Robots help explore space by carrying cameras and instruments to send images and scientific data back to Earth. Astronauts can live and work in space, exploring the Moon, repairing satellites, and building the International Space Station. The document explores how both robots and astronauts contribute to space exploration, with robots able to survive long missions and astronauts able to improvise solutions on the Moon and in space.
A lecture I'd given on spiral galaxies, barred spirals, mass of galaxies, Sgr A, Elliptical galaxies, standard candles, dark matter, composition of the universe, back in my university days.
You probably need to download the file for the animations to work.
It presents about normal galaxy and how it differs to other type of galaxy. The types of galaxies are also presented like spiral galaxies, barred spiral, ellipticals, lenticulars and irregular galaxies with examples and pictures for further explanation.
Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it helps us build our civilization. Exploring how our civilization came into existence has evolved our ability of thinking and understanding our surrounding and also the universe in a better way. Our curiosity to get the answer to every query in relation to the origin and existence of universe has helped us to discover and build better technology that we so ungratefully enjoy in all walks of life. Humans have managed to advance in every field of technology, medicines, energy and telecommunication.
A lecture I'd given on spiral galaxies, barred spirals, mass of galaxies, Sgr A, Elliptical galaxies, standard candles, dark matter, composition of the universe, back in my university days.
You probably need to download the file for the animations to work.
It presents about normal galaxy and how it differs to other type of galaxy. The types of galaxies are also presented like spiral galaxies, barred spiral, ellipticals, lenticulars and irregular galaxies with examples and pictures for further explanation.
Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it helps us build our civilization. Exploring how our civilization came into existence has evolved our ability of thinking and understanding our surrounding and also the universe in a better way. Our curiosity to get the answer to every query in relation to the origin and existence of universe has helped us to discover and build better technology that we so ungratefully enjoy in all walks of life. Humans have managed to advance in every field of technology, medicines, energy and telecommunication.
Cosmic dinosaurs globular clusters and their fate wonderdome
If you look at the night sky with a telescope, you will notice fuzzy patches among the stars. Some of them are shapeless blobs, others are round. These are star clusters, the giant groups of stars held together by gravity.
Blue Baby Syndrome - A Hope Under THE BLUE
Blue Baby Syndrome - the bluish coloration of A NEONATE
Etiology included... covered briefly
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS also briefed whic are related etiology to Blue Baby syndrome like TETRALOGY OF FALLOT, PATENT TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS, TRICUSPID ATRESIA, TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS, Anomalous pulmonary venous connection...
Another etiologic reason METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
also covered...
Treatment also included like Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt...
THANK YOU - Hope you like it
Love you guys with my whole Limbic system...
Limbic System from where the main feelings comes... Here we go..
It got the main structures seen here along with some other related areas...
CONNECTIONS (Papez circuit simplified)
Different functions of Limbic system... Fear vs. Rage, sham rage, reward and punisment, hippocampus and memory related functions...
Some applied aspects are also covered...
THANK YOU
Brain stem - General anatomy, location, anterior and posterior views... Blood vessels in contact with it...
A brief review of the various brain stem structures like we got MOTOR PATHWAY (CORTICOSPINAL TRACT), MEDIAL LEMINISCUS, MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS, SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT, SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT..... and there effect of lesion.
We also got here the applied, clinical part discussion in brief related to it.... BRAIN STEM LESIONS, of course...like lateral and medial medullary syndrome, RAYMOND-FOVILLE SYNDROME, MILLARD-GUBLER SYNDROME, CEREBELLO-PONTINE SYNDROME, WEBER’S SYNDROME, ALTERNATING TRIGEMINAL HEMIPLEGIA, BENEDICT’S SYNDROME, PARINAUD’S SYNDROME.... to name a few...
We also discussed about BRAIN DEATH a little.
THANK YOU
Competitive Inhibition and various competitive inhibitors...
There role related to human body and stuffs...
Mechanisms of there action...
Various DRUGS working via these stuffs...
LINEWEAVER-BURK PLOT
Applications Of Competitive Inhibition
Sulphonamides
Methotrexate
Dicoumarol
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Statin
Allopurinol
Captopril
THERE'S SOME ANIMATIONS TOO... IN BETWEEN FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING... BUT IT AIN'T WORK FOR YA'LL... GUESS SO...
