G. Della Porta, O. Merino-Tomé, J.A.M. Kenter and K. Verwer (2009) - Lower Ju...GiovannaDellaPorta2
G. Della Porta, O. Merino-Tomé, J.A.M. Kenter and K. Verwer (2009) - Lower Jurassic microbial-sponge mounds and coral-sponge reefs in the Djebel Bou Dahar ramp to high-relief platform (High Atlas, Morocco)
Sequence stratigraphic analysis; methods & methodologyOmar Radwan
This document outlines the methodology for sequence stratigraphic analysis. It begins with background on key principles and concepts like facies, facies associations, and depositional environments. It then discusses various data sources and methods used in the analysis, including facies analysis using sedimentary petrography, ichnology, and paleocurrent directions. Additional methods covered are well logs, seismic data, age dating, and integrating these different data sources and analyses. The workflow progresses from initially evaluating the tectonic setting, to paleodepositional environments, to developing the detailed sequence stratigraphic framework. The goal is a unified, interdisciplinary analysis and interpretation of the stratigraphy.
Robert Trainor is a geologist with a Master's degree and over 15 years of experience in wellsite geological supervision and analysis. He has worked on horizontal gas, oil, and heavy oil wells in reservoirs including sandstone, shale, and carbonate. His responsibilities included wellsite geological analysis, supervision of directional drilling, and authoring drilling reports. He is proficient in geological software, well log analysis, and clear communication between disciplines.
This document describes a 5-day course on depositional systems in sedimentary rock records. The course aims to show how ancient environments can be reconstructed by interpreting sedimentary processes and the environments they operated in. Students will learn about concepts like sedimentary facies, hydrodynamics, and base level changes. The course will cover modern and ancient depositional systems, analyzing rocks and successions, sedimentary facies and structures, strata, stratification, and using this to understand geological histories. It includes lectures, lab activities, and virtual field trips.
This document discusses key aspects of engineering geology and its importance in modern development. It provides examples of how poor subsurface conditions, lack of safety measures, and lack of studies can lead to infrastructure failures. It emphasizes the role of engineering geology in properly studying soil and subsurface conditions before construction to select the best design and safety remedies. Methods discussed include field and laboratory investigations to understand rock quality and recommend appropriate structural support.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
Ca - Carbonate Production By Heterotrophic Bacteria Omar Radwan
1) The document summarizes a paper about calcium carbonate precipitation and limestone formation from a microbiological perspective.
2) It describes different pathways by which heterotrophic bacteria can produce calcium carbonates, including passive precipitation through nitrogen and sulfur cycles, and active precipitation through cell membrane exchanges.
3) It discusses experiments showing bacterial involvement in carbonate crystallization under both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor conditions, and how this affects crystal structure formation.
This document discusses the provenance of quartz arenite sandstones from the early Paleozoic midcontinent region of the USA. The authors present new detrital zircon geochronology data from 15 Cambrian and Ordovician quartz arenite samples. They compare this to existing data from older sedimentary basins in the region, including the Huron basin and midcontinent rift deposits. Mixing models using the older basin zircon populations indicate the early Paleozoic sandstones represent mixtures derived primarily from erosion of these two source areas.
G. Della Porta, O. Merino-Tomé, J.A.M. Kenter and K. Verwer (2009) - Lower Ju...GiovannaDellaPorta2
G. Della Porta, O. Merino-Tomé, J.A.M. Kenter and K. Verwer (2009) - Lower Jurassic microbial-sponge mounds and coral-sponge reefs in the Djebel Bou Dahar ramp to high-relief platform (High Atlas, Morocco)
Sequence stratigraphic analysis; methods & methodologyOmar Radwan
This document outlines the methodology for sequence stratigraphic analysis. It begins with background on key principles and concepts like facies, facies associations, and depositional environments. It then discusses various data sources and methods used in the analysis, including facies analysis using sedimentary petrography, ichnology, and paleocurrent directions. Additional methods covered are well logs, seismic data, age dating, and integrating these different data sources and analyses. The workflow progresses from initially evaluating the tectonic setting, to paleodepositional environments, to developing the detailed sequence stratigraphic framework. The goal is a unified, interdisciplinary analysis and interpretation of the stratigraphy.
Robert Trainor is a geologist with a Master's degree and over 15 years of experience in wellsite geological supervision and analysis. He has worked on horizontal gas, oil, and heavy oil wells in reservoirs including sandstone, shale, and carbonate. His responsibilities included wellsite geological analysis, supervision of directional drilling, and authoring drilling reports. He is proficient in geological software, well log analysis, and clear communication between disciplines.
This document describes a 5-day course on depositional systems in sedimentary rock records. The course aims to show how ancient environments can be reconstructed by interpreting sedimentary processes and the environments they operated in. Students will learn about concepts like sedimentary facies, hydrodynamics, and base level changes. The course will cover modern and ancient depositional systems, analyzing rocks and successions, sedimentary facies and structures, strata, stratification, and using this to understand geological histories. It includes lectures, lab activities, and virtual field trips.
