This document introduces a new risk management framework called ERMOCTAVE for assessing risks associated with adopting cloud computing. ERMOCTAVE combines two existing risk management methods - Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE). It structures the processes of OCTAVE into three phases and maps the components of ERM to each phase to provide a more comprehensive approach. The document then describes ERMOCTAVE in detail and provides a case study example of how it can be applied by a company migrating parts of its system to Microsoft Azure cloud.
MANAGING SECURITY AND COMPLIANCE RISKS OF OUTSOURCED IT PROJECTScsandit
Several constraints, such as business, financial, and legal can lead organizations to outsource some of their IT services. Consequently, this might introduce different security risks to major security services such as confidentiality, integrity and availability. Analysing and managing the potential security risks in the early stages of project execution allows organizations to avoid or minimize such security risks. In this paper, we propose an approach that is capable of managing the security and compliance risks of outsourced IT projects. Such an approach aims to allow organizations to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate security risks in the early stages of project execution. It is designed to manage variation in security requirements, as well as provide a methodology to guide organizations for the purpose of security management and implementation
Cybersecurity risks must be addressed at the executive level through an enterprise-wide risk management framework. While cybersecurity has traditionally been viewed as a technical issue managed by IT, it is critical that top management be fully engaged in cybersecurity risk governance to ensure proper protection is incorporated as a business goal. There are various models for integrating cybersecurity management into risk management structures, with the most effective approach ensuring board visibility, balanced governance of both IT and non-IT risks, and authority across the organization to enforce protocols.
This document provides a risk assessment report on cloud computing. It begins with an abstract discussing how cloud computing has increased risks that consumers should be aware of. It then presents an introduction on cloud computing and the need for risk assessment. Several existing risk assessment approaches are studied. The discussion section analyzes previous risk assessment methods. It finds that while approaches assess risks for consumers, a complete qualitative or quantitative risk assessment method is still needed. The conclusion is that trust between consumers and providers requires a structured risk assessment approach that covers all domains.
A predictive framework for cyber security analytics using attack graphsIJCNCJournal
Security metrics serve as a powerful tool for organizations to understand the effectiveness of protecting computer networks. However majority of these measurement techniques don’t adequately help corporations to make informed risk management decisions. In this paper we present a stochastic security framework for obtaining quantitative measures of security by taking into account the dynamic attributes associated with vulnerabilities that can change over time. Our model is novel as existing research in attack graph analysis do not consider the temporal aspects associated with the vulnerabilities, such as the availability of exploits and patches which can affect the overall network security based on how the vulnerabilities are interconnected and leveraged to compromise the system. In order to have a more realistic representation of how the security state of the network would vary over time, a nonhomogeneous model is developed which incorporates a time dependent covariate, namely the vulnerability age. The daily transition-probability matrices are estimated using Frei's Vulnerability Lifecycle model. We also leverage the trusted CVSS metric domain to analyze how the total exploitability and impact measures evolve over a time period for a given network.
SBIC Report : Transforming Information Security: Future-Proofing ProcessesEMC
The report recommends that security teams shift their focus from technical assets to protecting critical business processes. It also suggests instituting methods for describing cybersecurity risks to businesses in financial terms and establishing automated, business-centric risk assessment processes. Additionally, the report advises developing the capability to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of security controls through evidence-based methods and informed data collection.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE Walid.docxMargenePurnell14
This document provides an overview of standards for information security risk management, highlighting challenges in implementing assessments and drivers for adopting standards. It analyzes frameworks including ISO 27001, ISO 27002, ISO 27005, ITIL, COBIT, Risk IT, Basel II, PCI DSS, and OCTAVE. While these frameworks provide guidance, there is no single best solution, and organizations face challenges selecting and properly implementing a framework given their unique needs and resources. The document concludes more research is needed to guide selection of the most appropriate framework.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE Walid.docxbagotjesusa
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE
Walid Al-Ahmad, Bassil Mohammed, Vol. 2, No. 2
28
Addressing Information Security Risks by Adopting
Standards
Walid Al-Ahmad*‡, Bassil Mohammad**
*Computer Science Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Gulf University for Science & Technology, Kuwait
**Ernst & Young, Amman, Jordan
‡
P.O.Box 7207 Hawally, 32093 Kuwait, Tel: +96525307321, Fax: +965 25307030, e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract- Modern society depends on information technology in nearly every facet of human activity including, finance,
transportation, education, government, and defense. Organizations are exposed to various and increasing kinds of risks,
including information technology risks. Several standards, best practices, and frameworks have been created to help
organizations manage these risks. The purpose of this research work is to highlight the challenges facing enterprises in their
efforts to properly manage information security risks when adopting international standards and frameworks. To assist in
selecting the best framework to use in risk management, the article presents an overview of the most popular and widely used
standards and identifies selection criteria. It suggests an approach to proper implementation as well. A set of recommendations
is put forward with further research opportunities on the subject.
Keywords- Information security; risk management; security frameworks; security standards; security management.
1. Introduction
The use of technology is increasingly covering
most aspects of our daily life. Businesses which
are heavily dependent on this technology use
information systems which were designed and
implemented with concentration on functionality,
costs reduction and ease of use. Information
security was not incorporated early enough into
systems and only recently has it started to get the
warranted attention. Accordingly, there is a need to
identify and manage these hidden weaknesses,
referred to as systems vulnerabilities, and to limit
their damaging impact on the information systems
integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Vulnerabilities are exploited by attacks which are
becoming more targeted and sophisticated.
Attacking techniques and methods are virtually
countless and are evolving tremendously [1, 2].
In any enterprise, information security risks
must be identified, evaluated, analyzed, treated and
properly reported. Businesses that fail in
identifying the risks associated with the
technology they use, the people they employ, or
the environment where they operate usually
subject their business to unforeseen consequences
that might result in severe damage to the business
[3]. Therefore, it is critical to establish reliable
information security risk assessment and treatment
frameworks to guide organizations during the risk
management process.
Because risks cannot be complete.
An Effective Cybersecurity Awareness Training Model: First Defense of an Orga...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the importance of cybersecurity awareness training for organizations and proposes an effective training model. It analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance security awareness programs. Specifically, it examines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and how AI-enabled tools like the viCyber system can help design training based on the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework. The study concludes that regular, comprehensive security awareness training is critical to address the human factors that can weaken an organization's cyber defenses. AI tools show promise in developing trainings but require further evaluation of their usability and reliability.
MANAGING SECURITY AND COMPLIANCE RISKS OF OUTSOURCED IT PROJECTScsandit
Several constraints, such as business, financial, and legal can lead organizations to outsource some of their IT services. Consequently, this might introduce different security risks to major security services such as confidentiality, integrity and availability. Analysing and managing the potential security risks in the early stages of project execution allows organizations to avoid or minimize such security risks. In this paper, we propose an approach that is capable of managing the security and compliance risks of outsourced IT projects. Such an approach aims to allow organizations to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate security risks in the early stages of project execution. It is designed to manage variation in security requirements, as well as provide a methodology to guide organizations for the purpose of security management and implementation
Cybersecurity risks must be addressed at the executive level through an enterprise-wide risk management framework. While cybersecurity has traditionally been viewed as a technical issue managed by IT, it is critical that top management be fully engaged in cybersecurity risk governance to ensure proper protection is incorporated as a business goal. There are various models for integrating cybersecurity management into risk management structures, with the most effective approach ensuring board visibility, balanced governance of both IT and non-IT risks, and authority across the organization to enforce protocols.
This document provides a risk assessment report on cloud computing. It begins with an abstract discussing how cloud computing has increased risks that consumers should be aware of. It then presents an introduction on cloud computing and the need for risk assessment. Several existing risk assessment approaches are studied. The discussion section analyzes previous risk assessment methods. It finds that while approaches assess risks for consumers, a complete qualitative or quantitative risk assessment method is still needed. The conclusion is that trust between consumers and providers requires a structured risk assessment approach that covers all domains.
A predictive framework for cyber security analytics using attack graphsIJCNCJournal
Security metrics serve as a powerful tool for organizations to understand the effectiveness of protecting computer networks. However majority of these measurement techniques don’t adequately help corporations to make informed risk management decisions. In this paper we present a stochastic security framework for obtaining quantitative measures of security by taking into account the dynamic attributes associated with vulnerabilities that can change over time. Our model is novel as existing research in attack graph analysis do not consider the temporal aspects associated with the vulnerabilities, such as the availability of exploits and patches which can affect the overall network security based on how the vulnerabilities are interconnected and leveraged to compromise the system. In order to have a more realistic representation of how the security state of the network would vary over time, a nonhomogeneous model is developed which incorporates a time dependent covariate, namely the vulnerability age. The daily transition-probability matrices are estimated using Frei's Vulnerability Lifecycle model. We also leverage the trusted CVSS metric domain to analyze how the total exploitability and impact measures evolve over a time period for a given network.
SBIC Report : Transforming Information Security: Future-Proofing ProcessesEMC
The report recommends that security teams shift their focus from technical assets to protecting critical business processes. It also suggests instituting methods for describing cybersecurity risks to businesses in financial terms and establishing automated, business-centric risk assessment processes. Additionally, the report advises developing the capability to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of security controls through evidence-based methods and informed data collection.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE Walid.docxMargenePurnell14
This document provides an overview of standards for information security risk management, highlighting challenges in implementing assessments and drivers for adopting standards. It analyzes frameworks including ISO 27001, ISO 27002, ISO 27005, ITIL, COBIT, Risk IT, Basel II, PCI DSS, and OCTAVE. While these frameworks provide guidance, there is no single best solution, and organizations face challenges selecting and properly implementing a framework given their unique needs and resources. The document concludes more research is needed to guide selection of the most appropriate framework.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE Walid.docxbagotjesusa
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE
Walid Al-Ahmad, Bassil Mohammed, Vol. 2, No. 2
28
Addressing Information Security Risks by Adopting
Standards
Walid Al-Ahmad*‡, Bassil Mohammad**
*Computer Science Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Gulf University for Science & Technology, Kuwait
**Ernst & Young, Amman, Jordan
‡
P.O.Box 7207 Hawally, 32093 Kuwait, Tel: +96525307321, Fax: +965 25307030, e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract- Modern society depends on information technology in nearly every facet of human activity including, finance,
transportation, education, government, and defense. Organizations are exposed to various and increasing kinds of risks,
including information technology risks. Several standards, best practices, and frameworks have been created to help
organizations manage these risks. The purpose of this research work is to highlight the challenges facing enterprises in their
efforts to properly manage information security risks when adopting international standards and frameworks. To assist in
selecting the best framework to use in risk management, the article presents an overview of the most popular and widely used
standards and identifies selection criteria. It suggests an approach to proper implementation as well. A set of recommendations
is put forward with further research opportunities on the subject.