This is my Biology Investigatory Project on the topic "Does Vitamin C Affects How Fast A Fruit will rot????". I have here presented you how to do the experiment and the conclusion and results... this one is a fun-wanting experiment telling thee beauty of scientific experiments.
Hope you will enjoy doing the experiments...
Both for class 11th and 12th...
Thank You... Hope You find this Usefulll...
This one is my Physics Investigatory Project done on the topic 'Physics Principle In Medicine'. You and I both of us know, without physics advancement in biology especially in the medical field is impossible. So, in this project we are gonna investigate through the various principles of physics which are used in the medical field ( like X ray machines, CT scanners, MRI and other advancements like SPECTS scan).
Both for class 11th & 12th.
Especially for class 12th.
Thank You... Hope you find it useful...
This one is a Chemistry investigatory project done on the topic 'Which Shampoo Is The Best?'. We have so many brands of shampoos currently available in the market. So, using the basic knowledge of science (or chemistry), we can make sure to ourselves which kinda shampoo is the best. There's nothing but we have taken various brands of shampoos ( like L’Oreal®, Dove®, Head & Shoulders®, Garnier Fructis®, Sunsilk®, TreSemmé®.
Both for class 11th and 12th.
I have given you the outfit... experiment is up to you...ALL THE BEST...
History of the republic of India - MY COUNTRY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDIA. KNOW ABOUT IT'S HISTORY.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Robots, Astronauts, and You: Exploring Space
How do robots help us explore space?
What can astronauts do that robots can’t do?
How can you explore space right now?
Free space stuff! Stellarium, Orbiter, WorldWide Telescope…
The future: To infinity and beyond?
7. The discovery of galaxies was
first announced on January 1st,
1925 by Edwin Hubble, who
was the first astronomer to
prove that there were other
galaxies outside of our own
Milky Way.
Prior to his announcement, in
1922-1923, Edwin Hubble was
searching for Cepheid variables
(a type of star) and had found
them in the Great Nebula in
Andromeda (M31, pictured left).
He later found out that the
distance between the nebulae
was so far apart, that is could
not be apart of the Milky Way
galaxy.
This led to the discovery of
galaxies beyond our own.
Discovery and Creation
8. The creation of galaxies is a very mysterious topic as it is uncertain of how the
universe was created. The most common theory however, is the theory of the Big Bang,
which states that the universe expanded from a very dense state and continues to
expand today.
Another common prediction of how galaxies were created is that due to the uneven
distribution of hydrogen and helium (The Big Bang theory states otherwise), large
amounts of gas began to compress after a pull of gravity. This small density gas-cloud
began to develop in areas of higher density and then formed planets, stars, and galaxies.
This is called the monolithic collapse, and the speed of rotation depended on whether or
not what type of galaxy it would become. Typically, a faster spinning gas-cloud became
spiral galaxies. Another way of galaxies forming is the hierarchical formation, when larger
galaxies were made up of several small ones.
9. Types of galaxies
There are many different types of galaxies in our universe. The main
types, however, are the spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies, and
irregular galaxies. A fourth type, dwarf, can also be found, though
they are relatively small compared to the other types.
10. Elliptical galaxies are galaxies
that feature a ellipsoidal shape
and contain more middle aged
stars and very little gas and
dust. They can also have
different shapes that range
from round, flattened, and
elongated (which is the most
common by 60%).
These galaxies are believed to
be created by a collision
between two comparable
galaxies. It is also believed
that at the centre of these
galaxies lies a super massive
black hole. They make up
about 10-15% of the total
number of galaxies in the
Local Group and are often
found in the center of galaxy
clusters.
I. Elliptical Galaxy
11. The appearance of spiral galaxies are
very easy to distinguish. They feature a
shape that looks like a disk that usually
has a bulge in the center and with arms
that spiral outwards as the galaxy
rotates. The most common spiral
galaxies in our universe are the Milky
Way Galaxy (the one we are in), and the
Andromeda Galaxy (our nearest
neighbor). Combined with Irregular
galaxies, they make up 60% of the total
amount of galaxies in the Local Group.
However, unlike elliptical galaxies, they
are usually not found in the centre of
galaxy clusters. They do, however, also
consist of a super massive black hole in
its bulge. In a spiral galaxy, the younger
stars are found in its arms. Spiral
galaxies can easily be confused with
barred spiral galaxies, which look similar
but has a double ‘barred’ bulge. In 2005,
it was considered that our Milky Way
Galaxy falls under this sub category.
