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- 1. Introduction to Petroleum Geology
- 2. ABOUT ME: Geoscientist at Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Solutionssegment – Halliburton Former Teaching Assistant of Reservoir Engineering at Baku Higher Oil School Former Intern Geologist and Research Geophysicist at bp Several internships as BEng PetroleumEngineering student EducationalBackground: MSc in Reservoir Evaluation and Management, Baku Higher Oil School BEng in PetroleumEngineering, Baku Higher Oil School
- 3. Outline • Petroleum Systems approach • Geologic principles and geologic time • Rock and minerals, rock cycle, reservoir properties • Hydrocarbon origin, migration and accumulation • Sedimentary environments and facies; stratigraphic traps • Plate tectonics, basin development, structural geology
- 4. Petroleum System - A Definition •A Petroleum System is a dynamic hydrocarbon system that functions in a restricted geologic space and time scale. •A Petroleum System requires timely convergence of geologic events essential to the formation of petroleum deposits. These Include: Mature source rock Hydrocarbon expulsion Hydrocarbon migration Hydrocarbon accumulation Hydrocarbon retention (modified from Demaison and Huizinga, 1994)
- 5. Cross Section Of A Petroleum System Overburden Rock SealRock Reservoir Rock SourceRock Underburden Rock Basement Rock Top Oil Window Top Gas Window Petroleum Reservoir(O) Fold-and-ThrustBelt (arrowsindicate relativefaultmotion) Essential Elements of Petroleum System (modified from Magoon and Dow, 1994) O Sedimentary Basin Fill O Stratigraphic Extent of Petroleum System Pod of Active Source Rock Extent of Prospect/Field O (Foreland Basin Example) Geographic Extent of Petroleum System Extent of Play
- 6. Oil/water contact (OWC) Migration route Seal Reservoir rock Hydrocarbon accumulation in the reservoir rock Top of maturity Source rock Fault (impermeable) Generation, Migration, and Trapping of Hydrocarbons
- 7. Basic Geologic Principles • Uniformitarianism • Original Horizontality • Superposition • Cross-Cutting Relationships
- 9. • Disconformity – An unconformity in which the beds above and below are parallel • Angular Unconformity – An unconformity in which the older bed intersect the younger beds at an angle • Nonconformity – An unconformity in which younger sedimentary rocks overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks Types of Unconformities
- 10. Correlation • Establishes the age equivalence of rock layers in different areas • Methods: – Similar lithology – Similar stratigraphic section – Index fossils – Fossil assemblages – Radioactive age dating
- 11. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Cryptozoic (Precambrian) Phanerozoic Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Millions of years ago Millions of years ago Billions of years ago 0 1 2 3 4 4.6 Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Quaternary period period Eon Era Period Epoch Recent Geologic Time Chart Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Era Tertiary
- 12. Classification of Rocks process Rock-forming Source of material IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Moltenmaterials in deep crustand upper mantle Crystallization (Solidification of melt) Weatheringand erosionof rocks exposedat surface Sedimentation,burial and lithification Rocks under high temperatures and pressuresin deep crust Recrystallization due to heat,pressure,or chemically active fluids
- 13. The Rock Cycle Magma Sedimentary Rock Sediment Metamorphic Rock Heat and Pressure Igneous Rock Weathering, Transportation and Deposition a n i
- 14. Siltstone, mud and shale ~75% Sedimentary Rock Types • Relative abundance Sandstone and conglomerate ~11% Limestone and dolomite ~13%
- 15. Quartz Crystals Naturally Occurring Solid Generally Formed by Inorganic Processes Ordered Internal Arrangement ofAtoms (Crystal Structure) Chemical Composition and Physical Properties Fixed or Vary Within A DefiniteRange Minerals - Definition
- 16. Average Detrital Mineral Composition of Shale and Sandstone Mineral Composition Shale (%) Sandstone (%) Clay Minerals 60 5 Quartz 30 65 Feldspar 4 10-15 Rock Fragments <5 15 Carbonate 3 <1 Organic Matter, Hematite, and Other Minerals <3 <1 (modified from Blatt, 1982)