This document discusses key aspects of engineering geology and its importance in modern development. It provides examples of how poor subsurface conditions, lack of safety measures, and lack of studies can lead to infrastructure failures. It emphasizes the role of engineering geology in properly studying soil and subsurface conditions before construction to select the best design and safety remedies. Methods discussed include field and laboratory investigations to understand rock quality and recommend appropriate structural support.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
Ca - Carbonate Production By Heterotrophic Bacteria Omar Radwan
1) The document summarizes a paper about calcium carbonate precipitation and limestone formation from a microbiological perspective.
2) It describes different pathways by which heterotrophic bacteria can produce calcium carbonates, including passive precipitation through nitrogen and sulfur cycles, and active precipitation through cell membrane exchanges.
3) It discusses experiments showing bacterial involvement in carbonate crystallization under both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor conditions, and how this affects crystal structure formation.
This document discusses the provenance of quartz arenite sandstones from the early Paleozoic midcontinent region of the USA. The authors present new detrital zircon geochronology data from 15 Cambrian and Ordovician quartz arenite samples. They compare this to existing data from older sedimentary basins in the region, including the Huron basin and midcontinent rift deposits. Mixing models using the older basin zircon populations indicate the early Paleozoic sandstones represent mixtures derived primarily from erosion of these two source areas.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
ACCRETIONARY PRISM MODEL OF DOLOMITIZATION?Omar Radwan
The document outlines a proposed new model for dolomitization involving accretionary prism settings. It discusses existing dolomitization models and the characteristics of accretionary prisms. It presents evidence from the Peru and Barbados accretionary margins that dolomite occurs in association with fluid expulsion along faults in accretionary wedges. The author hypothesizes that dolomitization can result from fluid flow driven by tectonic processes in accretionary prisms, providing alkaline, magnesium-rich fluids ideal for dolomitization. The model suggests accretionary prism settings could predict new geological environments for dolomitization.
This document summarizes research on uranium-thorium-rare earth element mineralized granitic pegmatites from the Fraser Lakes Zone B region. The pegmatites formed from partial melting of metasedimentary crustal rocks during peak metamorphism around 1.8 billion years ago. The melts migrated and crystallized in the middle crust, concentrating along structural features like the contact between older gneisses and folded metasedimentary rocks. Two types of pegmatites are distinguished based on their mineralogy and inferred source compositions. The mineralization shares similarities with other granite-hosted uranium deposits and may have provided a source of uranium for nearby unconformity-type deposits in the Athabasca
The document summarizes a micromorphological study of soil samples from a Mississippian house structure at the Lawrenz Gun Club archaeological site. Microscopic analysis of the soil thin sections revealed that the house basin was rapidly filled in by humans with surrounding topsoil after abandonment, rather than being naturally reworked by water or other geological processes. Differences in organic matter and minerals between the living surface and overlying fill indicate the development of a soil post-dated the infilling event. Future work is proposed to further analyze site formation processes and occupation chronology through additional microscopic and chemical studies of the soil profiles.
This study analyzed stratigraphic and geotechnical data from boreholes and other tests in Como, Italy to reconstruct the historical shoreline evolution and identify remnants of the ancient Roman harbor. Organic silty layers 2-4 meters thick with poor mechanical properties were found, representing a sheltered harbor environment. Reworked brick fragments in the layers suggest a historical age. The integration of geological, geotechnical, and archaeological data helped reveal the former position of the shoreline and Roman harbor structures underneath the current city.
This document describes a petrogenetic model for uranium mineralization hosted in granitic pegmatites in the Wollaston Domain of Saskatchewan. Partial melting of metasedimentary rocks during peak metamorphism generated uranium-rich melts. These melts migrated along structural pathways and crystallized in the middle crust, forming the granitic pegmatites. The mineralization shows structural control along the contact between Archean gneisses and younger metasediments, as well as within antiformal fold noses. Differences in uranium concentration between pegmatite groups relate to source composition and degree of melting/fractional crystallization. The deposit shares similarities with other granitoid-hosted uranium deposits and
This document summarizes a research project that established geochemical baselines for elements like arsenic and chromium in metasedimentary rocks in Cornwall, England. Over 400 rock samples were collected across different sedimentary basins and formations and analyzed for 41 elements. The results helped redefine pollution levels and provided data for other applications. Sample collection and processing procedures are described, including crushing, milling, and acid digestion before ICP-MS analysis. Data was stored in a Microsoft Access database.
The document describes the establishment of a fine sequence stratigraphic framework for the Fuyu reservoir in the Zhou13 Block of the Zhaozhou Oilfield. First, a standard well, Zhou 801, was selected based on characteristics like complete formation, lack of faults, and clear stratigraphic cycles. Marker beds were identified from clear electrical properties. The reservoir was then divided into three groups (FI, FII, FIII) and seventeen small layers based on the marker beds and cycles in the standard well. Correlation was then performed between the standard well and other wells in the block to construct a unified stratigraphic framework.