Spiral Galaxy
12. III. Irregular and dwarf
galaxies
Irregular galaxies do not have a
regular shape, hence the name
‘irregular’. They are very uncommon
within our universe though they are
believed to once be spiral or elliptical
galaxies that were altered by a
gravitational pull. Irregular galaxies
contain an abundant amount of gas
and dust. Examples of irregular
galaxies include Whirlpool Galaxy,
Hoag’s Galaxy, Cartwheel Galaxy
and Tadpole Galaxy.
Dwarf galaxies, on the other
hand, contain a very few
amount of stars compared to
our galaxy. They can have
up to billions of stars. They
are though to be formed by
gases lacking metals (as
opposed to regular galaxies
contain metal gases) There
are many dwarf galaxies in
the Local Group, and they are
known to orbit larger galaxies
such as the Andromeda
galaxy and the Milky Way (14
are known to orbit it). An
example of a dwarf galaxy is
Large Magellanic Cloud,
which holds about 30 billion
stars.
13. The milky way galaxy
The Milky Way galaxy is where our planet, Earth, the solar
system, the Sun, and about 200-400 billion other stars are
located. The diameter of the Milky Way is 100,000 ly (light years)
and the thickness is about 1000 ly. In case you didn’t know, one
light year is equivalent to about 10 trillion kilometers.
14. The oldest star that has been
found in the Milky Way is about
13.2 billion years old, which is
believed to be about the age of
the universe. That being said,
astronomers consider that the
Milky Way was one of the first
galaxies to be formed after the
Big Bang. It is also considered to
be a double barred spiral galaxy
(as mentioned before).
After watching the brief video,
you can see that there are many
stars in our galaxy that are quite
large, and to put things in
perspective and to compare, if
we were to shrink our solar
system (all the planets and our
Sun), and reduced it to the size
of a quarter, the galaxy would be
the size of the width of the
U.S.A.
Also, the weight of our sun is
believed to hold 99.8% of the
total mass of our solar system.
Travelling at the speed of light,
which is about 300, 000 km/s, it
would take many years for the
human species to travel the
Milky Way.
16. The Andromeda Galaxy (M31)
is named after the Greek
mythology of Princess
Andromeda. It is the Milky
Way’s nearest neighbor in
space, meaning it is the closest
galaxy to ours, though it is
about 2,500,000 light years
away. The galaxy is about 1.5
times bigger than ours and was
first seen by the naked eye in
964 A.D by a Persian
astronomer named Abd Al-
Rahman Al Sufi. It was then
later discovered by a telescope
in 1612 by Simon Marius.
Because of its larger size,
Andromeda is believed to
consist of more dark matter and
also has two black holes in the
center (as opposed to one in
many other galaxies).
Andromeda is a very special
galaxy to us as it travels at the
speed of a bullet, and
eventually, in the next 4.5
billion years or so, it will collide
with our own galaxy, the Milky
Way, and will likely create a
gigantic elliptical galaxy.
17. Galaxy
collisions
The Big Band Theory states that the Universe began a long time ago, with galaxies and
early stars forming just after. It also states that the Universe is still expanding today,
meaning that the galaxies that we see today are travelling at high speeds. Eventually,
sooner or later, these galaxies will collide, and since galaxies are mostly made up of
dark matter, the stars spread out are actually so far away that when a collision occurs,
most will be unaffected. However, the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way galaxy will
soon meet this fate, and as said before, they will create a gigantic elliptical galaxy. When
one galaxy meets another, the gas becomes so compressed that a large amount of new
stars will be born. There is also another fate, and that is when a very large galaxy
collides with another. This collision would make the larger galaxy add new stars and
become larger.
18. Inside of
galaxies
Ever wondered what was inside
a galaxy? Well look no farther,
because you’re in one!
Unfortunately, galaxies are
massive, and we can’t see as
much as we wish, and that is
why with the assistance of
telescopes, astronomers have
been able to identify certain
things in space. Our galaxy (the
Milky Way, in case you didn’t
know), is made up of stars, gas,
dust, a super massive black hole
(that not even light can escape
its gravity), a Quasar (in other
galaxies), and a large amount of
dark matter. And by large, we
mean, large. Stars, as big as
they are here, contribute to only
10% of what our galaxy is made
up of. The rest, you ask?