Keywords- Information security; risk management; security frameworks; security standards; security management.
1. Introduction
The use of technology is increasingly covering
most aspects of our daily life. Businesses which
are heavily dependent on this technology use
information systems which were designed and
implemented with concentration on functionality,
costs reduction and ease of use. Information
security was not incorporated early enough into
systems and only recently has it started to get the
warranted attention. Accordingly, there is a need to
identify and manage these hidden weaknesses,
referred to as systems vulnerabilities, and to limit
their damaging impact on the information systems
integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Vulnerabilities are exploited by attacks which are
becoming more targeted and sophisticated.
Attacking techniques and methods are virtually
countless and are evolving tremendously [1, 2].
In any enterprise, information security risks
must be identified, evaluated, analyzed, treated and
properly reported. Businesses that fail in
identifying the risks associated with the
technology they use, the people they employ, or
the environment where they operate usually
subject their business to unforeseen consequences
that might result in severe damage to the business
[3]. Therefore, it is critical to establish reliable
information security risk assessment and treatment
frameworks to guide organizations during the risk
management process.
Because risks cannot be complete.
An Effective Cybersecurity Awareness Training Model: First Defense of an Orga...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the importance of cybersecurity awareness training for organizations and proposes an effective training model. It analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance security awareness programs. Specifically, it examines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and how AI-enabled tools like the viCyber system can help design training based on the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework. The study concludes that regular, comprehensive security awareness training is critical to address the human factors that can weaken an organization's cyber defenses. AI tools show promise in developing trainings but require further evaluation of their usability and reliability.
This document discusses tools and techniques for evaluating risks to IT assets and prioritizing risk mitigation efforts. It proposes integrating various applications that contain relevant asset data, such as inventory, procurement and project management systems, to automatically value assets and services. This would help risk managers understand the potential costs of vulnerabilities and quantify risks to prioritize remediation activities based on solid metrics. The document emphasizes using all aspects of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (base, temporal and environmental scores) to accurately assess vulnerability risk levels for an organization.
This document outlines a 5-step process for managing organizational ICT security:
1. Identify the organization's business objectives to ensure ICT resources support them.
2. Identify all ICT resources, including network infrastructure, servers, user devices, and hardware.
3. Identify and assess risks to ICT resources, such as theft, damage, and unauthorized access, and prioritize them based on likelihood and cost.
4. Develop activities to mitigate risks through a 7-layered approach involving policies, physical security, perimeter controls, internal access management, host protection, and application hardening.
5. Implement and monitor the security program with roles for the CIO, CISO, ICT
The Security and Compliance Plan for Maxistar Medical Supplies Company Abdulrahman Alamri
The document outlines Maxistar Medical Supplies Company's new Security and Compliance Plan. It identifies known risks in their current system, including issues with change control, access controls, network architecture, data center location, and lack of data encryption. It proposes implementing the NIST Risk Management Framework to address risks. The new plan includes 5 phases to improve access controls, change management processes, network security, database encryption, and security monitoring. It selects common security standards from NIST 800-53, PCI DSS, and HIPAA to ensure compliance.
Numerous security metrics have been proposed in the past for protecting computer networks.
However we still lack effective techniques to accurately measure the predictive security risk of
an enterprise taking into account the dynamic attributes associated with vulnerabilities that can
change over time. In this paper we present a stochastic security framework for obtaining
quantitative measures of security using attack graphs. Our model is novel as existing research
in attack graph analysis do not consider the temporal aspects associated with the
vulnerabilities, such as the availability of exploits and patches which can affect the overall
network security based on how the vulnerabilities are interconnected and leveraged to
compromise the system. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between
vulnerabilities and their lifecycle events can provide security practitioners a better
understanding of their state of security. In order to have a more realistic representation of how
the security state of the network would vary over time, a nonhomogeneous model is developed
which incorporates a time dependent covariate, namely the vulnerability age. The daily
transition-probability matrices are estimated using Frei's Vulnerability Lifecycle model. We
also leverage the trusted CVSS metric domain to analyze how the total exploitability and impact
measures evolve over a time period for a given network.
PREDICTIVE CYBER SECURITY ANALYTICS FRAMEWORK: A NONHOMOGENOUS MARKOV MODEL F...cscpconf
Numerous security metrics have been proposed in the past for protecting computer networks.
However we still lack effective techniques to accurately measure the predictive security risk of
an enterprise taking into account the dynamic attributes associated with vulnerabilities that can
change over time. In this paper we present a stochastic security framework for obtaining
quantitative measures of security using attack graphs. Our model is novel as existing research
in attack graph analysis do not consider the temporal aspects associated with the
vulnerabilities, such as the availability of exploits and patches which can affect the overall
network security based on how the vulnerabilities are interconnected and leveraged to
compromise the system. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between
vulnerabilities and their lifecycle events can provide security practitioners a better
understanding of their state of security. In order to have a more realistic representation of how
the security state of the network would vary over time, a nonhomogeneous model is developed
which incorporates a time dependent covariate, namely the vulnerability age. The daily
transition-probability matrices are estimated using Frei's Vulnerability Lifecycle model. We
also leverage the trusted CVSS metric domain to analyze how the total exploitability and impact
measures evolve over a time period for a given network.
Risk Management of Secure Cloud in Higher Educational Institutionijtsrd
Cloud Computing is one of the most widely used today in higher educational institutions and other business organizations. It provides many advantages for higher educational institutions by sharing IT services on cloud. However, a cloud provider needs to manage the cloud computing environment risks in order to identify, assess, and prioritize the risks in order to mitigate those risks, improve security and confidence in cloud services. Risk assessment is a core of risk management, estimates and prioritizes risks to reduce their impact and maximize the benefits of cloud computing for higher educational institutions. Fuzzy Logic is adopted to deal with insufficient information and estimate the severity and the likelihood of each risk mathematically. The proposed framework identifies the security risk factors for higher educational institution in cloud computing and how to measure and evaluate based on Fuzzy Logic. It can improve the accuracy and efficiency of cloud security risk assessment on the basis of previous research results. Moe Moe San | Khin May Win "Risk Management of Secure Cloud in Higher Educational Institution" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26638.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/26638/risk-management-of-secure-cloud-in-higher-educational-institution/moe-moe-san
The document provides details about a presentation on risk assessment and internal controls in IT enabled environments. It discusses:
1. How risk assessment involves identifying threats, vulnerabilities, assets, impact, and likelihood to understand risks. Internal controls can then reduce probability of threats or vulnerabilities.
2. Two case studies - how eBay India assessed risks to critical business processes and IT systems, finding sales systems high risk. And for a law firm, case proceeding and client databases were high risk due to data stored.
3. How risk management involves assessing risks, selecting controls, and accepting residual risks, with the goal of supporting business objectives.
Review on Security Aspects for Cloud Architecture IJECEIAES
Cloud computing is one of the fastest growing and popular technology in the field of computing. As the concept of cloud computing was introduced in 2006. Since then large number of IT industries join the queue to develop many cloud services and put sensitive information over cloud. In fact cloud computing is no doubt the great innovation in the field of computing but at the same time also poses many challenges. Since a large number of organizations migrate their business to cloud and hence it appears as an attractive target for the malicious attack. The purpose of the paper is to review the available literature for security concerns and highlight a relationship between vulnerabilities, attacks and threats in SaaS model. A mapping is being presented to highlight the impact of vulnerabilities and attacks.
Efficacy of OCTAVE Risk Assessment Methodology in Information Systems Organiz...Editor IJCATR
With the increasing use of computers in business information security has also become a key issue in organizations. Risk assessment in organizations is vital in order to identify threats and take appropriate measures. There are various risk assessment methodologies exist which organizations use for risk assessment depending the type and need of organizations. In this research OCTAVE methodology has been used following a comparative study of various methodologies due to its flexibility and simplicity. The methodology was implemented in a financial institution and results of its efficacy have been discussed.
Conceptual integration of enterprise architecture management and security ris...christophefeltus
This document discusses conceptualizing an integration between Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) and Information System Security Risk Management (ISSRM). It proposes mapping concepts from an ISSRM domain model to the ArchiMate enterprise architecture modeling language. This would allow security risks and their impacts on business services to be represented and analyzed within an enterprise architecture. Key concepts from ISSRM like assets, security goals, risks, and treatments are mapped to equivalent concepts in ArchiMate's business, application and technology layers. The mapping is meant to support a risk-oriented design of an enterprise architecture that meets business services' security goals.
This document discusses conceptualizing an integration between Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) and Information System Security Risk Management (ISSRM). It proposes mapping concepts from an ISSRM domain model to the ArchiMate enterprise architecture modeling language. This would allow security risks and their impacts on business services to be represented and analyzed within an enterprise's architecture. Key concepts from ISSRM like assets, security goals, risks and treatments are mapped to equivalent concepts in ArchiMate's business, application and technology layers. The mapping is meant to support a risk-oriented design of an enterprise architecture that meets business services' security goals.
mandate from senior management
This document discusses the relationship between information security and compliance teams and how their alignment is important for managing risks when using cloud computing. It notes that security and compliance teams sometimes have differing priorities that can cause friction. However, the use of cloud computing, where many security controls are managed by external providers, requires close coordination between the two functions. The document provides recommendations for how security and compliance teams can forge a stronger alliance, including through the use of cross-functional "tiger teams" and toolset standardization. Close collaboration is needed to effectively evaluate cloud security and ensure regulatory compliance.
