site visit provided valuable practical experience for the student's studies in quantity surveying.
This document discusses different types of concrete. It begins by explaining that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates mixed with water. It then describes several types of concrete including ordinary concrete, self-compacting concrete, reinforced cement concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and pervious concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some of the key characteristics. The document focuses on explaining the composition and properties of different concretes used in construction.
This document provides information about common construction materials like concrete and steel. It discusses concrete in particular over 3 pages, describing it as a composite material made from a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, making it well-suited for applications requiring strength and durability like building foundations. Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel rebar to increase its strength and suitability for structures. The document also covers the workability and slump test of concrete, which determines the effort needed to work fresh concrete without losing homogeneity.
Introduction to Concrete
Manufacturing of Concrete
Types of Concrete
Properties of Concrete
Advantage of Concrete
Uses of Concrete
Various Tests for Concrete
Innovations…
The document discusses different types of concrete and their properties. It begins by listing the advantages of concrete such as high compressive strength, durability, fire resistance, and more. It then describes different types of concrete classified based on binding material (cement, lime) and design (plain, reinforced, prestressed). Key types discussed include normal strength concrete, reinforced concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, and others. For each type, the document provides details on composition, properties, uses, and characteristics. It also covers mix design and factors that affect mix proportions such as required strength, workability, durability, aggregate size and quality control.
This document provides information about concrete, its ingredients, properties, types of cement, and methods of placing and curing concrete. It discusses that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates, and water. The main ingredients are cement (usually Portland cement), water, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates. It also outlines some key properties of good concrete including being strong, durable, water tight, workable, and able to resist wear and tear. The document then discusses reinforced concrete and factors affecting the workability and durability of concrete. It concludes with descriptions of different cement types and methods for placing and curing concrete.
The document discusses load bearing structures and framed structures. It provides details on:
- Load bearing structures transfer loads through walls to foundations, allowing only limited height buildings. Framed structures use beams and columns to transfer loads, allowing taller buildings.
- Properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each type are outlined such as construction speed, material usage, flexibility and earthquake resistance.
- Examples given of each include load bearing structures like IIM Ahmedabad and framed structures like Burj Al Arab.
This document provides a summary of a civil engineering student's summer internship at Vaishno Devi Group as a site engineer. It includes sections on the aims, objectives, company profile, materials and equipment used, and descriptions of tasks performed like brick masonry work, beam construction, and slab pouring. The student gained practical skills in construction supervision, problem solving, and applying their theoretical knowledge to real-world projects over the summer internship period. In conclusion, the internship was a valuable opportunity for the student to bridge the gap between classroom and jobsite experiences.
This site visit report summarizes a visit to a construction site building 42 terrace houses in Shah Alam, Selangor. The student describes the concrete frame structures being used, including columns, beams, slabs, and foundations. Timber formwork and reinforcement bars are utilized. Brick walls are also discussed. Photos document scaffolding, workers cutting materials, and timber pilings. The site visit provided valuable practical experience for the student's studies in quantity surveying.
This document discusses different types of concrete. It begins by explaining that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates mixed with water. It then describes several types of concrete including ordinary concrete, self-compacting concrete, reinforced cement concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and pervious concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some of the key characteristics. The document focuses on explaining the composition and properties of different concretes used in construction.
This document provides information about common construction materials like concrete and steel. It discusses concrete in particular over 3 pages, describing it as a composite material made from a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, making it well-suited for applications requiring strength and durability like building foundations. Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel rebar to increase its strength and suitability for structures. The document also covers the workability and slump test of concrete, which determines the effort needed to work fresh concrete without losing homogeneity.
Introduction to Concrete
Manufacturing of Concrete
Types of Concrete
Properties of Concrete
Advantage of Concrete
Uses of Concrete
Various Tests for Concrete
Innovations…
The document discusses different types of concrete and their properties. It begins by listing the advantages of concrete such as high compressive strength, durability, fire resistance, and more. It then describes different types of concrete classified based on binding material (cement, lime) and design (plain, reinforced, prestressed). Key types discussed include normal strength concrete, reinforced concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, and others. For each type, the document provides details on composition, properties, uses, and characteristics. It also covers mix design and factors that affect mix proportions such as required strength, workability, durability, aggregate size and quality control.