Everything else. And most of that
is dark matter, an unknown
substance that makes up most of
a galaxy’s mass.
19. The stars in a galaxy are
often sorted into two
classifications, which are
population 1 and population
2.
Population 1 stars are
younger stars that are rich
in elements and are usually
located along the arms of
galaxies. Meanwhile,
population 2 stars can be
as old as the universe and
have a very small amount
of elements in them.
Interstellar Medium (ISM) is
the amount of space
between the stars and the
galaxies. Since galaxies
are also made up of gas
and dust, they fall under
ISM, in which 99% of it is
gas (90% of hydrogen) and
only 1% of dust. This gas
and dust can range in
temperatures and can be
as cold as -410F. Nebulae,
is then created by clouds of
gas.
Stars, gas, and
dust in the
galaxies
20. Quasars
Galaxies that have nuclei that
produce a spectral line emission
are formed from highly ionized
gases. This is called a quasar,
and can fall under the class of
“Seyfert galaxies”. They are
found in active galaxies (most
often spiral), and emit high-
energy radiation in the form of x-
rays. The appearance of
quasars is truly unique, as they
have an extremely bright nuclei,
and spectra which have very
bright emission lines of
hydrogen, helium, oxygen and
nitrogen. Quasars are about a
trillion times brighter than the
sun and are believed that they
obtain their energy from black
holes. The size of a quasar is
very large as well, and can be
large in our entire solar system!
Finally, the energy from a quasar
can take billion years to reach
us.
21. The Local group
We’ve already talked about
the Andromeda Galaxy
and how far it is. Now,
zooming out a little more,
we come to something
known as the Local Group.
It is a collection of over 36
galaxies that consist of all
the different types. The
galaxies all cover about a
10 million light year radius.
Its two largest members
are the Milky Way and the
Andromeda Galaxies
(pictured left). Of all the
galaxies, only 3 are spiral,
13 are dwarf elliptical, and
the rest are irregular
galaxies.
23. Star Clusters
Star Clusters are groups
hundreds of thousands of
stars in the universe. There
are 2 types of star clusters
in the universe, Globular
Clusters and Open
Clusters. Globular Clusters
are groups of hundreds of
thousands stars that are
very old. Open Clusters
have fewer stars than
Globular Clusters and the
stars are much younger
than the stars in Globular
Clusters.
24. Globular
clusters
Globular Star Clusters
are roughly formed
spherical and consist of
older yellow and red stars
which are 12-30 billion
years old. Globular
Clusters are packed
together very tight rather
than Open clusters where
the stars are just
scattered and loose. Our
galaxy the Milky Way has
about 150 Globular
Clusters. Some Globular
Clusters can be seen with
the naked eye like Omega
Centauri.
25. Open
clusters
Open Clusters are somewhat different from Globular Clusters. Open Clusters
are confined to be a galactic plane and they are always found with spiral
arms. Open Clusters contain a few hundred members and are dominated by
young blue stars. These stars only live up to ten million years.
Open Clusters have much less stars than Globular Clusters.
26. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
Is Hubble a robot? Yes, because it takes complex orders from
engineers on the ground that it can remember and follow on its own.
Its pictures of faint distant objects often take hours to record – HST
must keep itself pointed exactly at the target as it orbits the Earth.
27. From the web site http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/
28. The Famous Mars Rovers…
Spirit and Opportunity have been roving Mars since January 2004,
on a mission that was planned for only 90 sols (Mars days) – they
have traveled for miles and have made many discoveries, including
various signs of water that flowed millions of years ago when Mars
was apparently a much wetter planet than now.
29. …and the women who drive them!
JPL, March 18, 2008 – an all-woman Mars Rover science/engineering team
30. Cassini: Our robot eyes at Saturn
Cassini was launched in 1997 and started orbiting Saturn in 2004.
It dropped off a smaller robot called Huygens to land on Saturn’s
cloudy moon Titan. Cassini’s orders are complicated, and it has
taken thousands of detailed pictures of Saturn and its many
moons.
31. Phoenix: Our latest robot on Mars
Right now, Phoenix is digging into the soil near the
north pole of Mars, looking for ice (it found it) and for
chemicals that could be signs of ancient Martian life.