This document discusses deep foundations and pile foundations. It begins by defining pile foundations as constructions that support walls or piers using piles. It then discusses when pile foundations are needed, different types of piles, how to classify piles, how piles carry loads, and how to determine the load capacity of piles through field testing and theoretical approaches. The document provides details on analyzing axial, lateral, and uplift capacities of single piles and pile groups. It also discusses design considerations like settlement analysis, negative skin friction, socketed piles, dynamic testing, and installation methods.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
Midwest Archaeological Conference Poster Jonathan King
This study used micromorphology to examine the infilling of a burned Mississippian structure. Thin sections revealed the house basin was filled rapidly by topsoil, likely within a few weeks, as indicated by poor sorting and lack of sedimentary structures. While mixing of cultural and natural sediments near the top may indicate a brief occupation after excavation, pedogenesis was minimal, supporting rapid infilling. The fills differed between profiles, suggesting multiple sediment sources, but the cause requires further analysis. Micromorphology provided insights into site formation processes at a high resolution.
The geology study tour arranged by Dr. P.D. Mali and Mrs. Machcha of the geology faculty took approximately 70 SE-Civil students to Osmanabad Caves and Ramling on August 23rd, 2014. At the sites, the students studied various volcanic rock formations like vesicular structure, amygdaloidal structure, basalt, columnar joints, and zeolitic basalt. Specifically at Osmanabad Caves, the students observed amygdaloidal basalt and zeolitic basalt, which formed when vesicles in basalt were filled with secondary calcite minerals. At Ramling, massive columnar joints, waterfalls, and potholes were seen. The study concluded that amyg
This document discusses sedimentary basins, including their definition, formation, and analysis. Key points:
- Sedimentary basins form in low areas of the crust where sediments accumulate due to tectonic activity that creates relief. They range in size from hundreds of meters to ocean basins.
- Tectonics is the primary control on sedimentation, affecting factors like sediment supply and depositional environment. Sedimentation also influences tectonics by increasing lithospheric loading.
- Basins can be formed by processes including faulting, thermal subsidence of extended lithosphere, and flexural subsidence caused by loading of the lithosphere.
- Analyzing features of sedimentary
This document provides an outline for a presentation on a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation in the northern Monashee Complex in British Columbia, Canada. It discusses what a DsGSD is, different approaches to studying them, and the objectives and methodology of this particular study. The study site is located near Blais Creek and exhibits characteristics like lithological weaknesses that make it prone to DsGSD. Field methods will include mapping surface features, geotechnical investigations, and trenching. Laboratory and modeling work will also be conducted to better understand the failure mechanism and incorporate the findings into an existing DsGSD database.
Mars: Current State of Knowledge and Future Plans and StrategiesNASAJPL
The document summarizes what we have learned about Mars from recent missions and plans for future exploration. Key findings include evidence of ancient warm climates with widespread water, ongoing geological activity, and methane in the atmosphere that may indicate biological or chemical processes. Future strategies aim to better understand Mars' potential for life and history of environmental changes using new missions within budget constraints and through international collaboration.
This document examines the correlation between dry density and porosity of rocks from the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. Rock samples were collected from locations between Grahamstown and Queenstown. Dry density was determined using buoyancy and porosity was calculated from particle and dry densities. Average dry densities ranged from 2.5258-2.7723 cm-3 and porosities ranged from 0.4931-3.3095%. A high correlation was found between dry density and porosity, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9491-0.9982. This correlation should be considered for engineering design related to the Karoo Supergroup rocks, such as casing selection for shale gas fracturing.
Hydrocarbon Trapping mechanism and petrophysical analysis of Afam field, offs...David Oyeyemi
This document discusses the structural trapping mechanism and petrophysical analysis of reservoirs in the Afam oil field, located offshore Nigeria in the Niger Delta. Seismic reflection data and well logs from three wells were used to map four hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs and identify structural and stratigraphic traps. The main structural trap is an anticlinal structure at the center of the field, assisted by faults. Additional traps include fault-related closures. Petrophysical analysis of the reservoirs in two wells revealed porosity ranging from 21-31% and 1050-11,777 mD, indicating productive reservoirs. Water saturation was generally low at 3-20% with corresponding high hydrocarbon saturation of 80-97%, proving the reservoirs to
Mark T. Egley is seeking full-time employment as a geologist with over 10 years of experience in geology and geotechnical field work. He has a B.S. in Geology and Geophysics from the University of Missouri-Rolla. His experience includes soil and rock sampling and testing, well installation, and hydrogeology investigations. He has worked on various projects involving stone columns, environmental site assessments, landfills, and more.
Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem:
(a) (i) Using the equation: Depth = 2.5 km + 0.3(Age)1/2
Set Depth = 4700 m
4700 = 2.5 + 0.3(Age)1/2
4700 - 2.5 = 0.3(Age)1/2
4697.5 = 0.3(Age)1/2
(4697.5/0.3)2 = Age
Age = 80 Myr
(ii) Spreading rate = Distance from ridge / Age
= 1600 km / 80 Myr
= 20 km/Myr
(b) This is a half
The mantle, CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory ...GiovannaDellaPorta2
The document summarizes research on the Aptian lacustrine carbonate system in the South Atlantic formed during the opening of the South Atlantic. Some key points:
- It was a vast carbonate factory covering over 1/3 million km2, making it the largest chemogenic carbonate system in Earth's history.
- The carbonate source was likely mantle CO2 leaching mafic rocks, forming hyperalkaline lakes where chemogenic carbonates and Mg-silicates deposited up to 500m thick.
- Microbial structures are rare due to extreme alkalinity. Carbonates took forms of calcite shrub framestones and spherulite floatstones associated with Mg-silicate
Water resources in karst and quarrying impacts (IWC5 Presentation)Iwl Pcu
David Gillieson, Earth & Environmental Sciences, James Cook University
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia (during the pre-conference workshop for freshwater ecosystems, Global Changes and Water Resources Workshop).
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
ACCRETIONARY PRISM MODEL OF DOLOMITIZATION?Omar Radwan
The document outlines a proposed new model for dolomitization involving accretionary prism settings. It discusses existing dolomitization models and the characteristics of accretionary prisms. It presents evidence from the Peru and Barbados accretionary margins that dolomite occurs in association with fluid expulsion along faults in accretionary wedges. The author hypothesizes that dolomitization can result from fluid flow driven by tectonic processes in accretionary prisms, providing alkaline, magnesium-rich fluids ideal for dolomitization. The model suggests accretionary prism settings could predict new geological environments for dolomitization.
This document summarizes research on uranium-thorium-rare earth element mineralized granitic pegmatites from the Fraser Lakes Zone B region. The pegmatites formed from partial melting of metasedimentary crustal rocks during peak metamorphism around 1.8 billion years ago. The melts migrated and crystallized in the middle crust, concentrating along structural features like the contact between older gneisses and folded metasedimentary rocks. Two types of pegmatites are distinguished based on their mineralogy and inferred source compositions. The mineralization shares similarities with other granite-hosted uranium deposits and may have provided a source of uranium for nearby unconformity-type deposits in the Athabasca
The document summarizes a micromorphological study of soil samples from a Mississippian house structure at the Lawrenz Gun Club archaeological site. Microscopic analysis of the soil thin sections revealed that the house basin was rapidly filled in by humans with surrounding topsoil after abandonment, rather than being naturally reworked by water or other geological processes. Differences in organic matter and minerals between the living surface and overlying fill indicate the development of a soil post-dated the infilling event. Future work is proposed to further analyze site formation processes and occupation chronology through additional microscopic and chemical studies of the soil profiles.
This study analyzed stratigraphic and geotechnical data from boreholes and other tests in Como, Italy to reconstruct the historical shoreline evolution and identify remnants of the ancient Roman harbor. Organic silty layers 2-4 meters thick with poor mechanical properties were found, representing a sheltered harbor environment. Reworked brick fragments in the layers suggest a historical age. The integration of geological, geotechnical, and archaeological data helped reveal the former position of the shoreline and Roman harbor structures underneath the current city.
This document describes a petrogenetic model for uranium mineralization hosted in granitic pegmatites in the Wollaston Domain of Saskatchewan. Partial melting of metasedimentary rocks during peak metamorphism generated uranium-rich melts. These melts migrated along structural pathways and crystallized in the middle crust, forming the granitic pegmatites. The mineralization shows structural control along the contact between Archean gneisses and younger metasediments, as well as within antiformal fold noses. Differences in uranium concentration between pegmatite groups relate to source composition and degree of melting/fractional crystallization. The deposit shares similarities with other granitoid-hosted uranium deposits and
This document summarizes a research project that established geochemical baselines for elements like arsenic and chromium in metasedimentary rocks in Cornwall, England. Over 400 rock samples were collected across different sedimentary basins and formations and analyzed for 41 elements. The results helped redefine pollution levels and provided data for other applications. Sample collection and processing procedures are described, including crushing, milling, and acid digestion before ICP-MS analysis. Data was stored in a Microsoft Access database.
The document describes the establishment of a fine sequence stratigraphic framework for the Fuyu reservoir in the Zhou13 Block of the Zhaozhou Oilfield. First, a standard well, Zhou 801, was selected based on characteristics like complete formation, lack of faults, and clear stratigraphic cycles. Marker beds were identified from clear electrical properties. The reservoir was then divided into three groups (FI, FII, FIII) and seventeen small layers based on the marker beds and cycles in the standard well. Correlation was then performed between the standard well and other wells in the block to construct a unified stratigraphic framework.
