This document provides an overview of an upcoming webinar from PetroTeach titled "Advanced Analysis of Carbonate Systems" to be presented by Professor Maria Mutti. The webinar will focus on carbonate systems, including the different modes of carbonate precipitation, carbonate producers, depositional environments, facies models, heterogeneity, and case studies of carbonate deposition. It will also discuss geological controls on carbonate deposition through time. The webinar aims to provide advanced concepts for analyzing carbonate rocks and characterizing depositional facies at various scales.

1. World Class Training Solutions

2. 2
Outline
• Brief Introduction to PetroTeach
• Introducing our Distinguished Instructor Maria Mutti
• Introducing Course “Advanced Analysis of Carbonate Systems”
• Webinar Presentation (45 - 60 min.)
• Q&A (10 - 15 min.)
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Advanced Analysis of Carbonate System
Professor Maria Mutti
Monday 21th – 16:00 GMT
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8. Advanced Analysis of
Carbonate Systems
Maria Mutti, Professor and Chair
14.10.2020
World Class Training Solutions
www.petro-teach.com

9. Maria Mutti
PetroTeach
Distinguished Instructor
• Maria Mutti has close to 35 years experience in the study of
carbonate rocks, training, consulting and development of
research programs in carbonate geology.
• She holds a MSc. of Geoscience from University of Bologna and
from University of Wisconsin-Madison, a PhD from University of
Milan. She held research positions at ETH Zürich and Woods
Hole Ocenographic Institution, and faculty positions at the
University of Southern California in Los Angeles and University
of Potsdam
• She is active member of EAGE, AAPG as well as past president
of the Society of Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) and past Vice-
president of the International Associaton of Sedimentologists
(IAS). She has worked in the IODP as
Advanced Analysis of Carbonate Systems 9

10. 10
Advanced Analysis of
Carbonate Systems
Maria Mutti
Professor and Chair
Webinar on 14.10.2020

11. Relevance-
Why carbonate systems?
• Very significant reservoirs worldwide-oil and
gas, but also geothermics, CCS etc.
• Porous and heterogeneous-very complex to
the untrained eye
• Witnesses of changes Earth History
© Maria Mutti, Webinar 14.10.2020

12. Carbonate Systems
High variability and diversity of
facies over short distances
Source:http://images.fotocommunity.de/bilder/queensland/great-barrier-reef
Stromatolites, Shark Bay
Great Barrier Reef
Andros Oiid Shoals
Andros Tidal Flats

13. A fundamental question: where is the
carbonate sediment coming from?
Pomar and Haq, 2017

14. Three modes of precipitation • Biotically controlled:
form and composition of
mineral are determined
by organisms
• Abiotic precipitation is
controlled by saturation
state and reaction
kinetics within water
• Biotically induced
precipitation when
organisms perturb the
environment to induce
precipitation
Carbonate
precipitation
Abiotic Biotic
Biotically controlled
skeletal
Biotically induced
mainly microbial
Heterotrophic Autotrophic
photosynthesis
“Cascade of options”
(W. Schlager, 2003)

15. Autotrophic carbonate producers
Green algae
Red algae
Coccolithophorid algae
Larger Foraminifera
Hermatypic Corals (Scleratinia)
Certain Bivalves (Tridacnids, rudists?)
Cyanobacteria (biotically induces precipitates)

16. Light-depedancy as key factor
Light is most important control on skeletal
carbonate precipitation because of dominance
of photo-autotrophic organisms in carbonate
production
Basic reaction in photosynthesis:
Where HCHO represents organic matter produced in
a photosythesizing organism. Photosynthesis
extracts CO2 from sea water, thus increasing its
carbonate saturation
CO2 + H2O + solar energy HCHO + O2

17. Heterotrophic carbonate producers
Foraminifera
Bryozoa
Brachiopods
Most bivalves
Gastropods
Echinoderms
Arthropods
Ahermatypic corals
red algae
bryozoa
bivalves

18. 18
Modern Carbonate Associations

19. Heterozoan vs. Photozoan producers
James (1997)
Distribution is controlled by latitude and oceanography
Eastern margins (upwelling)> Heterozoan in the tropics

20. Carbonate producers, factories and carbonate
platform morphologies
The three modes of carbonate
precipitation combine in various
proportions to form the “carbonate
production factories”, which cause
the typical arrangements in space
called carbonate platforms

21. Facies, depositional environments
and facies models
Shinn, 1983 Shinn, 1983
Humid Tidal Flat Model Arid Tidal Flat Model

22. Morphometrics- a new quantititave approach to facies characterization
Purkis et al. 2015

23. High variability and diversity of textures, facies
and geometries- high heterogeneity
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.01.005

24. Geological Reality: superposition of landscapes
Sequence stratigraphy as a tool to
integrate lanscapes through time

25. Carbonate producers change through geological time
Actualistic models of biota
distribution and environmental
significance are increasingly
difficult to apply back in time
Stanley et al., 2002

26. Evolution- Factories throughout Earth History
• Evolution and
changes in
ecology have
affected the
relative roles of
the three modes
of carbonate
production and
relative
distribution of the
carbonate
factories

27. 27
High variability and diversity
of depositional geometries: two case studies
(Middle Jurassic and Miocene)
From IPCC Report, 2007, Chapter 6