32. How robots help us in space
• Robots don’t need oxygen, water, or food, so they
can go on very long trips (they do have to carry
rocket fuel and they usually get their electrical
power from the Sun using solar panels)
• They are “smart” enough to do some things on
their own (like avoiding dangerous situations),
though current robots usually can’t change plans
or make creative decisions on their own
(engineers on Earth can help them solve
problems and make changes in their missions)
• They can carry many kinds of cameras and
instruments and send their images and scientific
findings back to Earth by radio signals
33. Do you know Buzz?
Lightyear
(in Toy Story)
Aldrin
(in Lunar Module)
35. Astronaut Accomplishments
• Men and women from the USA, Russia,
and other countries have been flying in
space since 1961 and have proved that
humans can live and work successfully in
space, even for months at a time
• They have explored the Moon, repaired
broken satellites, done many scientific
experiments, and built the huge
International Space Station (ISS) that you
can see sometimes as a bright, fast
moving object high in the evening sky
• They have often had to invent clever
solutions and improvise new procedures
when things have gone wrong in space
36. Apollo 17 Astronauts on the Moon
Apollo 17 was the last Moon landing to date (December 1972).
Commander Gene Cernan (left, with Lunar Rover) and geologist
Jack Schmitt (with flag) spent 3 days on the Moon, driving for
miles and changing their exploration plans based on what they
found. They discovered important clues to the history of the
Earth-Moon system.
37. Astronauts repairing Hubble
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and was
designed so that shuttle astronauts could later upgrade it in orbit.
But it had a mistake in its telescope optics, so in 1993, the first
service mission was used to repair it so it could take good pictures.
Later missions upgraded its ability to reveal the secrets of the
Universe by studying faint objects billions of light years away.
39. Robots and Astronauts Team Up
Robots are already helping astronauts in space. The shuttle and
the ISS have big “robotic arms” that allow astronauts to move huge
objects and be moved around easily for space walks. This is a new
multi-arm robot called DEXTRE that’s on the space station now.
40. Coming up… ROBONAUT!
To help astronauts on future missions, NASA is developing an
experimental human-shape robot called Robonaut. It will be able
to fit in spaces made for humans, and even use tools made for
human astronauts. It will probably operate at first by
“telepresence” where it will act as the eyes, arms, and hands of
an astronaut who is sitting safely inside the spacecraft.
41. So where do YOU fit in?
• Exploring space requires a lot of people
working together – there are many
different jobs to do: it’s not just about
astronauts!
• Engineers, scientists, technicians,
teachers, computer & robot programmers,
managers, and astronauts work together
to make space exploration possible
• Private and commercial space flight is
expanding, so there will probably be more
space-related jobs in the future
• But what can you do right now?
43. Explore Space on the Web
Check out www.nasa.gov – they have TONS of
great stuff on the web for every age and interest!
44. Watch the Astronauts Work
NASA TV is available for free on the web (www.nasa.gov/ntv)
and on some cable TV systems. During shuttle and ISS
missions, they broadcast live coverage of the launch, docking
with the space station, astronaut space walks and other tasks,
and landing. You can learn a lot from watching the astronauts
work!
45. Explore Software Simulations
• Real astronauts,
scientists, and
engineers train with
various types of
computerized
simulations to learn
and practice their
complex jobs
• Software space and
astronomy simulator
programs are
available to use on
your own computer
(they don’t include
cockpits like this!)
• Some of the best
ones are available
for free on the web!
NASA Space Shuttle simulator
flight deck (fisheye lens view)
47. What is Stellarium?
Stellarium is a planetarium simulator program
available for free download to install and run on
PC and Mac computers
Once it’s installed, it doesn’t require a web
connection to use – if you’ve got a notebook PC
or Mac, take it outside on a clear night to help
you identify things you see in the sky!
Stellarium gives you an easy to control view of
the sky as it looks from your back yard right
now or at any time or place that you set up
It helps you identify stars, planets, nebulae,
constellations, and more
49. New! WorldWide Telescope
New and free from Microsoft is WorldWide Telescope, a wonderful
planetarium and astronomy exploration tool. After installation, it still
requires a web connection to access and display a wide range of
astronomy images from many sources, and includes narrated tours and
much more. www.worldwidetelescope.org (Windows only).