This document provides information about concrete, its ingredients, properties, types of cement, and methods of placing and curing concrete. It discusses that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates, and water. The main ingredients are cement (usually Portland cement), water, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates. It also outlines some key properties of good concrete including being strong, durable, water tight, workable, and able to resist wear and tear. The document then discusses reinforced concrete and factors affecting the workability and durability of concrete. It concludes with descriptions of different cement types and methods for placing and curing concrete.
The document discusses load bearing structures and framed structures. It provides details on:
- Load bearing structures transfer loads through walls to foundations, allowing only limited height buildings. Framed structures use beams and columns to transfer loads, allowing taller buildings.
- Properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each type are outlined such as construction speed, material usage, flexibility and earthquake resistance.
- Examples given of each include load bearing structures like IIM Ahmedabad and framed structures like Burj Al Arab.
This document is a summer training report on the construction of cement concrete pavement for a rural municipality works department. It discusses the key materials used in concrete pavement construction including cement, sand, aggregate and their proportions. It also outlines the procedures to construct the pavement from site preparation, mixing and transporting concrete, placement, compaction and curing. The report aims to improve practices for more effective concrete pavement projects.
Rishabh Lala is a student in the 6th semester at Rajiv Gandhi Technological University in Bhopal. The document discusses various topics related to concrete including its composition, types, properties, testing, ingredients, water-cement ratio, workability, curing, and types of cement. It provides definitions and details on plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, pre-stressed concrete, lime concrete, air entrained concrete, and more.
Concrete is an important construction material due to its strength, durability, versatility and cost-effectiveness. It is composed of cement, water and aggregates. Concrete offers advantages such as durability under various weather conditions, the ability to be molded into different shapes, fire resistance, sustainability and ease of construction. These properties make concrete widely used for infrastructure, housing and commercial structures.
This document discusses the functions of sand and surkhi in mortars. It states that sand reduces shrinkage and cracking, helps lime set faster, and allows for varying strength by adjusting proportions. Surkhi acts as an adulterant to reduce costs, and provides strength and color to mortar. The document also provides strengths of different types of masonry constructed with various mortars, and recommendations for selecting appropriate mortars based on engineering application and stresses.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document provides a summary of a summer training presentation on building construction. It includes an introduction, contents listing the topics covered, and sections on site planning, building materials, reinforced concrete, excavation, foundations, retaining walls, construction of walls and columns, concrete manufacturing, curing concrete, plastering, slump and cube tests, and conclusions. The presentation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Rajasthan Technical University.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, types, and testing. It discusses the ingredients of concrete including cement, sand, gravel, and water. It describes types of concrete such as plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It also summarizes different types of cement and tests used to evaluate concrete, including slump and compaction factor tests.
This document is a report on the construction of a brick wall. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then covers various topics related to brick walls including types of bricks and mortar, bonding techniques, and the construction process. The report describes the materials and steps to lay each course of bricks accurately and securely. It also identifies the tools and equipment used at each stage of construction. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive overview of building a brick wall from planning to completion.
concrete technology lecture notes for BTech studentsPanshulJamwal
This document outlines the syllabus for a 14-week concrete technology course. The course covers topics such as cements, aggregates, fresh and hardened concrete, mixing, placing, curing, testing, and durability. It includes weekly lectures and a midterm and final exam. The first chapter discusses concrete as a material, including its nature, advantages, and limitations. Concrete is a composite of aggregates bound in a hardened cement paste. It has advantages like strength and shapeability but limitations like low tensile strength and cracking from shrinkage.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
The document discusses different types of concrete and their uses. It describes concrete as a composite material made of a binding agent like cement or lime, and fine and coarse aggregates. It classifies concrete into types based on the binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed cement concrete), and purpose. Cement concrete is commonly used in buildings due to its strength and durability, while lime concrete is used where cement availability is limited. Reinforced concrete can withstand tensile, compressive, and shear stresses.