28. Bajocian (Middle Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco)
• Ramp, greenhouse conditions, land-attached

29. • Study window: 1 x 1 x 0.1 Km
• 19 closely-spaced sections
• ~100 thin-sections
Field Data Set
100m
1 Km
100m
1 Km
Bajocian carbonate ramp (High Atlas, Morocco)

30. Oolitic grainstone
(Inner shoal)
Peloidal grainstone
(Outer shoal)
Oncoidal rudstone
(Foreshoal)
Facies types and depositional profile
2 mm
2 mm
2 mm
Amour et al., 2013

31. Vertical stacking patterns

32. Vertical stacking patterns and Walther‘s Law
• Superposition of two “depositional modes” muddy carbonate ramp oolitic
carbonate ramp
x
• Depositional environments change fundamentally
rather than migrate laterally
Pierre et al., 2010

33. Amour et al., 2013
The oolitic ramp in space and time

34. The oolitic shoals

35. Facies heterogeneity
Vertical exaggeration: 2
Inner shoal
Outer shoal

36. The heterogeneity is
scale-dependent

37. The Island
170 m

38. Model A with TGSim alg.
(Truncated Gaussian Simulation)
E
Model B with SISim alg.
(Sequential Indicator Simulation)
E W
Model C with IK alg.
(Indicator Kriging)
E W
Amour et al., 2012
Same data input Different final 3-D facies model
Evaluation of stochastic algorithms

39. Environments of deposition require modeling with a smoother
algorithm (TGSim), while patchy facies modelling within the
EODs is best done with SISim
Algorithms and their modelling capabilities
• We tested the capabilities and drawbacks of several algorithms.
• The Truncated Gaussian Simulation (TGSim) algorithm allows imposition of laterally
ordered environments of deposition, respecting water depth transitions
• Sequential Indicator Simulation (SISim) simulates each facies body individually and
could be influenced by a conditioning probability property.
• We found TGSim to be adequate to simulate the proximal-distal trend between the
inner and middle ramp EODs, but TGSim can not honor the mosaic-like distribution
of facies types.
• The resulting modeling strategy then combines the capabilities of both algorithms by
applying TGSim to model environments of deposition and using SISim to simulate
facies within each environment of deposition

40. Miocene
Carbonate Deposition
in the Mediterranean
(Early Miocene)
Porites reef
• Ramp to steep platforms
• Icehouse climate
Shallow-water carbonates
Emerged land

41. 41
Evolution of major ocean
gateways since the Eocene
modified from Hay (1996)

42. 42
Cenozoic Cooling

43. 43
Modern Carbonate Associations

44. 44
Early Miocene Coral Reefs
modified from Franseen et al., 1996

45. 45
Late Miocene Coral Reefs
modified from Franseen et al., 1996

46. Depositional Models of
Heterozoan Carbonates in
the Spanish Betic Cordillera

47. Coral Reef Episodes
Tortonian
Messinian
Messinian fringing reefs

48. From ramp to high-angle clinoforms:
biogenic influence on platform architecture
outer rampmiddle ramp –
longshore bars
inner ramp - beach
not to scale
NW SE
1 a
1 b
2m

49. Tomás et al. 2010

50. VT 2
VT 1
VT 4
VT 5
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2 1
17
16
18
20
19
21
22
23
24
252627
34
35
36
37
38
28
2930
31
3233
Clinoforms made
of red algal nodules

51. Heterozoan biota at low latitudes

52. 52
Dominance of red algae: a community shift
biosphere response to Miocene climatic events
Halfar & Mutti, 2005
Halfar & Mutti, 2005

53. Ginés et al., 2012
Pomar, 1991
Pomar et al., 1996
Carbonate sediment production
in the reference model
Tella et al., in prep

54. Advanced Analysis of Carbonate Systems (online)
24-25 Nov. 2020 and 16-17 February 2021
Register@petro-teach.com
Learning Objectives and Themes
Participants in this course will develop an improved knowledge of how carbonate production modes,
carbonate facies, geometry and stratigraphy and how these impact carbonate systems at different
scales, as well as impacts on rock typing and pore type. Understanding the different controls and
scales over vertical and lateral distribution of properties is critical for reducing the risk of
inappropriate strategies and for the successful exploration and development of carbonate reservoirs.
Several cases studies will illustrate controls over carbonate heterogeneity and how predictive
models for inter-well scale variations can benefit from well-exposed outcrop studies.
The course will introduce 1) advanced concepts in the analysis of carbonate rocks, 2) conceptual
and technical tools to characterize depositional and petrophysical facies, depositional sequences
and stratigraphic packaging, 3) compare and contrast carbonate versus clastic systems, 4) global
and regional controls over carbonate deposition, 5) the elements of depositional morphologies and
large-scale geometries of carbonate accumulations (platforms, slopes and basins), 5) highlight
practices of 1d, 2d ad 3d analysis of carbonate systems, as well as discuss which inputs are
important for both static and forward modelling.
Course price (Euro):
• Normal registration:1490+VAT
• 20% DISCOUNT, Group (≥ 3 person) and early bird registrants (2 week before)
• for PhD students 780 +VAT
54

55. Thank You
Any Questions ?
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56. 56
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