50. Orbiter – Free Space Flight Simulator!
www.orbitersim.com
51. What is Orbiter?
Orbiter is a free space flight simulator, a
game-like program with 3D graphics that
makes you a “virtual astronaut” in the
cockpit of a simulated spacecraft
Unlike most “space games” for PC’s or
game consoles, Orbiter is based on real
science, so spacecraft behave the way
they really do in space
It’s fun to learn to change your orbit,
launch into orbit from Earth, land on the
Moon, dock with a space station, and
much more
52. Orbiter Sample Screens
Docking with the space station
in the Deltaglider, a cool
futuristic space plane that you
can fly yourself in Orbiter
53. Go Play In Space – free e-book!
www.virtualspaceflight.com
54. The Future of Space?
• Space exploration helps us learn about the universe
and has also helped us develop many important
technologies like computers, weather satellites,
GPS, and even cardiac monitors
• Private companies are now working on ways to
make money from space, including space tourism
and eventually building solar power satellites and
even mining the Moon and asteroids
• In making use of space, we are still at a very early
stage – who would have predicted a Boeing 747
from the Wright Brothers’ 1903 airplane?
• Earth is tiny, space is huge, and space has
abundant materials and energy we can eventually
use to support human civilization
• One promising and important use of space
technology: figuring out a way to keep an asteroid
from hitting the Earth as has happened in the past
55. The Distant Future?
"Since, in the long run, every planetary civilization will
be endangered by impacts from space, every surviving
civilization is obliged to become spacefaring – not
because of exploratory or romantic zeal, but for the
most practical reason imaginable: staying alive. If our
long-term survival is at stake, we have a basic
responsibility to our species to venture to other
worlds."
Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot, 1994
56. Conclusions
Robots and astronauts are both
important for space exploration,
and in the future, they will work
together even more as we go back
to the Moon and on to Mars
There are many interesting jobs
related to space other than
astronauts, and as private
companies start to do more in
space, there will probably be more
You can use free software like
Orbiter, Stellarium, and World
Wide Telescope to have fun and
learn about space and astronomy
now, but remember…
The future is exciting, but space is
also beautiful and available to see
on any clear night – go outside and
explore space now!
57. Join a Space or Astronomy Group
• You can learn more and help support space
exploration by joining a space society
– National Space Society (www.nss.org) supports
human and robotic exploration
– The Planetary Society is focused on robotic
exploration of the planets (www.planetary.org)
• You can also join a local astronomy club like
the Aldrich Astronomical Society in the
Worcester, MA area (www.aldrichastro.org)
72. 25/01/15
Solar systems, galaxies and the Universe
OUR SUN is one of
millions of stars that
orbit the centre of…
THE MILKY WAY,
which is one of a billion
galaxies that orbit AND
move away from the
centre of…
THE UNIVERSE
74. 25/01/15
There are eight planets in our solar system:
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Neptune
Uranus
Pluto
Venus
Earth
75. 25/01/15
But what do we know about the Sun?But what do we know about the Sun?
The Sun is 150 million
kilometres away from
us.
The temperature of
the Sun's surface is
6,000 degrees.This is
the same temperature
as the Earth's core.
However, the
atmosphere heats up
to millions of
degrees.
78. 25/01/15
Fast facts about MercuryFast facts about Mercury
• Distance from Sun: 57 million kilometres.
• Maximum temperature: 465 º
• Minimum temperature: -184 º
• Volume : 5% of the Earth
• Satellites: Mercury has no satellites.
• Mercury is the smallest planet in our
Solar System.
• Mercury is a world of extremes: it’s
extremely hot during the day and it gets
very cold in the night. That happens
because it spins very slowly (one rotation
lasts 58 days).
80. 25/01/15
Fast facts about VenusFast facts about Venus
• Distance from Sun: 107 million
kilometres.
• Average temperature: 449 º
• Volume : 86% of the Earth
• Satellites: Venus has no satellites..
• Venus is a hostile planet. Its thick
atmosphere (with clouds of sulfuric acid)
makes it impossible to see the surface.
• In many ways Venus is similar to the
Earth. It has active volcanoes,
mountains and valleys.
• Venus is unusual because it rotates in a
direction opposite that of all of the
other planets.
82. 25/01/15
Fast facts about the EarthFast facts about the Earth
• Distance from Sun: 150 million
kilometres.