This document discusses deep foundations and pile foundations. It begins by defining pile foundations as constructions that support walls or piers using piles. It then discusses when pile foundations are needed, different types of piles, how to classify piles, how piles carry loads, and how to determine the load capacity of piles through field testing and theoretical approaches. The document provides details on analyzing axial, lateral, and uplift capacities of single piles and pile groups. It also discusses design considerations like settlement analysis, negative skin friction, socketed piles, dynamic testing, and installation methods.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
Midwest Archaeological Conference Poster Jonathan King
This study used micromorphology to examine the infilling of a burned Mississippian structure. Thin sections revealed the house basin was filled rapidly by topsoil, likely within a few weeks, as indicated by poor sorting and lack of sedimentary structures. While mixing of cultural and natural sediments near the top may indicate a brief occupation after excavation, pedogenesis was minimal, supporting rapid infilling. The fills differed between profiles, suggesting multiple sediment sources, but the cause requires further analysis. Micromorphology provided insights into site formation processes at a high resolution.
The geology study tour arranged by Dr. P.D. Mali and Mrs. Machcha of the geology faculty took approximately 70 SE-Civil students to Osmanabad Caves and Ramling on August 23rd, 2014. At the sites, the students studied various volcanic rock formations like vesicular structure, amygdaloidal structure, basalt, columnar joints, and zeolitic basalt. Specifically at Osmanabad Caves, the students observed amygdaloidal basalt and zeolitic basalt, which formed when vesicles in basalt were filled with secondary calcite minerals. At Ramling, massive columnar joints, waterfalls, and potholes were seen. The study concluded that amyg
This document discusses sedimentary basins, including their definition, formation, and analysis. Key points:
- Sedimentary basins form in low areas of the crust where sediments accumulate due to tectonic activity that creates relief. They range in size from hundreds of meters to ocean basins.
- Tectonics is the primary control on sedimentation, affecting factors like sediment supply and depositional environment. Sedimentation also influences tectonics by increasing lithospheric loading.
- Basins can be formed by processes including faulting, thermal subsidence of extended lithosphere, and flexural subsidence caused by loading of the lithosphere.
- Analyzing features of sedimentary
This document provides an outline for a presentation on a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation in the northern Monashee Complex in British Columbia, Canada. It discusses what a DsGSD is, different approaches to studying them, and the objectives and methodology of this particular study. The study site is located near Blais Creek and exhibits characteristics like lithological weaknesses that make it prone to DsGSD. Field methods will include mapping surface features, geotechnical investigations, and trenching. Laboratory and modeling work will also be conducted to better understand the failure mechanism and incorporate the findings into an existing DsGSD database.
Mars: Current State of Knowledge and Future Plans and StrategiesNASAJPL
The document summarizes what we have learned about Mars from recent missions and plans for future exploration. Key findings include evidence of ancient warm climates with widespread water, ongoing geological activity, and methane in the atmosphere that may indicate biological or chemical processes. Future strategies aim to better understand Mars' potential for life and history of environmental changes using new missions within budget constraints and through international collaboration.
This document examines the correlation between dry density and porosity of rocks from the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. Rock samples were collected from locations between Grahamstown and Queenstown. Dry density was determined using buoyancy and porosity was calculated from particle and dry densities. Average dry densities ranged from 2.5258-2.7723 cm-3 and porosities ranged from 0.4931-3.3095%. A high correlation was found between dry density and porosity, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9491-0.9982. This correlation should be considered for engineering design related to the Karoo Supergroup rocks, such as casing selection for shale gas fracturing.
Hydrocarbon Trapping mechanism and petrophysical analysis of Afam field, offs...David Oyeyemi
This document discusses the structural trapping mechanism and petrophysical analysis of reservoirs in the Afam oil field, located offshore Nigeria in the Niger Delta. Seismic reflection data and well logs from three wells were used to map four hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs and identify structural and stratigraphic traps. The main structural trap is an anticlinal structure at the center of the field, assisted by faults. Additional traps include fault-related closures. Petrophysical analysis of the reservoirs in two wells revealed porosity ranging from 21-31% and 1050-11,777 mD, indicating productive reservoirs. Water saturation was generally low at 3-20% with corresponding high hydrocarbon saturation of 80-97%, proving the reservoirs to
Mark T. Egley is seeking full-time employment as a geologist with over 10 years of experience in geology and geotechnical field work. He has a B.S. in Geology and Geophysics from the University of Missouri-Rolla. His experience includes soil and rock sampling and testing, well installation, and hydrogeology investigations. He has worked on various projects involving stone columns, environmental site assessments, landfills, and more.
Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem:
(a) (i) Using the equation: Depth = 2.5 km + 0.3(Age)1/2
Set Depth = 4700 m
4700 = 2.5 + 0.3(Age)1/2
4700 - 2.5 = 0.3(Age)1/2
4697.5 = 0.3(Age)1/2
(4697.5/0.3)2 = Age
Age = 80 Myr
(ii) Spreading rate = Distance from ridge / Age
= 1600 km / 80 Myr
= 20 km/Myr
(b) This is a half
The mantle, CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory ...GiovannaDellaPorta2
The document summarizes research on the Aptian lacustrine carbonate system in the South Atlantic formed during the opening of the South Atlantic. Some key points:
- It was a vast carbonate factory covering over 1/3 million km2, making it the largest chemogenic carbonate system in Earth's history.
