Galaxy formation and evolution.pdf
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- Galaxies are collections of stars, gas, dust and dark matter held together by gravity. Their appearance and composition are shaped over billions of years by interactions with groups of stars and other galaxies. Using supercomputers, scientists can look back in time and simulate how a galaxy may have formed in the early universe and grown into what we see today. Galaxies are thought to begin as small clouds of stars and dust swirling through space. As other clouds get close, gravity sends these objects careening into one another and knits them into larger spinning packs. The goal of galaxy evolution is to reconstruct back in time the physical mechanisms that led to the present-day galaxies and to explain them in terms of the properties of the matter and of
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Galaxies range greatly in size and composition. They are categorized based on their visual morphology as elliptical, spiral, irregular, barred spiral, lenticular, or peculiar galaxies. Elliptical galaxies have an ellipsoidal shape without much structure, while spiral galaxies have a central bulge and spiral arms. Irregular galaxies lack distinct shapes. Recent estimates indicate there are hundreds of billions to trillions of galaxies in the observable universe.
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Robots help explore space by carrying cameras and instruments to send images and scientific data back to Earth. Astronauts can live and work in space, exploring the Moon, repairing satellites, and building the International Space Station. The document explores how both robots and astronauts contribute to space exploration, with robots able to survive long missions and astronauts able to improvise solutions on the Moon and in space.
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The chapter discusses dark matter, galaxy formation and evolution, black holes, and large-scale structure of the universe. Galaxy masses require more matter than can be seen to explain rotation and dynamics. Galaxies likely formed from mergers of smaller galaxies and star clusters. Collisions are important and may transform spiral galaxies into ellipticals over time. Quasars and active galaxies represent early stages, with normal galaxies as a later evolutionary phase. The universe exhibits structure up to 100-200 megaparsecs but appears uniform at larger scales.
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1) The document discusses theories of galaxy formation from the early universe following the Big Bang.
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Black hole is a region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape.
GALAXY
Galaxy is a system of millions or billions of stars held together by gravity. There are three main types of galaxies: irregular galaxies with an irregular shape resulting from galaxy collisions, elliptical galaxies with little structure or rotation, and spiral galaxies with a central hub and spiral arms promoting star formation.
The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy containing our solar system. It is named for its hazy, milky appearance in the night sky. The Milky Way is part of a group of galaxies called the Local Group within the larger Virgo Supercluster.
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This document provides information about galaxies and theories of the origin of the universe. It begins with introductions from Celestial and Cosmos who are interested in astronomy and space travel. It then defines a galaxy as a large collection of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity. It provides examples of spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and Andromeda, and notes that Andromeda is approaching the Milky Way. The document also describes elliptical, lenticular, irregular and peculiar galaxies. Finally, it summarizes the Big Bang theory that the universe began as a single point and has been expanding ever since, and the steady state theory that the universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant density through continuous creation of new stars.
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This document provides information about space, cosmology, the Big Bang theory, and the formation and significance of stars. It discusses what space is, the study of cosmology, evidence for the Big Bang, how stars are formed from nebulae and gravitational collapse, and how stars provide light, heat, energy and are essential for life on Earth.
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Galaxy formation and evolution.pdf
- 2. Objectives Explain the Basic elements of Galaxy Formation. 1. Objectives 2. Compare and Contrast the different types of galaxies including elliptical, spiral and irregular galaxies.
- 3. GALAXY? A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems, all held together by gravity. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy around 13.6 billion years old with large pivoting arms stretching out across the cosmos.
- 4. BASIC ELEMENTS OF GALAXY FORMATION Fig 1. It illustrates the various processes of galaxy formation and evolution.
- 5. the standard model of cosmology -is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future. cosmological principle -HOMOGENOUS -ISOTROPIC -the universe looks the same everywhere (on the large scale), the same as it always has and always will.
- 6. theories in formation of milky way galaxy top-down model -monolithic collapse model Eggen, Lynden-Bell & Sandage (1962) -They suggested that a giant cloud would start to collapse and would eventually reach equilibrium
- 7. theories in formation of milky way galaxy bottom-up model - Hierarchal Clustering All of the galaxies in the universe, the Milky Way included, formed and grew through galactic mergers. Lambda-Cold Dark Matter Model
- 8. FORMATION OF MILKY WAY https://youtu.be/ZatSnkp72-w
- 9. Formation of Elliptical Galaxies When two spirals collide, they lose their familiar shape, morphing into the less-structured elliptical galaxies.
- 10. Formation of Irregular Galaxies -typically formed through gravitational interactions and mergers of other galaxies. -Some may have been created simply by passing near another galaxy
- 11. Fig 2. Evolution of an individual galaxy
- 13. SUMMARY -Galaxies are collections of stars, gas, dust and dark matter held together by gravity. Their appearance and composition are shaped over billions of years by interactions with groups of stars and other galaxies. Using supercomputers, scientists can look back in time and simulate how a galaxy may have formed in the early universe and grown into what we see today. -Galaxies are thought to begin as small clouds of stars and dust swirling through space. As other clouds get close, gravity sends these objects careening into one another and knits them into larger spinning packs. -The goal of galaxy evolution is to reconstruct back in time the physical mechanisms that led to the present-day galaxies and to explain them in terms of the properties of the matter and of the cosmology.
- 14. Thank you