• Average temperature: 7’2 º
• Satellites: The Earth has one
satellite: the Moon..
• Our planet is an oasis of life in a
desolate system. The Earth's
temperature, weather, atmosphere
and many other factors are perfect
to keep us alive.
86. 25/01/15
Fast facts about MarsFast facts about Mars
• Distance from Sun: 229 million kilometres.
• Maximum temperature: 36º
• Minimum temperature: -123º
• Volume : 15% of the Earth
• Satellites: Mars has two satellites, Deimos and
Phobos..
• Scientists think that Mars once had rivers,
lakes, and even an ocean.Today the only water
on Mars is frozen in the polar caps, or
underground.
• Mars has many craters which were formed by
meteorites or asteroids. Mars also has some of
the tallest volcanoes and some of the deepest
valleys in our solar system
88. 25/01/15
Fast facts about JupiterFast facts about Jupiter
• Distance from Sun: 777 million kilometres.
• Average temperature: -153º
• Volume : 1,318 times more than the Earth
• Satellites: Jupiter has at least 63 satellites.
The most important of them are Io, Europa,
Ganymedes and Callisto..
• In Jupiter, you can see a great red spot; it’s a
giant storm that has lasted for hundreds of
years. This storm's super hurricane winds blow
across an area larger than the Earth.
• This giant planet has no solid surface. Under
its atmosphere is a large liquid ocean of
hydrogen and water.
90. 25/01/15
Fast facts about SaturnFast facts about Saturn
• Distance from Sun: 1,429 million
kilometres.
• Average temperature: -184º
• Volume : 744 times more than Earth
• Satellites: Saturn has 61 satellites.
Some of them are Calypso, Rhea and
Titan..
• Saturn's atmosphere has winds which can
blow at over 1800 kilometres per hour.
• Saturn is surrounded by over 1000 rings
made of ice and dust. Some of the rings
are very thin and some are very thick.
92. 25/01/15
Fast facts about UranusFast facts about Uranus
• Distance from Sun: 2,871 million kilometres.
• Average temperature: -205º
• Volume : 67 times more than Earth
• Satellites: Uranus has 27 satellites.
• Unlike all the other planets in our Solar System
Uranus spins on its side. It is believed that
long ago a very large object smashed into this
planet. The crash was so powerful that it
completely changed the direction of Uranus'
spin.
• Uranus may have an ocean of water beneath its
clouds. It has a large rocky core, and because
of the tremendous pressure could possibly
contain trillions of large diamonds.
94. 25/01/15
Fast facts about NeptuneFast facts about Neptune
• Distance from Sun: 4,496 million
kilometres.
• Average temperature: -223º
• Volume : 57 times more than Earth
• Satellites: Neptune has at least 13
satellites.
• Neptune has winds in its atmosphere
which blow at over 2000 kilometres per
hour! This planet has large, dark circles
on its surface which astronomers believe
to be storms .
96. 25/01/15
The moon orbits the Earth...The moon orbits the Earth...
Sun
Earth
moon
...as the Earth orbits the Sun....as the Earth orbits the Sun.
97. 25/01/15
The Earth orbits the sun every…The Earth orbits the sun every…
……year (365year (365 11
//44 days)days)
98. 25/01/15
The Earth is kept in orbit by the force of…The Earth is kept in orbit by the force of…
GravityGravity
…and by the fact
that is is moving at
a high velocity
99. 25/01/15
Gravity also keeps the moon in orbit around the
Earth. The moon orbits the Earth every…
……month (28 days)month (28 days)
101. 25/01/15
At any time, half of the Earth faces the sun
and therefore receives light.
The other half faces away from the Sun,
and so receives very little light.
This part is in night.
This part is in day.
102. 25/01/15
What causes the Earth’s seasons?
As the Earth orbits the Sun, when its axis tips towards the Sun, the
weather gets warmer. When it tips away, the weather gets colder,
causing the Earth’s seasons.
106. 25/01/15
The Earth is divided up into the northern hemisphere andThe Earth is divided up into the northern hemisphere and
the southern hemisphere:the southern hemisphere:
Equator
Northern
hemisphere
Southern
hemisphere
107. THE END
Name = Bikrant Roy
Class = Ninth ‘B’
Roll no. = 23
Editor's Notes
This would be good to show on the shuttle launch playback, though you can also see drag and G forces on the shuttle landing.