- The carbonate source was likely mantle CO2 leaching mafic rocks, forming hyperalkaline lakes where chemogenic carbonates and Mg-silicates deposited up to 500m thick.
- Microbial structures are rare due to extreme alkalinity. Carbonates took forms of calcite shrub framestones and spherulite floatstones associated with Mg-silicate
Water resources in karst and quarrying impacts (IWC5 Presentation)Iwl Pcu
David Gillieson, Earth & Environmental Sciences, James Cook University
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia (during the pre-conference workshop for freshwater ecosystems, Global Changes and Water Resources Workshop).
The document discusses the feasibility of living in lava tubes on Mars as a way to address challenges of living on the surface, such as lack of radiation shielding. It notes that lava tubes could provide radiation shielding, access to resources, and protection from dust storms and meteorite impacts. It outlines evidence that Mars may have had recent surface water and reviews potential sources of water and ice that could be accessed from lava tubes. The document proposes exploring lava tubes robotically first to map and assess their potential for human habitation and resource utilization.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming webinar from PetroTeach titled "Advanced Analysis of Carbonate Systems" to be presented by Professor Maria Mutti. The webinar will focus on carbonate systems, including the different modes of carbonate precipitation, carbonate producers, depositional environments, facies models, heterogeneity, and case studies of carbonate deposition. It will also discuss geological controls on carbonate deposition through time. The webinar aims to provide advanced concepts for analyzing carbonate rocks and characterizing depositional facies at various scales.
Mark Thomas_A digital soil mapping approach for regolith thickness in the com...TERN Australia
This document summarizes research on modeling regolith depth in the Mt Lofty Ranges of South Australia. Regolith includes all weathered material above bedrock and plays an important role in hydrology, biology, energy transfer, biogeochemistry, land use, and more. While some regolith maps exist, coverage is limited. The researchers collected over 700 depth measurements and used environmental data like topography, climate, and geology in a regression model to predict regolith depth across the 128,000 hectare study area. Their goal is to develop a consistent national regolith map to support biophysical modeling. Future work includes testing the approach in other regions and integrating results to create a comprehensive national map.
This document provides an overview of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) petrogenesis. It discusses how MORBs form at mid-ocean ridges through decompression melting of the mantle. Spreading rate influences the structure and thermal regime of the ridges, which controls the degree of melting and crustal thickness. MORBs show some geochemical variability related to the extent and pressure of mantle melting, which correlates with mantle potential temperature on a global scale. However, compared to other rock types, MORBs have relatively homogeneous major element, trace element, and radiogenic and stable isotope compositions indicative of a depleted mantle source.
Carbonate platform
Solubility of Carbonate mineral
Types of Carbonate platform
Controlling Parameters
The great Bahamas platform
Carbonate platform of western coast India
MSc Thesis - Modelling of the Bowland and Holywell ShalesAlex Hughes
The document describes modeling the burial history of the Northern Cheshire Basin in the UK using Novva software. Key points:
- The most prospective area for shale gas exploration is the northern basin slope at depths of 1500-2000m, where peak maturity was reached during the Cimmerian inversion around 180Ma.
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G. Della Porta, J.A.M. Kenter and P.M. Harris (2007) - Non-actualistic carbonate deposystem: revising the carbonate factory-depth paradigm