- 17. The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Minerals Strongly Influence the Composition of Sedimentary Rocks Quartz Feldspar Calcite Mechanically and Chemically Stable Can Survive Transport and Burial Nearly as Hard as Quartz, but Cleavage Lessens Mechanical Stability May be Chemically Unstable in Some Climates and During Burial Mechanically Unstable During Transport Chemically Unstable in Humid Climates Because of Low Hardness, Cleavage, and Reactivity With WeakAcid
- 18. Some Common Minerals Oxides Sulfides Carbonates Sulfates Halides Hematite Pyrite Aragonite Anhydrite Halite Magnetite Galena Sphalerite Calcite Dolomite Fe-Dolomite Ankerite Gypsum Sylvite Silicates Non-Ferromagnesian Ferromagnesian (Common in Sedimentary Rocks) (not common in sedimentary rocks) Quartz Olivine Muscovite (mica) Pyroxene Feldspars Augite Potassiumfeldspar (K-spar) Amphibole Orthoclase Hornblende Microcline, etc. Biotite (mica) Plagioclase Albite (Na-rich - common) through Red = Sedimentary Rock- Anorthite (Ca-rich - not common) Forming Minerals
- 19. The Four Major Components • Framework – Sand (and silt) size detrital grains • Matrix – Clay size detrital material • Cement – Material precipitated post- depositionally, during burial. Cements fill pores and replace framework grains • Pores – Voids between above components
- 20. Scanning Electron Micrograph Norphlet Formation, Offshore Alabama, USA Pores Provide the Volumeto Contain Hydrocarbon Fluids Pore ThroatsRestrict Fluid Flow Pore Throat Porosity in Sandstone
- 21. Jurassic Norphlet Sandstone Hatters Pond Field, Alabama, USA (Photograph byR.L. Kugler) Illite Secondary Electron Micrograph Significant Permeability Reduction Negligible Porosity Reduction High Irreducible Water Saturation Migration of Fines Problem Clay Minerals in Sandstone Reservoirs Fibrous Authigenic Illite
- 22. Jurassic Norphlet Sandstone Offshore Alabama, USA (Photograph byR.L. Kugler) Secondary Electron Micrograph Iron-Rich Varieties React With Acid Occurs in Several Deeply Buried Sandstones With High Reservoir Quality Occurs as Thin Coats on Detrital Grain Surfaces ~ 10 m Clay Minerals in Sandstone Reservoirs Authigenic Chlorite
- 23. Carter Sandstone North Blowhorn Creek Oil Unit Black Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA Secondary Electron Micrograph Significant Permeability Reduction High Irreducible Water Saturation Migration of Fines Problem (Photograph by R.L. Kugler) Clay Minerals in Sandstone Reservoirs Authigenic Kaolinite
- 24. 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 18 Permeability (md) Porosity (%) Authigenic Illite Authigenic Chlorite (modified from Kugler and McHugh, 1990) Effects of Clays on Reservoir Quality
- 25. Structural Clay (Rock Fragments, Rip-Up Clasts, Clay-Replaced Grains) e e Clay Minerals Dispersed Clay DetritalQuartz Grains e Clay Lamination Influence of Clay-Mineral Distribution on Effective Porosity
- 26. Diagenesis Carbonate Cemented Oil Stained Diagenesis is the Post- Depositional Chemical and Mechanical Changes that Occur in Sedimentary Rocks Some Diagenetic Effects Include Compaction Precipitation of Cement Dissolution of Framework Grains and Cement The Effects of Diagenesis May Enhance or Degrade Reservoir Quality Whole Core Misoa Formation, Venezuela
- 27. Thin Section Micrograph - Plane Polarized Light Avile Sandstone, Neuquen Basin,Argentina Dissolution of Framework Grains (Feldspar, for Example) and Cement may Enhance the Interconnected Pore System This is Called Secondary Porosity Pore Quartz Detrital Grain Partially Dissolved Feldspar (Photomicrographby R.L. Kugler) Dissolution Porosity
- 28. Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration, and Accumulation
- 29. Organic Matter in Sedimentary Rocks Reflected-Light Micrograph of Coal Vitrinite Kerogen Disseminated Organic Matter in Sedimentary Rocks That is Insoluble in Oxidizing Acids, Bases, and Organic Solvents. Vitrinite A nonfluorescent type of organic material in petroleum source rocks derived primarily from woody material. The reflectivity of vitrinite is one of the best indicators of coal rank and thermal maturity of petroleum source rock.