Home
Editor’s Note
Risk Management
Frameworks
for Cloud Security
This document discusses the risks associated with cloud computing. It begins by introducing two types of cloud providers: cloud service providers that offer SaaS or PaaS, and infrastructure providers that offer IaaS. It then outlines several security concerns with cloud computing like secure data transfer and access control. The document also lists potential risks to cloud solutions like not meeting economic objectives, not being scalable, or experiencing a catastrophe. It advocates for risk management practices and outlines steps for enterprise-wide risk management. Finally, it details several types of risks in cloud computing like misuse, insecure interfaces, data loss or leakage, and hijacking.
A Review On Data Security In Cloud ComputingYolanda Ivey
This document provides a review of approaches for ensuring data security in cloud computing. It summarizes 31 research papers on this topic published between 2007-2014. The key findings are:
1) The majority of approaches (45%) ensured data security through encryption methods like RSA encryption, merging Playfair and Vigenere ciphers with DES, and using SSL encryption.
2) Other common approaches included proposing guidelines (21%) and frameworks (16%) for data security, and using homomorphic tokens (7%) to enable encrypted data comparisons.
3) The approaches were categorized based on the technique used, with encryption being the most frequent, followed by guidelines, frameworks, homomorphic tokens, and other methods like harmonizing
This document provides an overview and introduction to Microsoft's Security Risk Management Guide. It discusses the challenges of managing security risks in today's environment and introduces a four-phase security risk management process developed by Microsoft. The process uses both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods to identify, analyze, and prioritize security risks. It then provides frameworks for making risk management decisions and measuring the effectiveness of security controls. The guide is intended to help organizations of all sizes establish a formal security risk management program to proactively manage risks in a cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Microsoft's Security Risk Management Guide. It discusses the challenges of managing security risks in today's environment and introduces a four-phase security risk management process developed by Microsoft. The process uses both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods to identify, analyze, and prioritize security risks. It then provides frameworks for making risk management decisions and measuring the effectiveness of security controls. The guide is intended to help organizations of all sizes establish a formal security risk management program to proactively manage risks in a cost-effective manner.
Information Security Assessment Dammam Technical College Infor.docxjaggernaoma
This document provides an information security assessment for Dammam Technical College. It begins with an introduction that outlines the organization's description, goals, structure, and security requirements. It then discusses plans for the project, including analyzing the IT architecture, identifying security threats and controls, performing a security evaluation, and proposing security improvements. The remainder of the document is structured to cover each of these planned sections in detail. It aims to analyze the current IT systems and infrastructure, evaluate security risks, and make recommendations to enhance the information security posture of the organization.
Iaetsd design and implementation of secure cloud systems usingIaetsd Iaetsd
The document proposes a Business Continuity Management (BCM) framework to address data security issues when transforming cloud systems into a meta cloud. BCM is a holistic management process that identifies risks and reduces the impacts of data leakage. It involves understanding the organization, determining continuity strategies, developing response plans, and exercising/reviewing plans. The framework contains components like business continuity leads, working groups, and links to emergency preparedness. It uses a plan-do-check-act approach and aims to embed continuity into the organization's culture.
Dalam dunia keamanan siber, sinergi antara berbagai proses memiliki peran yang sangat penting. Salah satu proses atau framework yang tengah menjadi sorotan dan menarik perhatian luas adalah Detection Engineering. Proses Detection Engineering ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan struktur dan pengorganisasian dalam pembuatan detection use case atau rules di Security Operation Center (SOC). Detection Engineering bisa dikatakan masih baru dalam dunia keamanan siber, sehingga terdapat banyak peluang untuk membuat keseluruhan prosesnya menjadi lebih baik. Salah satu hal yang masih terlupakan adalah integrasi antara proses Detection Engineering dan Threat Modeling. Biasanya, Threat Modeling lebih berfokus pada solusi pencegahan dan mitigasi resiko secara langsung dan melupakanan komponen deteksi ketika pencegahan dan mitigasi tersebut gagal dalam menjalankan fungsinya. Dalam makalah ini, kami memperkenalkan paradigma baru dengan mengintegrasikan Detection Engineering ke dalam proses Threat Modeling. Pendekatan ini menjadikan Detection sebagai langkah proaktif tambahan, yang dapat menjadi lapisan pertahanan ekstra ketika kontrol pencegahan dan mitigasi akhirnya gagal dalam menghadapi ancaman sesungguhnya.
Group Presentation Once during the quarter, each student will.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Presentation
: Once during the quarter, each student will prepare a brief presentation on a specific neighborhood, a racial or cultural group, or a historical event, migration or shift in the urban landscape,
related to the themes for that week
. Students will select preferred weeks in advance and be scheduled by Week 2 as best as your professor can allow. The presentation is open in form and format but should be 20 minutes in duration, consist mostly of your own original words and discussion, but involve some form of visual, quotes, or data, and represent some amount of additional research beyond the readings for that week, and include 5 or more questions for discussion to be presented to the class. Your group grade will reflect an average of 4 grades in content, delivery, relevance and engagement with the class in discussion.
.
Group Presentation Outline
•
Slide 1: Title slide
•
This contains your topic title, your names, and the course.
•
Slide 2: Introduction slide
•
Remember that you are presenting this information to others. Acknowledge the audience, and mention the purpose of the
presentation.
•
This slide should contain at least 50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Slides 3–10 (or more): Content slides
•
Describe the topic and structure
•
Outline and discuss the issues/components each separately
•
Discuss theories, laws, policies, and other labor relations related topics
•
Provide support for your perspective and analysis
•
Lessons learned documented, what you have learned
•
Conclusion
•
The slides should each contain at least
50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Final slide(s): Reference slide(s)
•
List your references according to the APA sty
.
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Numerous security metrics have been proposed in the past for protecting computer networks.
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quantitative measures of security using attack graphs. Our model is novel as existing research
in attack graph analysis do not consider the temporal aspects associated with the
vulnerabilities, such as the availability of exploits and patches which can affect the overall
network security based on how the vulnerabilities are interconnected and leveraged to
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vulnerabilities and their lifecycle events can provide security practitioners a better
understanding of their state of security. In order to have a more realistic representation of how
the security state of the network would vary over time, a nonhomogeneous model is developed
which incorporates a time dependent covariate, namely the vulnerability age. The daily
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PREDICTIVE CYBER SECURITY ANALYTICS FRAMEWORK: A NONHOMOGENOUS MARKOV MODEL F...cscpconf
Numerous security metrics have been proposed in the past for protecting computer networks.
However we still lack effective techniques to accurately measure the predictive security risk of
an enterprise taking into account the dynamic attributes associated with vulnerabilities that can
change over time. In this paper we present a stochastic security framework for obtaining
quantitative measures of security using attack graphs. Our model is novel as existing research
in attack graph analysis do not consider the temporal aspects associated with the
vulnerabilities, such as the availability of exploits and patches which can affect the overall
network security based on how the vulnerabilities are interconnected and leveraged to
compromise the system. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between
vulnerabilities and their lifecycle events can provide security practitioners a better
understanding of their state of security. In order to have a more realistic representation of how
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transition-probability matrices are estimated using Frei's Vulnerability Lifecycle model. We
also leverage the trusted CVSS metric domain to analyze how the total exploitability and impact
measures evolve over a time period for a given network.
Risk Management of Secure Cloud in Higher Educational Institutionijtsrd
Cloud Computing is one of the most widely used today in higher educational institutions and other business organizations. It provides many advantages for higher educational institutions by sharing IT services on cloud. However, a cloud provider needs to manage the cloud computing environment risks in order to identify, assess, and prioritize the risks in order to mitigate those risks, improve security and confidence in cloud services. Risk assessment is a core of risk management, estimates and prioritizes risks to reduce their impact and maximize the benefits of cloud computing for higher educational institutions. Fuzzy Logic is adopted to deal with insufficient information and estimate the severity and the likelihood of each risk mathematically. The proposed framework identifies the security risk factors for higher educational institution in cloud computing and how to measure and evaluate based on Fuzzy Logic. It can improve the accuracy and efficiency of cloud security risk assessment on the basis of previous research results. Moe Moe San | Khin May Win "Risk Management of Secure Cloud in Higher Educational Institution" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26638.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/26638/risk-management-of-secure-cloud-in-higher-educational-institution/moe-moe-san
The document provides details about a presentation on risk assessment and internal controls in IT enabled environments. It discusses:
1. How risk assessment involves identifying threats, vulnerabilities, assets, impact, and likelihood to understand risks. Internal controls can then reduce probability of threats or vulnerabilities.
2. Two case studies - how eBay India assessed risks to critical business processes and IT systems, finding sales systems high risk. And for a law firm, case proceeding and client databases were high risk due to data stored.
3. How risk management involves assessing risks, selecting controls, and accepting residual risks, with the goal of supporting business objectives.
Review on Security Aspects for Cloud Architecture IJECEIAES
Cloud computing is one of the fastest growing and popular technology in the field of computing. As the concept of cloud computing was introduced in 2006. Since then large number of IT industries join the queue to develop many cloud services and put sensitive information over cloud. In fact cloud computing is no doubt the great innovation in the field of computing but at the same time also poses many challenges. Since a large number of organizations migrate their business to cloud and hence it appears as an attractive target for the malicious attack. The purpose of the paper is to review the available literature for security concerns and highlight a relationship between vulnerabilities, attacks and threats in SaaS model. A mapping is being presented to highlight the impact of vulnerabilities and attacks.