1. NON-ACTUALISTIC CARBONATE DEPOSYSTEM:
Revising The Carbonate Factory-Depth Paradigm
Giovanna Della Porta1, Jeroen A.M. Kenter2 and P. Mitch Harris3
1 Cardiff University, WALES, UK
2 Chevron Energy and Technology Company, The Netherlands
3 Chevron Energy Technology Company, San Ramon, CA, U.S.A.
Many thanks to:
V. Paul Wright, Cardiff University, UK
Klaas Verwer, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
Juan R. Bahamonde, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
Oscar Merino-Tomé, Cardiff University, UK
2. At the search for patterns
• Conceptual models are necessary for interpretation and prediction
• Model simplicity vs. stratigraphic complexity (space, time, incomplete record,
diagenesis)
• Models need eventually to be revised
The carbonate factory represents the space where carbonate sediment is produced but
also the processes that led to carbonate production
(from Schlager, 2003 after many sources)(from Schlager, 2003 after many sources)
• Models developed for the Recent cannot always answer the complexity of the
geologic record
• Little is kno n abo t man processes not in fashion in modern settings• Little is known about many processes not in fashion in modern settings
• Several carbonate factories and lack of pure end members (a continuum, spatially
and temporally dynamic? cf. Wright and Burgess, 2005)and temporally dynamic? cf. Wright and Burgess, 2005)
• Different production rates, depth windows and DIFFERENT RESPONSES to changes
in accommodation space and environmental conditions
3. Non-actualistic carbonate platforms: the paradigm shift
Recent
coral reef-rimmed platforms
Highstand PLATFORM shedding
Highstand (leeward) progradationcoral reef rimmed platforms Highstand (leeward) progradation
Lowstand platform shut down
Late Palaeozoic Any SL stand SLOPE sheddingLate Palaeozoic
microbial boundstone
flat-topped platforms
Any SL stand SLOPE shedding
Progradation at any SL stand
Lowstand downslope growth
Red afted f om Della Po ta (2003) Kente et al (2005)
An exception? Carboniferous - Asturias, N Spain; Tengiz, Pricaspian Basin and Permian Capitan
Reef, USA
Redrafted from Della Porta (2003), Kenter et al. (2005)
4. (Coral reef) Carbonate Production vs. Depth
Bosscher and Schlager (1993), from Schlager (2005, SEPM)
5. Modes of carbonate precipitation and carbonate factories
Burne and Moore (1987); Lowenstam and Weiner (1989)Burne and Moore (1987); Lowenstam and Weiner (1989)
Schlager (2000, 2003 Int. J. Earth Sci, 92); from Schlager (2005, SEPM)
Photozoan James (1997)Heterozoan
6. Organo-sedimentary deposits by benthic microbial communities
Microbial carbonates (biologically induced precipitation)
• trapping and binding detrital sediment
• forming the locus of mineral precipitation (Burne and Moore, 1987)
Processes
Biomineralization :
• Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria
Products:
Microscale
• Aphanitic micrite
• Heterotrophic bacteria (decay of organic
matter via ammonification, nitrate and
sulphate reduction).
Aphanitic micrite
(automicrite)
• peloidal
• laminae
Organo-mineralization: Non-living
reactive organic substrates
(bacteria EPS sponges)
Macroscale
• Mounds(bacteria, EPS, sponges) • Mounds
• Margin-slope
Carboniferous Asturias (Della Porta 2003)
Sources: Reitner et al. (1995), Trichet and Defarge (1996), Neuweiler et al. (1999); Riding, (2000), Arp et al. (2003), Gautret et al. (2207)
300m
9. Types of carbonate platforms: a genetic approach
Euphotic
framework-
producing
Euphotic
gravel-size
soft substrate
d ll
p g
biotadwellers
(rudists)
Microbial
Sk l lSkeletal
boundstone
Mud-producing
biota
Oligophotic
coarse grained
biota
Euphotic
removed by
downshelf
transport
Pomar (2001, Basin Research, Geol. Med.)
LBF, red algae
p
Photo-
independent
biota
10. Non-actualistic platform production and geometry
Does the M production profile satisfy both mounds and high-relief platforms?
Would it generate a horizontal flat top platform?
Are the responses to accommodation changes the same?
Are there more “factories” as many as biologically induced precipitation processes?
What are their environmental requirements?
12. Pennsylvanian high-relief platform (Asturias, N Spain)
Verwer et al. (2004)
• high relief (600-
800m)
• steep (30-40˚)
clinoforms
•>3 km of basinward•>3 km of basinward
progradation
Della Porta et al. (2003 Facies, 2004 Sedimentology)
13. Self-nourished Slope
• Upper slope: Cement-rich microbial boundstone from 10-20m to 300-400 m depth (30-40% slope)Upper slope: Cement rich microbial boundstone from 10 20m to 300 400 m depth (30 40% slope)
• Lower slope: Detrital matrix-free cemented boundstone breccias (50% slope)
• Minimum platform-top contribution (10-15% slope)
Della Porta et al. (2003, Facies); Kenter, Harris and Della Porta (2005, Sed. Geol.)
14. Self-nourished Slope
• Upper slope: Cement-rich microbial boundstone from 10-20m to 300-400 m depth (30-40% slope)Upper slope: Cement rich microbial boundstone from 10 20m to 300 400 m depth (30 40% slope)
• Lower slope: Detrital matrix-free cemented boundstone breccias (50% slope)
• Minimum platform-top contribution (10-15% slope)
Della Porta et al. (2003, Facies); Kenter, Harris and Della Porta (2005, Sed. Geol.)
15. Progradational vs. aggradational slope built by
light-independent microbialites: two factories?
Moscovian: aggradation
rates (108-114 m/My),
30º 4 º 8 0slope 30º-45º, 850 m high.
Bashkirian: progradation
rates (415-970 m/My),
slope 20º-28º, 650-750 m
high.