FLOORING work in construction of residential building pdfJanhaviBover
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring used in residential construction. It discusses 10 common types of flooring: mud, brick, stone, concrete, granolithic, terrazzo, mosaic, marble, wood, and asphalt. For each type, the document outlines materials used and advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that while some flooring types may appear similar, their uses, functions, prices and requirements differ. Proper selection depends on factors like availability of materials and intended use of the home.
The document provides a report from a site visit by a student to an ongoing construction project of 2-3 storey terrace houses. It includes an introduction to the project, objectives of the site visit, observations of construction materials and methods in use including piles, beams, columns, slabs and brickwork. Photos further describe the various components and construction stages witnessed. The student concludes it was a valuable learning experience that enhanced understanding of practical construction processes.
This document discusses and defines various types of concrete. It describes 17 different types including normal strength concrete, plain concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, high-density concrete, air entrained concrete, ready mix concrete, polymer concrete, high-strength concrete, high-performance concrete, self-consolidating concrete, shotcrete concrete, pervious concrete, vacuum concrete, and pumped concrete. For each type, it briefly explains the key properties and typical uses.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
Plain cement concrete (PCC) is used as a base layer for construction. It provides a non-porous, rigid surface for laying reinforced cement concrete (RCC) on soft soil. PCC is used for leveling and as a base for footings, grade slabs, and roads. Anti-termite treatment involves applying soil treatment chemicals during construction to provide a barrier against termites. It must be done by specialized agencies and is most effective when the chemical is properly chosen and applied. Stone masonry uses stone units bonded with mortar for building components where stone is abundant locally, such as columns, footings, and architectural features, providing an economical construction material.
This document is a summer training report on the construction of cement concrete pavement for a rural municipality works department. It discusses the key materials used in concrete pavement construction including cement, sand, aggregate and their proportions. It also outlines the procedures to construct the pavement from site preparation, mixing and transporting concrete, placement, compaction and curing. The report aims to improve practices for more effective concrete pavement projects.
Rishabh Lala is a student in the 6th semester at Rajiv Gandhi Technological University in Bhopal. The document discusses various topics related to concrete including its composition, types, properties, testing, ingredients, water-cement ratio, workability, curing, and types of cement. It provides definitions and details on plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, pre-stressed concrete, lime concrete, air entrained concrete, and more.
Concrete is an important construction material due to its strength, durability, versatility and cost-effectiveness. It is composed of cement, water and aggregates. Concrete offers advantages such as durability under various weather conditions, the ability to be molded into different shapes, fire resistance, sustainability and ease of construction. These properties make concrete widely used for infrastructure, housing and commercial structures.
This document discusses the functions of sand and surkhi in mortars. It states that sand reduces shrinkage and cracking, helps lime set faster, and allows for varying strength by adjusting proportions. Surkhi acts as an adulterant to reduce costs, and provides strength and color to mortar. The document also provides strengths of different types of masonry constructed with various mortars, and recommendations for selecting appropriate mortars based on engineering application and stresses.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document provides a summary of a summer training presentation on building construction. It includes an introduction, contents listing the topics covered, and sections on site planning, building materials, reinforced concrete, excavation, foundations, retaining walls, construction of walls and columns, concrete manufacturing, curing concrete, plastering, slump and cube tests, and conclusions. The presentation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Rajasthan Technical University.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, types, and testing. It discusses the ingredients of concrete including cement, sand, gravel, and water. It describes types of concrete such as plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It also summarizes different types of cement and tests used to evaluate concrete, including slump and compaction factor tests.