Efficacy of OCTAVE Risk Assessment Methodology in Information Systems Organiz...Editor IJCATR
With the increasing use of computers in business information security has also become a key issue in organizations. Risk assessment in organizations is vital in order to identify threats and take appropriate measures. There are various risk assessment methodologies exist which organizations use for risk assessment depending the type and need of organizations. In this research OCTAVE methodology has been used following a comparative study of various methodologies due to its flexibility and simplicity. The methodology was implemented in a financial institution and results of its efficacy have been discussed.
Conceptual integration of enterprise architecture management and security ris...christophefeltus
This document discusses conceptualizing an integration between Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) and Information System Security Risk Management (ISSRM). It proposes mapping concepts from an ISSRM domain model to the ArchiMate enterprise architecture modeling language. This would allow security risks and their impacts on business services to be represented and analyzed within an enterprise architecture. Key concepts from ISSRM like assets, security goals, risks, and treatments are mapped to equivalent concepts in ArchiMate's business, application and technology layers. The mapping is meant to support a risk-oriented design of an enterprise architecture that meets business services' security goals.
This document discusses conceptualizing an integration between Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) and Information System Security Risk Management (ISSRM). It proposes mapping concepts from an ISSRM domain model to the ArchiMate enterprise architecture modeling language. This would allow security risks and their impacts on business services to be represented and analyzed within an enterprise's architecture. Key concepts from ISSRM like assets, security goals, risks and treatments are mapped to equivalent concepts in ArchiMate's business, application and technology layers. The mapping is meant to support a risk-oriented design of an enterprise architecture that meets business services' security goals.
mandate from senior management
This document discusses the relationship between information security and compliance teams and how their alignment is important for managing risks when using cloud computing. It notes that security and compliance teams sometimes have differing priorities that can cause friction. However, the use of cloud computing, where many security controls are managed by external providers, requires close coordination between the two functions. The document provides recommendations for how security and compliance teams can forge a stronger alliance, including through the use of cross-functional "tiger teams" and toolset standardization. Close collaboration is needed to effectively evaluate cloud security and ensure regulatory compliance.
Home
Editor’s Note
Risk Management
Frameworks
for Cloud Security
This document discusses the risks associated with cloud computing. It begins by introducing two types of cloud providers: cloud service providers that offer SaaS or PaaS, and infrastructure providers that offer IaaS. It then outlines several security concerns with cloud computing like secure data transfer and access control. The document also lists potential risks to cloud solutions like not meeting economic objectives, not being scalable, or experiencing a catastrophe. It advocates for risk management practices and outlines steps for enterprise-wide risk management. Finally, it details several types of risks in cloud computing like misuse, insecure interfaces, data loss or leakage, and hijacking.
A Review On Data Security In Cloud ComputingYolanda Ivey
This document provides a review of approaches for ensuring data security in cloud computing. It summarizes 31 research papers on this topic published between 2007-2014. The key findings are:
1) The majority of approaches (45%) ensured data security through encryption methods like RSA encryption, merging Playfair and Vigenere ciphers with DES, and using SSL encryption.
2) Other common approaches included proposing guidelines (21%) and frameworks (16%) for data security, and using homomorphic tokens (7%) to enable encrypted data comparisons.
3) The approaches were categorized based on the technique used, with encryption being the most frequent, followed by guidelines, frameworks, homomorphic tokens, and other methods like harmonizing
This document provides an overview and introduction to Microsoft's Security Risk Management Guide. It discusses the challenges of managing security risks in today's environment and introduces a four-phase security risk management process developed by Microsoft. The process uses both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods to identify, analyze, and prioritize security risks. It then provides frameworks for making risk management decisions and measuring the effectiveness of security controls. The guide is intended to help organizations of all sizes establish a formal security risk management program to proactively manage risks in a cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Microsoft's Security Risk Management Guide. It discusses the challenges of managing security risks in today's environment and introduces a four-phase security risk management process developed by Microsoft. The process uses both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods to identify, analyze, and prioritize security risks. It then provides frameworks for making risk management decisions and measuring the effectiveness of security controls. The guide is intended to help organizations of all sizes establish a formal security risk management program to proactively manage risks in a cost-effective manner.
Information Security Assessment Dammam Technical College Infor.docxjaggernaoma
This document provides an information security assessment for Dammam Technical College. It begins with an introduction that outlines the organization's description, goals, structure, and security requirements. It then discusses plans for the project, including analyzing the IT architecture, identifying security threats and controls, performing a security evaluation, and proposing security improvements. The remainder of the document is structured to cover each of these planned sections in detail. It aims to analyze the current IT systems and infrastructure, evaluate security risks, and make recommendations to enhance the information security posture of the organization.
Iaetsd design and implementation of secure cloud systems usingIaetsd Iaetsd
The document proposes a Business Continuity Management (BCM) framework to address data security issues when transforming cloud systems into a meta cloud. BCM is a holistic management process that identifies risks and reduces the impacts of data leakage. It involves understanding the organization, determining continuity strategies, developing response plans, and exercising/reviewing plans. The framework contains components like business continuity leads, working groups, and links to emergency preparedness. It uses a plan-do-check-act approach and aims to embed continuity into the organization's culture.
Dalam dunia keamanan siber, sinergi antara berbagai proses memiliki peran yang sangat penting. Salah satu proses atau framework yang tengah menjadi sorotan dan menarik perhatian luas adalah Detection Engineering. Proses Detection Engineering ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan struktur dan pengorganisasian dalam pembuatan detection use case atau rules di Security Operation Center (SOC). Detection Engineering bisa dikatakan masih baru dalam dunia keamanan siber, sehingga terdapat banyak peluang untuk membuat keseluruhan prosesnya menjadi lebih baik. Salah satu hal yang masih terlupakan adalah integrasi antara proses Detection Engineering dan Threat Modeling. Biasanya, Threat Modeling lebih berfokus pada solusi pencegahan dan mitigasi resiko secara langsung dan melupakanan komponen deteksi ketika pencegahan dan mitigasi tersebut gagal dalam menjalankan fungsinya. Dalam makalah ini, kami memperkenalkan paradigma baru dengan mengintegrasikan Detection Engineering ke dalam proses Threat Modeling. Pendekatan ini menjadikan Detection sebagai langkah proaktif tambahan, yang dapat menjadi lapisan pertahanan ekstra ketika kontrol pencegahan dan mitigasi akhirnya gagal dalam menghadapi ancaman sesungguhnya.
Similar to future internetArticleERMOCTAVE A Risk Management Fra.docx (20)
Group Presentation Once during the quarter, each student will.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Presentation
: Once during the quarter, each student will prepare a brief presentation on a specific neighborhood, a racial or cultural group, or a historical event, migration or shift in the urban landscape,
related to the themes for that week
. Students will select preferred weeks in advance and be scheduled by Week 2 as best as your professor can allow. The presentation is open in form and format but should be 20 minutes in duration, consist mostly of your own original words and discussion, but involve some form of visual, quotes, or data, and represent some amount of additional research beyond the readings for that week, and include 5 or more questions for discussion to be presented to the class. Your group grade will reflect an average of 4 grades in content, delivery, relevance and engagement with the class in discussion.
.
Group Presentation Outline
•
Slide 1: Title slide
•
This contains your topic title, your names, and the course.
•
Slide 2: Introduction slide
•
Remember that you are presenting this information to others. Acknowledge the audience, and mention the purpose of the
presentation.
•
This slide should contain at least 50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Slides 3–10 (or more): Content slides
•
Describe the topic and structure
•
Outline and discuss the issues/components each separately
•
Discuss theories, laws, policies, and other labor relations related topics
•
Provide support for your perspective and analysis
•
Lessons learned documented, what you have learned
•
Conclusion
•
The slides should each contain at least
50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Final slide(s): Reference slide(s)
•
List your references according to the APA sty
.
Group PortionAs a group, discuss and develop a paper of 10 p.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Portion
As a group, discuss and develop a paper of 10 pages that addresses the following questions. Work together to determine who will complete each section:
Who will comprise your planning committee? Explain.
Identify public- and private-sector partner agencies and elected officials (if any) that should serve on the planning committee.
What are the component parts of the plan (be specific and detailed)? Explain.
What participating agencies may be more or less involved in which parts of the plan development? Explain.
Are there subject matter experts (SMEs) or other entities that should be involved in any one specific area of the plan development? Explain.
Based upon the emergency management concept of incident management that includes the phases of preparedness and mitigation, response, and recovery, identify the actions that will need to be taken in each phase as they relate to the hazard you have selected.
Identify the major challenges that the community and responders will encounter when responding to the hazard.
What solutions exist (e.g., mutual aid, contract services) to overcome those challenges? Explain in detail.
What should be the short- and long-term recovery goals of the community following this event’s occurrence?
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
Please add your file.
Individual Portion
Develop a PowerPoint presentation of 6–7 slides that provides details about your plan.
Include speaker notes of 200–300 words that will be used when presenting the plan to your superiors.
.
Group Behavior in OrganizationsAt an organizational level,.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Behavior in Organizations
At an organizational level, group behavior is necessary for continued functioning of the
organization. Within an organization, there are established rules, procedures, and processes
developed that define how an organization operates. In addition, there are systems in place
to reward behaviors of those who effectively participate in the organization's operations.
Besides, there are also systems that define consequences that can take place in case
individuals behave outside the accepted practices of the organization. What develops out of
this is an employee's attachment to the organization based on common beliefs, values, and
traditions. The shared attachment and even the commitment to common beliefs, values, and
traditions make up an organization's culture (Helms & Stern, 2001; Lok & Crawford, 2001).
What Is Organization Culture?
Sheard and Kakabadse (2002) explained organizational culture in terms of solidarity and
sociability. Solidarity, in this case, referred to a group's willingness to pursue and maintain
conformity in shared objectives, processes, and systems. Sociability referred to a group's
sense of belongingness by its members and level of camaraderie.