Microbial carbonates 2
16. Tengiz (Carboniferous, Pricaspian Basin)
upper slope cement-rich microbial boundstone (>400m depth)
PROGRADATION
BOUNDSTONE
PROGRADATION
From Kenter, Harris and Della Porta (2005)
1cm
17. Capitan shelf margin (Permian, TX-NM)
upper slope cemented microbial boundstone (30-150m depth)
19 km
progradation
5 km
p g
7 km
progradation
5 km
progradation
•Boundstone (calcisponges, bryozoans,
Tinker (1998)
Archaeolithoporella, botryoidal cement)
•Downslope in-situ boundstone breccias
•Toe of slope minimal platform top input
•Km’s progradation
Outer Shelf
Km s progradation
Reef Margin
High
ReliefSlopes
commonly 20
to >45 degrees
Slope
North McKittrick Canyon 600m
to 45 degrees
Harris and Saller (1999); Garber et al. (1989); Tinker (1998); Wood et al. (1994)
18. Depositional model
late Palaeozoic steep high-relief microbial boundstone slopes
CarboniferousCarboniferous
Northern Spain and
Pricaspian basin
• Microbial dominated margin and slope factory
• Broad depth range (300-400 depth)
Permian
Capitan
Broad depth range (300-400 depth)
• Pervasive marine cementation (stable steep slopes)
• High production rate (400-1000m/My) , km’s
progradation p
Margin
(USA)
progradation
• Detrital “talus” breccias cemented and matrix-free
• Minimal platform top contribution
19. Slope shedding model
Modern coral boundstone marginsLate Palaeozoic microbial boundstone Modern coral boundstone marginsLate Palaeozoic microbial boundstone
margins and slopes
Kenter, Harris and Della Porta 2005
• Slope is “self-nourishing”, little contribution from platform top
• High rates of steep slope progradation at any sea-level stand
• Progradation function of boundstone growth vs. off platform (Highstand) shedding
20. Model for microbial boundstone high-relief slope
Environmental controls on microbial boundstone growth rate and depth window?Environmental controls on microbial boundstone growth rate and depth window?
• Tropical settings
• Highly supersaturated waters: high T , low PCO2, high alkalinity, high pH
• Degradation reactive organic matter (bacteria EPS sponges) oxygen depletion
Leeward Progradational marginsRecent
• Degradation reactive organic matter (bacteria, EPS, sponges), oxygen depletion.
Highstand platform shedding
Lowstand shut down
coral reef-rimmed platforms
Late Palaeozoic
Microbial (cement rich) boundstone
Any SL stand SLOPE shedding
Progradation at any SL standMicrobial (cement-rich) boundstone
Flat-topped platforms
Progradation at any SL stand
Lowstand downslope growth
21. What localizes microbial high-relief margins?
Scotese (2002)
• high relief on antecedent topography
• Confined/restricted basins
• Oxygen-depleted sea floor (sulphate reduction, high alkalinity and increase saturation)
• Mesotrophic … but phosphates inhibit aragonite and cyanobacteria-related precipitation
• Upwelling? Local overturning, no open ocean (deep cold waters reduce saturation)
22. To be insertedl t P l i ith d t d d high li f
Steep slopes vs. ramps: how many “microbial” factories?
To be insertedlate Palaeozoic: many ramps with deep water mud-mounds, rare high-relief
microbial boundstones
Why many ramps with deep water mud mounds did not evolve into high relief?Why many ramps with deep-water mud mounds did not evolve into high-relief?
• Lower production rate confined in deeper water
• did not form in the ideal setting to promote high rates of growth
Did microbial high-relief platforms developed only after major extinction events..
And in specific oceanographic/environmental settings?
How many microbial/ biologically induced carbonate factories?How many microbial/ biologically induced carbonate factories?
• Calci-microbial vs. Heterotrophic bacteria vs. Organo-mineralization
• Or same “passive” precipitation processes have different rates according to
physico-chemical conditions and organic substrates available?p y g
23. Where/What is the carbonate factory sourcing the progradational slope?
Lower-Middle Triassic platforms (Dolomites)
Latemar: Harris 1993, 1996
Marmolada:
Blendinger
1994, 1996
Sella Platform (Keim and Schlager 1999Sella Platform (Keim and Schlager 1999,
2001): Microbial micrite (automicrite)
20% upper slope, down to 200m depth
Cipit Boulders (Russo et al 1997):Cipit Boulders (Russo et al. 1997):
Microbial micrite 60%
24. Lower Jurassic (High Atlas, Morocco) upper slope:
sponge-microbial boundstones downslope of coral reefsp g p
Verwer et al. 2009 JSR, 2009 Sedimentology)
Platform Top Pliensbachian
Platform margin
Slope (500 m relief 29˚ steep)
25. Lower Jurassic (High Atlas, Morocco) upper slope:
sponge-microbial boundstones downslope of coral reefsp g p
Verwer et al. 2009 JSR, 2009 Sedimentology)
5050m
26. Summary
Depositional models based on the Recent need to be revised for margins with
microbial cement boundstone or coral-microbial associations
• High production extended depth window• High production, extended depth window
• Carbonate growth not seriously reduced during sea-level falls
• Progradation of steep slope clinoforms independent from platform top shedding (slope vs.
highstand shedding)
• Revision of leeward progradational vs. windward aggradational margins. Oceanographic control on
margin growth?
The “model” provided for progradational, high relief microbial platform margins
might be considered for other areas and times.
……But many aspects of the microbial boundstone precipitation, cementation,
and slope processes remain poorly understood.
For interpretation, modelling and prediction we need a better understanding of
types, rates and the environmental controls of the “microbial” factories.
Thank you!