This document is a report on the construction of a brick wall. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then covers various topics related to brick walls including types of bricks and mortar, bonding techniques, and the construction process. The report describes the materials and steps to lay each course of bricks accurately and securely. It also identifies the tools and equipment used at each stage of construction. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive overview of building a brick wall from planning to completion.
concrete technology lecture notes for BTech studentsPanshulJamwal
This document outlines the syllabus for a 14-week concrete technology course. The course covers topics such as cements, aggregates, fresh and hardened concrete, mixing, placing, curing, testing, and durability. It includes weekly lectures and a midterm and final exam. The first chapter discusses concrete as a material, including its nature, advantages, and limitations. Concrete is a composite of aggregates bound in a hardened cement paste. It has advantages like strength and shapeability but limitations like low tensile strength and cracking from shrinkage.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
The document discusses different types of concrete and their uses. It describes concrete as a composite material made of a binding agent like cement or lime, and fine and coarse aggregates. It classifies concrete into types based on the binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed cement concrete), and purpose. Cement concrete is commonly used in buildings due to its strength and durability, while lime concrete is used where cement availability is limited. Reinforced concrete can withstand tensile, compressive, and shear stresses.
FLOORING work in construction of residential building pdfJanhaviBover
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring used in residential construction. It discusses 10 common types of flooring: mud, brick, stone, concrete, granolithic, terrazzo, mosaic, marble, wood, and asphalt. For each type, the document outlines materials used and advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that while some flooring types may appear similar, their uses, functions, prices and requirements differ. Proper selection depends on factors like availability of materials and intended use of the home.
The document provides a report from a site visit by a student to an ongoing construction project of 2-3 storey terrace houses. It includes an introduction to the project, objectives of the site visit, observations of construction materials and methods in use including piles, beams, columns, slabs and brickwork. Photos further describe the various components and construction stages witnessed. The student concludes it was a valuable learning experience that enhanced understanding of practical construction processes.
This document discusses and defines various types of concrete. It describes 17 different types including normal strength concrete, plain concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, high-density concrete, air entrained concrete, ready mix concrete, polymer concrete, high-strength concrete, high-performance concrete, self-consolidating concrete, shotcrete concrete, pervious concrete, vacuum concrete, and pumped concrete. For each type, it briefly explains the key properties and typical uses.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
Plain cement concrete (PCC) is used as a base layer for construction. It provides a non-porous, rigid surface for laying reinforced cement concrete (RCC) on soft soil. PCC is used for leveling and as a base for footings, grade slabs, and roads. Anti-termite treatment involves applying soil treatment chemicals during construction to provide a barrier against termites. It must be done by specialized agencies and is most effective when the chemical is properly chosen and applied. Stone masonry uses stone units bonded with mortar for building components where stone is abundant locally, such as columns, footings, and architectural features, providing an economical construction material.
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Shinchan presentation.pptx
1. Bhagwan Mahavir College Of Engineering And Techno
logy, VIP road, Vesu, Surat, Gujarat 395007
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Semester : 7th
Subject : Internship / Project (3170001)
A SUMMER INTERNSHIPAT “VAISHNOVDEVI GROUP ”
AS A ROLE OF SITE ENGINEER
Prepared by: Faculty Mentor: Industry Mentor:
SINCHAN ASHIT GANDHI Mr. Sagar Naik Mr. Hemant Chauhan
190063106012
2. Aim
The internship aims to develop our skills to implement
theoretical knowledge into practical fields.
3. Contents to be Covered
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Company Profile
• Materials
• Equipments
• Brick Masonary Work
• Lintel
• Column Construction
• Stair
• Beam
• Slab
• Conclusion
4. Introduction
For a career-oriented applied education, GTU has introduced a new
and significant summer internship program. This internship bridges
the gap between theory and practice and provides students with
practical, field-based, real-world experiences during their years of
study. During this training period, we, the students learn how to
relate our theoretical knowledge with practical fields. What are the
difficulties faced by an engineer?.For these practical & technical
skills I participated in summer internship programme under
VAISHNOVDEVI GROUP.
5. Objectives
To improve practical skill
To upgrade the theoretical knowledge
To supervise the construction work.
To understand the design specification.
To learn to solve the rising problems and unexpected events.