They also mentioned there might be differences between hierarchies or levels within an
organization's culture. Based on the solidarity and sociability of each, upper management
might differ from the decisions made by middle management and line staff. These differences
might also occur between functional departments and, in larger organizations, between
geographically distinct sections of the organization.
What Sheard and Kakabadse wanted to emphasize through this discussion was there might
be distinct subcultures within an organization's culture.
According to De Long and Fahey (2000), "Subcultures consist of distinct sets of values,
norms, and practices exhibited by specific groups or units in an organization." Subcultures
may be readily observed in larger, more bureaucratic organizations or organizations having
well-established departments with employees that have highly specialized or possessing
unique skills.
De Long, D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. The
Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113–127.
Helms, M., & Stern, R. (2001). Exploring the factors that influence employees 'perceptions of
their organization's culture. Journal of Management in Medicine, 15(6), 415–429.
Lok, P., & Crawford, J. (2001). Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating
role of job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(8), 594–613.
Sheard, A., & Kakabadse, A. (2002). Key roles of the leadership landscape. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, 17(1/2), 129–144.
3-17 Kenneth Brown is the principal owner of Brown Oil, Inc. After quitting his university teaching job,
Ken has been able to increase his annual salary by a factor of over 100. At the present time, Ken is
f.
Group assignment Only responsible for writing 275 words on the foll.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group assignment: Only responsible for writing 275 words on the following
Explain immigration and how that is connected.
Identify current and future issues in serving diverse clients and legally protected classes.
GroupgrAssignment content:
Access
the
Prison Rape Elimination Act
website.
Write
a 1,000- to 1,400-word report for an audience of potential new employees in human services in a correctional setting in which you:
Summarize current and future civil rights issues that affect the criminal justice system.
Identify why PREA affects the future of corrections.
Explain immigration and how that is connected.
Identify current and future issues in serving diverse clients and legally protected classes.
Explain options for advocacy.
Identify
boundaries in advocacy for human service workers.
Format
your resources consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Group 2 WG is a 41-year-old female brought herself into the ER la.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 2: WG is a 41-year-old female brought herself into the ER last night asking to "detox from vodka." She tells you she has a long-standing history of alcohol dependence with multiple relapses. She also reports that she has experienced alcohol withdrawal seizures before. Current CIWA-Ar is 17. She denies any past medical history but lab work indicates hepatic insufficiency (LFTs x3 ULN). All other lab work is normal. She denies taking any medications.
How will you manage this patient’s withdrawal syndrome?
Responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Plagiarism and grammatical errors free.
.
Group 2 Discuss the limitations of treatment for borderline and.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 2: Discuss the limitations of treatment for borderline and histrionic PD and what can be done from a psychopharmacological perspective.
Post must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2
scholarly
references are required
(other than your text
).
.
Group 3 Discuss the limitations of treatment for antisocial and.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 3: Discuss the limitations of treatment for antisocial and narcissistic PD and what can be done from a psychopharmacological perspective.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to at least one student
with a different assigned DB question
by Sunday at midnight. Both responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2
scholarly
references are required
(other than your text
). attached lecture for the theme.
.
Group 1 Describe the differences between Naloxone, Naltrexone, .docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 1: Describe the differences between Naloxone, Naltrexone, and Buprenorphine/Naloxone. Include the properties of each, their classification, mechanism of actions, onset, half-life, and formulations (routes of delivery). Please discuss the implications of differences in the clinical setting (including pre-hospital)
Responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references is required (other than your text). Plagiarism and grammatical errors free.
.
Grotius, HobbesDevelopment of INR – Week 3HobbesRelati.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grotius, Hobbes
Development of INR – Week 3
Hobbes
Relationship between Natural Law and Law of Nations?
Mediated by the idea of the state of nature as the predicament of insecurity:
Natural right: self-preservation.
Natural law: the observation of promises and contracts.
For states: minimum observation of natural law in the form of consenting to agreements.
Written agreement: treaty-making
Unwritten agreements: customary law
Hobbes
State of Nature: the condition in which individuals find themselves in a perpetual condition of war.
Natural right to self-preservation:
We each have the right to judge what is in our interest for self-preservation.
Conflict occurs because of:
Competition
Diffidence
Glory
Different meanings for words in the State of Nature; no ability in the State of Nature to determine whose judgment is valid (Wolin).
Life in the state of nature: “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
Commonwealth
Commonwealth by institution:
Social contract: it is the collective agreement among all individuals in the state of nature to establish:
Sovereign power
Able to speak and act for a multiplicity of people (which becomes a unified group).
State
The unity of sovereign power and the unified people.
Sovereign is the man or assembly that carries the person of the State.
State is the Leviathan: the mortal God on earth.
Sovereigns come and go but the State remains.
Consequences
The implication: fear is displaced from the condition of the state of nature to the relation between individual and state.
What continues to bind the state is fear of a return to the State of Nature:
the relation between individual and state is one of protection in exchange for obedience.
Private vs. public conscious: does one need to truly believe (i.e. like a Christian) or does the appearance of belief suffice?
“belief and unbelief never follow men’s commands.”
Loyalty only to those that are in power?
Historical context: The Norman Yoke and the English Civil Wars
Stability should not sacrificed as a result of ‘injustice’.
The rise of the ‘mechanical’ centralized administrative state.
Grotius
Dutch legal theorist 16th century;
Along with Vitoria and Gentili laid the foundation for the Law of Nations (Public European Law) on Natural Law.
Moves away from a theological conceptualization of Natural Law to a secular one.
Develops the notion of Natural Rights which becomes key for understanding human morality and law.
Notion of natural right emerged out of the massacre of St. Bartholomew (25 August 1572).
Attempted to establish limitation on the Sovereign’s power:
notion of individual right that the state cannot transgress.
Grotius: “a RIGHT is a moral quality annexed to the person, justly entitling him to possess some privilege, or to perform some particular act”
Four Fundamental Rights
1) the right for others not to take my possessions.
2) the right of restoration of property in case of injury.
3) honoring promises.
4) punish wrongdoing.
Natural.
GROUP 1 Case 967-- A Teenage Female with an Ovarian MassCLI.docxgilbertkpeters11344
GROUP 1: Case 967-- A Teenage Female with an Ovarian Mass
CLINICAL HISTORY
A teenage female presented with secondary amenorrhea (https://www.healthline.com/health/secondary-amenorrhea#causes). The patient had 1 menstrual cycle 3 years ago and has had no menses since. Laboratory work-up was negative for pregnancy test, mildly increased calcium level (11.7 mg/dL, normal range: 8.5-10.2 mg/dL) and CA 125 (43 Units/ml, normal range: 0-20 Units/ml). Prolactin, TSH, AFP, Inhibin A, Inhibin B and CEA were normal. Imaging revealed a 13 x 11.8 x 8.6 cm, predominately cystic left pelvis mass, with multiple internal septations. Her past medical history was not contributory. Patient underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy (https://www.healthline.com/health/salpingo-oophorectomy), omentectomy (https://moffitt.org/cancers/ovarian-cancer/omentectomy/) and tumor debulking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debulking) with intraoperative frozen section consultation.
GROSS EXAMINATION
The 930.9 g tubo-ovarian complex consisted of a 20.0 x 16.0 x 8.0 cm large mass, with no recognizable normal ovarian parenchyma grossly and an unremarkable fallopian tube. The cut surface was gray, "fish-flesh", soft with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Microscopically, the majority of main tumor was growing in large nests, sheets and cords with focal follicle-like structures and geographic areas of necrosis. It was predominantly composed of small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, round to oval nucleus with irregular nuclear contour, inconspicuous to occasional conspicuous nucleoli and minimal cytoplasm. This component was variably admixed with a population of larger cells, which as the name implies composed of cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, with central or eccentric round to oval nuclei, pale chromatin and prominent nuclei. Both, the small and large cell components demonstrated brisk mitotic activity. All staging biopsies and omentectomy were composed of large cell component.
An extensive panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed. Overall, the staining pattern was strong and diffuse in small cell component compared to patchy weak staining pattern in the large cell component.
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
Small cell carcinoma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma) of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4939673/)
DISCUSSION
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an aggressive and highly malignant tumor affecting the women under 40. It was first described as a distinct entity by Dickersin et al in 1982 (1). Fewer than 500 cases have been described in the literature and it accounts for less than 1% of all ovarian cancer diagnoses. Due to the initial consideration of epithelial origin, the term of SCCOHT has been used to distinguish this entity from its mimicker, the neuroendocrine or pulmonary type (2). In fact epithelial origin of SCCOHT was recently challenged as new imm.
Greek Drama Further Readings and Short Report GuidelinesOur s.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Greek Drama: Further Readings and Short Report Guidelines
Our study of Greek drama will begin with an overview of Greek theater in general and focus on Aeschylus’ Agamemnon (Norton rental text, Vol. A). You will be completing a quiz/worksheet on Agamemnon (open book) and that play will be the focus of our class from March 26 through April 2. After that, each of you will have the opportunity to focus more intensively on one of three other Greek plays, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Euripides’ Medea, or Aristophanes’ Lysistrata.
I will be asking you to submit a short report that focuses primarily on the play you chose to study in more depth. Your first task, though, is to choose which of the three plays you want to work on. Here are brief overviews of the three plays.
Sophocles’ Philoctetes(available in the Sophocles II purchase text). Philoctetes, an outstanding Greek warrior, was abandoned by Odysseus, Agamemnon and Menelaos on the way to fight in Troy because they could not bear the agonies of his suffering from a poisonous snake bite. The hero, an exceptional archer who wields the bow of Heracles, has been living in isolation on the wild island of Lemnos for nine years. Now the Greek forces have received a prophecy that they cannot conquer Troy without Philoctetes’ help. Odysseus, whom Philoctetes hates, and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, are sent to lure Philoctetes back to the war, by persuasion, treachery or force.