- 30. Interpretation of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) (based on early oil window maturity) Hydrocarbon Generation Potential TOC in Shale (wt. %) TOC in Carbonates (wt. %) Poor 0.0-0.5 0.0-0.2 Fair 0.5-1.0 0.2-0.5 Good 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.0 Very Good 2.0-5.0 1.0-2.0 Excellent >5.0 >2.0
- 31. Schematic Representation of the Mechanism of Petroleum Generation and Destruction (modified from Tissot and Welte, 1984) Organic Debris Kerogen Carbon Initial Bitumen Oil and Gas Methane Oil Reservoir Migration Cracking Diagenesis Catagenesis Thermal Degradation Metagenesis Progressive Burial and Heating
- 32. Hydrocarbon Traps • Structural traps • Stratigraphic traps • Combination traps
- 33. Structural Hydrocarbon Traps Salt Diapir Oil/Water Contact Gas Oil/Gas Contact Closure Oil Shale T rap Fracture Basement (modified from Bjorlykke, 1989) Oil Fold Trap Oil Salt Dome
- 34. Oil Sandstone Shale Hydrocarbon Traps - Dome Gas
- 35. Fault Trap Oil / Gas
- 36. Oil/Gas Stratigraphic Hydrocarbon Traps Uncomformity Oil/Gas Channel Pinch Out Oil/Gas (modified from Bjorlykke, 1989) Unconformity Pinch out
- 37. Asphalt Trap Water Meteoric Water Biodegraded Oil/Asphalt Partly BiodegradedOil Hydrodynamic Trap Shale Oil Water Hydrostatic Head (modified from Bjorlykke, 1989) Other Traps
- 38. Heterogeneity
- 39. Reservoir Heterogeneity in Sandstone (Whole Core Photograph,Misoa Sandstone,Venezuela) Heterogeneity Segments Reservoirs IncreasesT ortuosity of Fluid Flow Heterogeneity May Result From: Depositional Features Diagenetic Features
- 40. Reservoir Heterogeneity in Sandstone Heterogeneity Also May Result From: Faults Fractures Faults and Fractures may be Open (Conduits) or Closed (Barriers) to Fluid Flow (Whole Core Photograph,Misoa Sandstone,Venezuela)
- 42. Scales of Geological Reservoir Heterogeneity Field Wide Interwell Well-Bore (modified from Weber,1986) Unaided Eye Hand Lens or Petrographic or Binocular Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Determined From Well Logs, Seismic Lines, Statistical Modeling, etc. 10-100's m 10-100's mm 1-10's m 100's m 10's m 1-10 km 100's m Well Well Interwell Area Reservoir Sandstone
- 43. Scales of Investigation Used in Reservoir Characterization Gigascopic Megascopic Macroscopic Reservoir Model Grid Cell Wireline Log Interval Core Plug Geological Thin Section Relative Volume 1 1014 2 x 10 12 3 x 10 7 5 x 10 2 300 m 50 m Well T est 300 m 5 m 150 m 2 m 1 m cm mm - m Microscopic (modified from Hurst, 1993)
- 44. Stages In The Generation of An Integrated Geological Reservoir Model Core Analysis Log Analysis Well Test Analysis Regional Geologic Framework Depositional Model Diagenetic Model Integrated Geologic Model Model Testing And Revision Structural Model Fluid Model (As Needed) (As Needed) GeologicActivities Applications Studies Reserves Estimation Simulation
- 45. Thanks a lot Everyone!