6. Company Profile
Group is a premier Real Estate Development Company which
was incorporated in Surat in 2009, but the history of our group
dates back to the year 1982. We have been crafting dreams and
desires into reality since more than a decade. The group has
embarked many glorified Residential, Commercial and Farm
House Projects in various areas like Adajan, Pal,
Jahangirpura, Narthan and Amroli with an aim to transform
and uplift the quality of living and luxurious lifestyle.
Our mission is to evolve and grow as a company that is known
for innovation, architectural brilliance, efficiency, professionalism
with high-spirited level of dedication and sincerity in the realty
sphere. Our motto is to ensure the highest level of customer
delight.
9. MATERIALS
CEMENT
Cement is a finely milled mineral powder, usually grey in colour. The most
important raw materials for the production of cement are limestone, clay and
marl. Mixed with water served asan adhesive to bind sand, gravel and hard rock
in concrete. Cement hardens both in the air and under water andremains in its
hardened state once reached.Cements are classified according to their early and
final strength as well as their composition. In addition to cements that consists of
100% clinker, there are so called composite cements, in which a portion of the
clinker is replaced by alternative raw materials, such as flu ash, groundslag or
limestone.
10. MATERIALS
AGGREGATES
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone
that, along with Water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in
concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong
particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials
that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60
to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct
categories--fine and coarse.
11. MATERIALS
BRICKS
Bricks consist of fired ceramic, clay, or cement materials that are cut into
specific shapes, such as a rectangle, and used for building walls or furnaces or
for paving surfaces. Bricks vary in material makeup, size, and shape and
include products for specific applications, such as firebricks or refractory
bricks, acid bricks for flooring, and bricks for masonry applications. Flyash
bricks are just as strong as traditional clay bricks, but they may contain small
amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals.
12. MATERIALS
REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcing bars add tensile strength and stiffness to concrete and make up 44%
of steel use in buildings. Steel is used because it binds well to concrete, has a
similar thermal expansion coefficient and is strong and relatively cost-effective.
Reinforced concrete is also used to provide deep foundations and basements
and is currently the world’s primary building material. It is reusable and
endlessly recyclable, earthquake resistant due to ductility, flexible in
combination with other materials.
13. MATERIALS
WATER
Water is one of the most important elements in construction and is required for
the preparation ofmortar, mixing of cement concrete and for curing work etc.
The quality of water used has adirect impact on the strength of the motor and
cement concrete in the construction work. The water used for curing and
mixing must be free from high quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar,
organic materials, vegetable growth, etc that might be deleterious to bricks,
concrete oriron. Impurities in water can cause metal corrosion, introduce
unwanted silt and clay into the concrete, adversely affect the hardening process
of concrete and also reduce the strength by even 25%. Thus the need to ensure
the quality of water used during construction is vital.
14. EQUIPMENTS
CONCRETE MIXER
It is used to mix the ingredient of concrete. It consist a hollow cylindrical part
with inner side wings in which cement, sand, aggregates and water is mix
properly. For smaller volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so
that the concrete can be made at construction site, giving the workers ample
time to use the concrete before it hardens
15. EQUIPMENTS
COMAPCTORS
After the transporting of concrete, it is in the loose structure. So for the better
strength of the concrete we used dense concrete for construction work. If the
concrete is not dense and permeable, it will not be watertight. It will be less
able to withstand aggressive liquids. Moisture and air are more likely to
penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust. So compaction after placing of
concrete is necessary. Hence, it must be compacted to remove air bubbles and
voids which are present in the concrete and gain strength.
16. BRICK MASONARY WORK
➢ Initially, mix the mortar with water and blend it until a smooth and plastic
mortar is produced.
➢ After that, place the mortar on foundation line evenly using trowel (25mm
thickness and one brick wide is recommended for laid mortar).
➢ Then, lay the first course of stretcher bricks in the mortar. Start with second
brick, apply mortar to the head joint end of each brick, after that shove the
bricks into place firmly so that the mortar is squeezed out of all side of the
joints.
➢ Utilize a level to examine the course for correct height. Ensure that bricks
are plumb and level.
17. LINTEL
A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. in
buildings to support the load from the structure above. The width of lintel beam
is equal to the width of wall, and the ends of it is built into the wall.