Euripides’ Medea (available in Norton rental text, Vol. A. Medea, the sorceress who helped the hero Jason find the Golden Fleece and also helped save his life, is living with Jason in exile from her homeland with their two children. She has learned that, in order to advance his fortune and social standing, Jason wants to jilt Medea and marry a younger woman. Out of despair and rage, Medea contrives to take revenge against Jason in the most horrific way she can.
Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (available in Norton rental text, Vol. A). Fed up with the emotional and economic hardships caused by the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), the Athenian and Spartan women, under the leadership of Lysistrata, unite to undertake two group actions: first, to refuse to have sex with their men until the men agree to stop fighting and, second, to cut off funding for the war by occupying the Athenian treasury. Aristophanes’ comedy still raises questions today about who should wield political power and why, as well as about how much humans really value peace.
NOTE: While I am requiring you to focus on only one of the three plays, I strongly encourage you to read all three. I will be saying something about each of the three plays before the short report is due, after we spend some time with Aeschylus’ Agamemnon.
Guidelines for Short Report on Greek Drama
For the short report on Greek drama, please write complete, incisiveresponses to each of the following five topics or questions concerning the play—Philoctetes,Medea or Lysistrata—that you h.
Graph 4 (You must select a different graph than one that you hav.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graph 4 (You must select a different graph than one that you have previously discussed)
Select a data presentation from chapter 6 of the text (Grey Section).
Answer the following:
What is the visual that you selected?
What is the purpose of the visual?
What kind of data should be compiled in the selected visual?
What kinds of data should not be compiled in the selected visual?
How can you avoid making the visual misleading?
.
Graphs (Help! Really challenging assignment. Would appreciate any bi.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graphs (Help! Really challenging assignment. Would appreciate any bit of help!)
Family tree's and genealogy software has become more and more prevalent in recent years. From the name you might expect that a family tree would be easily represented by a tree structure, but that is not the case! A more appropriate data structure to represent a family tree would be a type of graph. Using the description of the family that accompanies this assignment, you must represent this family using a graph structure. The graph needs to be a weighted graph. The weights will constitute the types of relationships, I recommend using some kind mapping between numbers and strings to represent the relationships. When adding family members to the graph, this can be done programmatically for the provided family members within the description file. Additionally, I also want there to be an interface in which a user can create a new family member and add them to the tree. This can be a simple CLI where the user provides a name, gender, and age to create a person. Then another simple CLI where they select which member of the family they want the original relationship to be with and what kind of relationship it should be. Finally, they can edit the family member using another CLI and selecting the family member they wish to edit, the operation they wish to perform (edit name, edit age, edit relationship), and then add new relationship between family members which can call a function that you create in order to add the original relationship. Remember the DRY philosophy, where code can be modularized or made into a function, it should be if you plan on using the logic again.
Finally, I want you to make data assertions within the
FamilyTree
class that enforce certain "rules" that exist in a typical human family. An example would be a person should not have any kind of relationship to itself (a person can not marry themselves, a person can not be their own brother, sister, father, mother, etc.). There should be at least 3 data assertions. These should exists as part of the family tree, not as part of the graph.
As a hint, for a successful design: I would recommend using layers of abstraction. Your graph class is the backing structure to the family tree class. Your family tree should implement methods that interface with the graph class, i.e. add_family_member() should call the constructor to create a node and then call a function within the graph class to add a node to the graph. Then using the relationships function parameter, you can add edges to the graph between the new nodes and the existing nodes. The family tree should be what enforces what relationships can exist through the data assertions, the graph does not care about what relationships are made between family members. Your functions that the user would interface with would be greatly reduced compared to the total number of methods within the classes themselves. The user should be able to add, remove, and modi.
Grandparenting can be highly rewarding. Many grandparents, though, u.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grandparenting can be highly rewarding. Many grandparents, though, unexpectedly become guardians and raise small children. How might this responsibility affect their normal course of adult development? What components might require transitions? How would a professional counselor encourage these older guardians in their new roles? Just need 135 words (ASAP)!
.
Great Marketing Moves The evolving art of getting noticed Ov.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Great Marketing Moves The evolving art of getting noticed
Over three decades,
Inc.
has seen entrepreneurs, often with little cash but lots of creativity)', produce clever marketing campaigns time and again. Here are 3U classic examples from the archives. —
Kelly Fairdoth
Make a article summary from 2-3 paragraphs.
.
“GREAT MIGRATION”
Dr. G. J. Giddings
Characteristics
Human
Propelled – push-pull (E. Lee, 1966)
Impactful – consequential … cause/effect
Dynamic – leaderless …democratic …
Demographics
Demographics
1.2 million, 1915-’30
6.4 million, 1980
(Caribbean:
140,000,1899-1937)
Precursors
Post-Reconstruction, 1877-1914
Rural - Urban
Westward – “Black Exodus”
Henry Adams (LA)
89,000 migrants/interest
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton (TN)
“Advantage of Living in a Free State”
Thousands migrated
Emigration
Bishop Henry M. Turner,
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Precursors …
U.S. Empire
Berlin Conf.,1884
Philippines, 1898
Puerto Rico, Guam
Hawaii,
(Cuba)
Haiti, (1915-’34)
U.S. Virgin Isl.,1916
Guyana, 1941
Atkinson Airstrip
6
Great Migration
Caribbean
140,000,1899-1937
M. M. Garvey
C. Powel
DJ Kool Herc
S. Chisholm
G. J. Giddings
Great Migration
“PUSH”
-Boll weevil, 1915/6
-Mississippi flood, 1927
-Racist Terroism
-Racist laws: Jim Crow
Great Migration
“PULL”
E. World War I, 1914-1919
(367,000 AAs served)
European immigration desisted
Chicago Defender
“To die from the bite of frost is more glorious than by the hands of a lynch mob”
“Every Black man for the sake of his wife and daughter should lave even at a financial sacrifice every spot in the south where his worth is not appreciated enough to give him the standing of a man and a citizen in the community.”
Great Migration
IMPACT
Detroit, MI
611 % increase
Urban League, 1911
National League of Urban Conditions among Negroes, NY
Rep. Oscar DePriest (R)
Chicago Alderman, 1915; U.S. Rep, 1929-’35
1970s: Chicago had more Blacks than Mississippi!
Harlem Renaissance, 1919-1932
L. Hughes, “Negro Artist …”
Some pastors followed migrants.
Return Migration/RE-PATRIATION
Post-Industrial
“Reverse migration”
1980-present
Service economy
“Sun Belt” industrial service areas
Destinations
Atlanta, GA; Charlotte, NC, Houston, TX, …
(F&H, chap. 23)
GREAT MIGRATION
Franklin & Higginbotham (F&H)
1, (12),13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23 …
Great Migration
The Warmth of Other Suns, 2010
Isabel Wilkerson, Pulitzer laureate
National Book Critics Circle award
“best non-fiction ...” NY Times
1,200 interviews
I.M. Gladney
G. Starling
R. P. Foster
Wilkerson …
Ida Mae Gladney
1934
MS – Chicago, IL
Wilkerson …
George Starling
1945
Florida–New York
(.
Grand theory and Middle-range theoryHow are Nursing Theories c.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grand theory and Middle-range theory
How are Nursing Theories classified?
What are the differences between grand theory and middle-range Theory?
Examples of grand Theory and Middle range Theory?
Write an Essay.
Use the APA style 7
Avoid plagiarism by submitting your work to SafeAssign.
.
Grand Rounds Hi, and thanks for attending this case presen.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grand Rounds
Hi, and thanks for attending this case presentation. My name is Dr. Stephen Brewer and I am a licensed
clinical psychologist in San Diego, California and Assistant Professor of Psychology and Applied
Behavioral Sciences at Ashford University. Today, I will be sharing with you the story of Bob.
Presenting problem
Bob Smith is a 36-year-old man who came to me approximately six months ago with concerns about his
career choice and life direction. He did not have any significant psychiatric symptoms, besides some
understandable existential anxiety regarding his future. Bob was cooperative, friendly, open, and
knowledgeable about psychology during our first few sessions together. I noticed that he seemed
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in Spring Valley. Given his relatively mild symptoms, we decided to meet once a week for supportive
psychotherapy so he could work through his anxieties. I gave him a diagnosis of adjustment disorder
with anxiety.
History
Here’s some background on Bob to give you a sense of who he is.
Family
Bob grew up as an only child in Edmonton, Canada, in a low-income, conservative, and very religious
household.
He shared that his father was largely absent during his childhood, as he spent most of the week residing
north of Edmonton, where he worked as a mechanic in the oil fields near Fort McMurray. On weekends,
Bob’s father would return home and spend as much time as possible with his family. Bob described his
father as warm, caring, and a hard worker. His father reportedly died one year ago.
Bob’s mother was described as a strict, rule-based woman who had a short temper and was prone to
furious outbursts over trivial matters. She worked in Bob’s junior high as a janitor, which meant that Bob
often crossed paths with his mother at school, where she would often check up on him. During Bob’s
high school years, Bob’s mother got a new job as a high school librarian.
At 18, Bob moved to San Diego to study psychology at San Diego State University. He lived in the dorms
for his first few years, where he easily made friends and joined a fraternity. Bob maintained contact with
his parents, but ceased all contact when his mother suggested she would move to San Diego to be closer
to him. He graduated with a 3.2 GPA and began working for the county as a psychiatric technician. He
worked as a psych tech for 14 years and described it as “fun at first, but it got boring and predictable
after a while.”
Treatment
Bob shared that he has a medical doctor that he visits once every few years for his routine physical. He
denied having any significant medical problems. Additionally, he denied using any illicit substances and
reported drinking only on occasion with friends from his fratern.
Graduate Level Writing Required.DUEFriday, February 1.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graduate Level Writing Required.
DUE:
Friday, February 14, 2020 by 5pm Eastern Standard Time.
Resources: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor Wages, U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Census Bureau
Based
on
Dallas, Texas
Write a 900- to 1,050-word paper in which you analyze the criminal profile of Dallas, Texas.
Include the following information in your analysis:
-Characterization of the city in terms of social and intellectual context
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-Consideration of changes in land use, property values, transportation, and retail as one moves away from the city center
-If there are changes, what distance do you estimate exist between these areas?
-How noticeable are the changes?
-Discussion of whether or not zones of transition apply to this city
-Identification of criminal hot spots
-Relevant data to support answers
-How your findings relate to the role of socioeconomic status and values in criminological theory
-Identification and rationale for the choice of one sociologic theory that best explains the crime in your chosen city
-Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
-Provide at least 4 Academic / Scholarly references
.
-100% Original Work. ZERO Plagiarism.
-Must Be Graduate Level Writing.
.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
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واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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future internetArticleERMOCTAVE A Risk Management Fra.docx
1. future internet
Article
ERMOCTAVE: A Risk Management Framework for IT
Systems Which Adopt Cloud Computing
Masky Mackita 1, Soo-Young Shin 2 and Tae-Young Choe 3,*
1 ING Bank, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected]
2 Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National
Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea;
[email protected]
3 Department of Computer Engineering, Kumoh National
Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-54-478-7526
Received: 22 June 2019; Accepted: 3 September 2019;
Published: 10 September 2019
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Abstract: Many companies are adapting cloud computing
technology because moving to the cloud
has an array of benefits. During decision-making, having
processed for adopting cloud computing,
the importance of risk management is progressively recognized.
However, traditional risk management
methods cannot be applied directly to cloud computing when
data are transmitted and processed by
external providers. When they are directly applied, risk
management processes can fail by ignoring
2. the distributed nature of cloud computing and leaving numerous
risks unidentified. In order to fix
this backdrop, this paper introduces a new risk management
method, Enterprise Risk Management
for Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability
Evaluation (ERMOCTAVE), which combines
Enterprise Risk Management and Operationally Critical Threat,
Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation for
mitigating risks that can arise with cloud computing.
ERMOCTAVE is composed of two risk management
methods by combining each component with another processes
for comprehensive perception of risks.
In order to explain ERMOCTAVE in detail, a case study
scenario is presented where an Internet seller
migrates some modules to Microsoft Azure cloud. The
functionality comparison with ENISA and
Microsoft cloud risk assessment shows that ERMOCTAVE has
additional features, such as key objectives
and strategies, critical assets, and risk measurement criteria.
Keywords: risk management; ERM; OCTAVE; cloud computing;
Microsoft Azure
1. Introduction
Cloud computing is a technology that uses virtualized resources
to deliver IT services through the
Internet. It can also be defined as a model that allows network
access to a pool of computing resources
such as servers, applications, storage, and services, which can
be quickly offered by service providers [1].
One of properties of the cloud is its distributed nature [2]. Data
in the cloud environments had become
gradually distributed, moving from a centralized model to a
distributed model. That distributed nature
causes cloud computing actors to face problems like loss of data
3. control, difficulties to demonstrate
compliance, and additional legal risks as data migration from
one legal jurisdiction to another. An example
is Salesforce.com, which suffered a huge outage, locking more
than 900,000 subscribers out of important
resources needed for business transactions with customers [3].
The main cause of these incidences was poorly conducted risk
identification during risk management
process. Effective risk assess and being aware of different
vulnerabilities are the best mechanism for
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195; doi:10.3390/fi11090195
www.mdpi.com/journal/futureinternet
http://www.mdpi.com/journal/futureinternet
http://www.mdpi.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5253-3488
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11090195
http://www.mdpi.com/journal/futureinternet
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-
5903/11/9/195?type=check_update&version=2
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 2 of 21
incidence prevention in cloud computing. Thus, a novel risk
management framework is highly required to
properly identify those risks and to provide an ultimate way of
mitigating their occurrence. Our motivation
comes from potential security risks of cloud computing due to
their distributed nature and mainly the
lack of dedicated risk management method. Many risk managers
admit struggling to grasp the basics of
how the cloud is deployed in their businesses, and how to
manage risks linked to this new technology.
4. Identifying risks and understanding them are the prime
challenges. Risk management for cloud computing
must discover some key risks, prioritize them, and formulate a
mitigation plan. Due to the nature of cloud
computing risks and the emergence of new risks, one-time risk
assessment is not sufficient.
The aim of the paper is to introduce a new risk management
method ERMOCTAVE for mitigating
risks in cloud computing environment. As a method, we
coalesce Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)
framework and risk-based information security methodology
Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and
Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE). Although OCTAVE is
prone to IT-related risks, ERM prioritizes risks
and brings risk management to a more strategic level. As an
example of ERMOCTAVE application, we
suggest a case study scenario of an Internet seller who migrates
a part of their web system to a cloud
system, Microsoft Azure.
The remaining section is organized as follows. Section 2
explains terminologies and related works.
Section 3 explains the proposed ERMOCTAVE method in
detail. Section 4 helps understanding of
ERMOCTAVE using a case study with Microsoft Azure cloud.
Section 5 compares functionality of
ERMOCTAVE and two existing methods. Finally, Section 6
finishes with conclusion.
2. Terminologies and Related Works
2.1. Terminologies
Cloud computing is a model for delivering data virtually on the
Internet through web-based tools
5. and applications, rather than a direct connection to a server.
Resources are stored in servers. In the IT
security environment, “risk” is the probability that a
confidential information is exposed, data integrity
is damaged, or information availability is interfered. Risk
formula is the result of likelihood probability
multiplied by the impact of the above events. Also, risk can be
defined as result of identified vulnerability
being exploited by a specific threat [4].
“IT risk management” is the process enabling the balance
between operational cost and economic
costs of protective controls in order to protect IT systems that
support their organization’s objectives. This
process provides decision-making in all areas of our lives not
only in IT environments. An effective
risk management methodology helps managers determine
appropriate actions for offering security
capabilities [1].
Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability
Evaluation (OCTAVE) is a strategic assessment
method for risk-based security [5]. It uses people’s knowledge
of security practices to understand the
current security posture of the organization. Unlike typical
assessments, which only target technological
risk, OCTAVE also considers organizational and strategic risks.
Using OCTAVE, a small team of people
from the operational units and the technology department
together address the security requirements,
balancing three key aspects: operational risk, security practices,
and technology. The OCTAVE method has
three phases in which processes are described below [5].
Phase 1 Build asset-based threat profiles: Phase 1 gathers
information from the organization and defines
6. threat profiles for critical assets.
Process 1 Identify senior management knowledge: Information
about important assets, security
requirements, threats, current strengths, and current
vulnerabilities is collected from
senior managers.
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 3 of 21
Process 2 Identify operational area knowledge: The information
is collected from managers of
selected operational areas.
Process 3 Identify staff knowledge: The information is collected
from general staff and IT
staff members.
Process 4 Create threat profiles: Critical information assets are
selected and threat profiles for those
assets are defined.
Phase 2 Identify infrastructure vulnerabilities: This phase
evaluates key components of systems
supporting the critical assets for technological vulnerabilities.
Process 5 Identify key components: This process identifies key
components from the systems that
support the critical assets.
Process 6 Evaluate selected components: Tools are run to
evaluate the selected components, and
the results are analyzed to refine the threat profiles.
7. Phase 3 Develop security strategy and plans: The primary
purpose of this phase is to evaluate risks on
critical assets and to develop a protection strategy and risk
mitigation plans.
Process 7 Conduct risk analysis: A set of impact evaluation
criteria is defined to elaborate the
impact value (high, medium, or low).
Process 8 Develop protection strategy: The organization-wide
protection strategy focuses on
improving security practices and mitigation plans, which reduce
the important risks on
critical assets are developed.
Enterprise risk management (ERM) is a framework affected by
the board of directors and the
management of an entity. ERM aims to identify potential events
that may affect the entity and to manage
risks using its risk appetite. “Risk appetite” is the level of risk
that the entity is prepared to accept in
pursuit of its objectives. The level could be averse, minimal,
cautious, open, or hungry. ERM offers
assurance regarding the accomplishment of objectives set by the
entity [6]. In ERM, uncertainty has both
risk and opportunity. Risk can reduce value while an
opportunity can enhance value. ERM components
are described as follows.
• Internal environment: the internal environment provides basics
on how risk and control are addressed.
• Objective setting: before the management identifies potential
events, objectives of the entity are set.
ERM makes sure that the objectives are consistent with the risk
appetite.
8. • Event identification: potential events impacting the entity are
identified. This process involves
identification of events from internal or external sources which
affect the accomplishment of objectives.
• Risk assessment: identified risks are analyzed and assessed on
both inherent and residual basis
considering risk likelihood and impact.
• Risk response: possible responses to risks are identified. They
include avoiding, accepting, reducing,
and sharing risks.
• Control activities: policies, procedures, and controls are
established and implemented to sustain the
risk response decisions.
• Information and communication: relevant information is
captured and communicated enabling
people to carry out their responsibilities.
• Monitoring: ERM is entirely monitored to react dynamically
as changes are made.
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 4 of 21
2.2. Related Works
The advantages of cloud computing over traditional networks
are well known and they include fast
deployment. However, identification of the risks in cloud
computing is more difficult because of the lack
of a dedicated framework. Such risks make businesses feel
difficulty when adopting cloud technology.
9. Over the last few years, a lot of documents have been written
about risks and guidelines regarding cloud
computing adoption. These documents rank highly as a security
concern, but rank low across risks where
a dedicated risk management framework is required.
In that perspective, some organizations related with
standardization frameworks have published
risk management frameworks for cloud computing. The
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27) has developed a set of standards aiming
to address risk management for cloud
computing [7]. The standards are applied to new service models,
such as Data as a Service (DaaS) and
the cloud service brokers emergence, which offers
intermediation, portability, governance, provisioning,
and service integration, in addition to existing cloud services.
However, the framework standards seem
more like tools that enable understanding of the risks around
cloud migration rather than an effective
method to mitigate these risks.