Construction of the lintel can be done in a simple way just treat like as a
horizontal beam because overall coming load acts upon this horizontal member.
18. COLUMN CONSTRUCTION
Column formwork
In building, floor height is normally kept 3 m. If the slab has beam then we
have to pour concrete up to beam bottom level. Suppose, beam height specified
in drawing is0.45 m. So, the casting height of our column will be 2.65 m. And
our formwork height will be 2.65 m. But one thing should be considered here is
that dropping concrete from above 1.5 m height isn’t suggested during pouring.
Because it leads concrete segregation. So we shouldmake one-side of column
formwork within 1.5 m height range. After casting 1.5 m of column, we just lift
the short side up to full-casting height of column next day.
19. COLUMN CONSTRUCTION
Column starter
Starter is generally a casting of concrete material with equivalent width and
length of column section and comparatively smaller height of around 10 cm. It
is cast in such a manner that equal cover is left encircling the reinforcement
bars of column and then shuttering of column is provided. The main purpose of
starter is to fine-tune the form work of a column vertically to maintain sufficient
gap among column reinforcement and shuttering.To retain the exact position of
the columns in the below slab as well as retain the column lines in number of
floors easily, starter is marked.
20. STAIR
FORMWORK
The angle of flight, dimensions of thread and riser are properly checked.Usually
while constructing a stairs attached to wall, the line of flight, thread and risers
are marked on the wallfor proper fixing of shuttering or formwork. Supports
have been provided with the help of props.
REINFORCEMENT
The concrete steps are to be reinforced with steel bars so as it carries the loads
coming upon thestairs and transfer them to the ground. These steel
reinforcement bars are placed in the formwork with minimum of 25 mm
spacing and are tied together.
21. STAIR
POURING OF CONCRETE
The concrete mix plays an important role in strength and durability of stairs.
The concrete mix is designed by the structural engineer based on the strength,
durability and other requirements. It is recommended to use a concrete vibrator
while pouring the concrete to completely fill the gaps of the stairs and to avoid
the honeycomb formation.
23. BEAM
Bending, binding and placing of steel bars
For making design of the slab, it is supposed that the concrete contains sound
compressive strength but it is poor in tensile strength. To make the structure
secure against the tensile stress, the steel bars are arranged. Steel bars cut with
the help of cutting machine into required length and stirrups were made
manually and then beams were casted as per given drawing and specifications.
24. SLAB
Construction of RCC slab involves following stages of work –
➢ Assemble and Erect Formwork
➢ Prepare and Place Reinforcement
➢ Pour, Compact and Finish Concrete
➢ Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork
1. Assemble and Erect Formwork - The formwork shall be designed to
withstand construction loads such as fresh concrete pressure and weight of
workers and operators and their machines.
25. SLAB
Prepare and place reinforcement
Design drawings provides necessary reinforcement details, so it only needs
understanding to use designated bar size, cutting required length, and make
necessary hooks and bents. After preparation is completed, steel bars are placed
into their positions with the provision of specified spacing and concrete cover.
The concrete cover and spacing for floor slabs can be maintained byintroducing
spacers and bars supporters. Wires are used to tie main reinforcement and
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement (distribution reinforcement).
26. The fresh concrete is poured into a cone as used for the slump test. This cone is
placed on the flow table that is used for the flow table testAfter pouring the
concrete in to the cone the cone is removed, then the time taken for 500 mm is
measured. This is called T500time.
SLUMP TEST
27. CONCLUSION
As an undergraduate of Gujarat Technological University, we would like to say
this summer internship training program is an excellent opportunity for us to get
to ground level and experience the things that we wouldn’t ever gained through
going straight into a job. We are grateful to our college BMCET and GTU for
giving us this wonderful opportunity. The main objective of the summer
internship is to provide an opportunity to undergraduate to identify, observe and
practice how civil engineering is applicable on real site it isn’t only limited to
get experience on technical practices, but also to observe management practices
and to interact with the field workers. Overall during this internship I got to
learn about various things and aspects, which wouldn’t possible in theory