The European Network and Information Security Agency
(ENISA) identified 35 types of risks by
19 contributors and lists eight top security risks based on
indicative likelihood and impact [8]. The 35
risks are ranked from the lowest to the highest. Risk analysis
proposed by ENISA is based on a real-life
case study of a small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) using
cloud computing [9]. However, any risk
management framework for mitigating risks in cloud computing
is not included.
Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) published “Top Threats to Cloud
Computing V1.0”, which includes
the top seven threats as identified by its members [10]. The
10. objective is to provide threat identification that
can be updated, because dynamic and distributed properties are
major natures of cloud computing [11].
The threat list roles more as managerial tool for higher strategic
decisions in cloud adoption. Still, there is
a lack of risk management framework in cloud computing.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
published two drafts titled “Cloud Computing
Synopsis and Recommendations” [12] and “NIST Cloud
Computing Standards Roadmap” [13]. The drafts
introduce a cloud-adopted risk management framework for
services moved to the cloud. This framework
enables federal organizations to develop a computer security
plan based on risk tolerance and the
information sensitivity. The provided set of standards and
guidelines supports risk response strategies.
However, the framework only allows analysis of risks in cloud
computing than a comprehensive method
to assess them.
Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA),
published a document, “IT Control
Objectives for Cloud Computing: Controls and Assurance in the
Cloud”, which introduces a guide to
cloud controls taken from COBIT, Val IT, and Risk IT [14]. Its
framework is not quite structured to identify
and mitigate potential risks in cloud computing.
A cloud risk assessment framework based on the ISO 31000
standard was introduced by Microsoft [15].
It has six steps that evaluate risks for cloud service candidates
and focuses on decision-making for
cloud-based computing. The framework provides value to
decision-making process. However, it lacks
mitigation plan after a specific risk has been identified and
11. assessed.
Since the above-mentioned risk management frameworks lack
details on real application, ideas
especially for risk assessment methods, have been proposed as
follows. Fitó et al. proposed
SEmi-quantitative BLO-driven Cloud Risk Assessment
(SEBCRA) for the risk assessment process [16].
SEBCRA uses the impact of risk on a given business-level
objective (BLO) and its probability to calculate
its risk level estimation (RLE). Priority of a BLO is decided by
the RLE and risks are treated based on the
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 5 of 21
priority. Since SEBCRA uses semiquantitative risk assessment,
choosing the most critical risks and treating
them is still left to experts.
Martens and Teuteberg proposed a decision-making method
when choosing a cloud computing
source among multiple providers using quantified cost including
risk [17]. The method provides equations
of component factors with parameters decided by experts and
conditions. FICO Xpress Optimization is
used to optimize the cost that satisfies the linear equations [18].
This method can be combined with any
risk management framework when a decision-making is
necessary.
Fan and Chen proposed a risk evaluation method that qualifies
identified risks using pairwise
comparisons matrices [19]. After evaluating each risk to two
values, frequency and severity, the method
12. locates the risks to a quadrant space in order to visualize the
effect of each risk.
Above mentioned works demonstrate that there is no effective
method for risk management on
immigration to cloud computing. The works are just guidelines
or reports on understanding cloud
computing risks. If a researcher attempts to propose a
framework on the immigration situation, the lack of
important features required for proper risk management, such a
mitigation plan, critical asset identification,
or control activities, is evident.
3. ERMOCTAVE Method
3.1. Structure of ERMOCTAVE
Although OCTAVE and ERM are good frameworks for risk
management in their objectives, they are
not sufficient for an organization that immigrates to cloud
computing. The major advantage of OCTAVE
is that three levels, IT technological department, security
department, and operational units work in the
combined manner. ERM pays attention to uncertainty that holds
risk and opportunity at the same time.
Since cloud computing is a popular IT technology with
uncertainly, we suggest a combination of OCTAVE
and ERM with supplements like mitigation plan step.
Basically, ERMOCTAVE is constructed by distributing ERM
components to OCTAVE phases
as follows [20].
Phase 1: ERM components “Internal environment” and
“Objective setting” are merged to OCTAVE
phase 1 (Built asset based threat profiles). Such integration
13. helps to make threat profiles in a
viewpoint of the organization’s objective.
Phase 2: ERM components “Event identification” and “Risk
assessment” are merged to OCTAVE
phase 2 (Identify infrastructure vulnerability). Since OCTAVE
has component oriented
viewpoints on assets, event and risk oriented viewpoints of
ERM help correct identification
of vulnerabilities.
Phase 3: ERM components “Risk response”, “Control
activities”, “Information and communication”,
and “Monitoring” are merged to OCTAVE phase 3 (Develop
protection strategies and
mitigations plans.). The ERM components enrich protection and
mitigation methods
of OCTAVE.
3.2. ERMOCTAVE Phase 1
In the phase, threat profiles for critical assets are reported as a
result. The profiles are used to identify
vulnerabilities and risks. The phase proceeds in the following 8
processes.
P1.1 Objective setting: this process defines core objectives of
the organization who uses cloud computing
services. From the objectives, the reason to use the cloud
computing services is derived.
P1.2 Internal environment: the main roles in the organization
are described in detail to identify assets and
vulnerabilities in the following processes.
14. Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 6 of 21
P1.3 Identify assets: this process creates a list of assets. The
following question should be answered.
• what are important assets?
P1.4 Identify current security practices: this process creates a
list of security practices in use. The following
question should be answered:
• Which cloud functionalities are used to protect the important
assets?
P1.5 Identify critical assets: this process selects important
assets critical to the objectives. The following
questions should be answered.
• Which assets largely impact on the objectives if they are
disclosed to unauthorized people?
• Which assets largely impact on the objectives if they are
modified without authorization?
• Which assets largely impact on the objectives if they are lost
or unavailable?
P1.6 Describe security requirements for critical assets: this
process clarifies security properties of critical
assets. The following questions should be answered.
• Is the critical asset proprietary or sensitive?
• What is the security requirement for the critical assets? Are
confidentiality, integrity,
or availability important for them?
15. P1.7 Identify current vulnerability of the organization: this
process creates a list of vulnerabilities using
the following question.
• Which damage on the assets injures the objectives?
P1.8 Create threat profiles for critical assets: the goal of this
process is to identify threats that affect critical
assets through the vulnerabilities; the following question should
be answered.
• Which potential threats have a non-negligible possibility?
3.3. ERMOCTAVE Phase 2
In this phase, risks are identified and assessed by events and
vulnerability identification. The phase is
composed of the following 3 processes.
P2.1 Event identification: this process identifies events that can
affect on the assets.
P2.2 Review of identified vulnerabilities: this process links
each vulnerability presented on the assets to
each potential risk. The following question should be answered.
• Which technological vulnerabilities are presented on the
assets?
P2.3 Risk assessment: inherent and residual risks are identified.
“Inherent risk” is a risk that has existed in
the given organization, and “residual risk” is a risk that still
exists even after all controls are applied.
3.4. ERMOCTAVE Phase 3
16. In this phase, risks on critical assets are evaluated, and
protection strategies and mitigation plans are
created. The phase is composed of the following 6 processes.
P3.1 Identify risks to critical assets: the goal of the process is to
link each critical asset to an identified risk.
P3.2 Create risk evaluation criteria and evaluate risks: for each
risk, the following question should
be answered.
• Which degree of impact is imposed on the organization’s
impact area, e.g., reputation,
productivity, and customer confidence?
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 7 of 21
Also, the process defines the risk evaluation criteria required to
understand qualitative measures
of the impacts. The following questions should be answered in
order to design the risk
evaluation criteria.
• What defines the degree of each impact such as high, medium,
or low?
• What is the evaluation value of each degree of impact—high,
medium, and low?
If the number of risks is large and the evaluation is difficult,
even for experts, a methodology
proposed by Fan and Chen can be used [19]. In the simple case,
the risk score, RSk, for risk k is
defined as follows [21].
17. RSk =
I
∑
i=1
rki vki (1)
where
• I: the number of impact areas
• rki: ranking of impact area i on risk k (ri = 1, 2, · · · , I), high
ranking has high value of rki and
rankings are different for each. That is, rki 6= rkj if i 6= j.
• vki: impact value of impact area i on risk k. The values are
decided by experts, for example, low
(1), medium (2), and high (3).
P3.3 Create risk response and protection strategy: risk response
is identified for each identified risk. Four
types of risk responses are used, as follows [22].
• Avoidance: provides activities to eliminate the risk.
• Reduction: implements control activities and takes actions to
reduce the risk likelihood, risk
impact, or both.
• Sharing: reduces risk likelihood by transferring to or by
sharing a portion of the risk with other
subjects or organizations.
• Acceptance: takes no action against the risk likelihood or
impact.
18. After determining risk responses, the goal of this process is to
develop a protection strategy.
The following key questions can be used during this activity.
• Which training innovation could help the organization
adopting cloud computing to improve
its security posture?
• How to ensure that all staff in the organization using cloud
computing understands their
security roles and responsibilities?
• What can be done to improve protection of an organization
when dealing with external partners?
• How to ensure that all staff are aware of business continuity
and disaster recovery plans?
P3.4 Create risk mitigation plans: the goal of the process is to
make a risk mitigation plan using the
following questions.
• Which risk will be mitigated immediately?
• Which risk will be mitigated later?
• What actions could be taken to make the mitigation plan?
P3.5 Control activities: the mitigation plan composed of control
activities is implemented in this process.
The types of controls will be preventive, detective, manual, or
automated.
P3.6 Identify next steps and monitoring: The senior managers
must identify the next steps, which will be
considered after implementing the mitigation plans though the
following questions:
• Which security points should be reviewed?
19. • How can senior managers support the initiative of security
improvement?
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 8 of 21
• What are the plans for ongoing security evaluation activities?
Management must continue to monitor the effectiveness of the
entire ERMOCTAVE to verify
that the program adequately addresses the relevant risks and
facilitates achieving the cloud
computing objectives.
4. Case Study with Microsoft Azure Cloud
Selecting a good cloud vendor is an important step during the
decision-making process of immigration
to cloud computing. Instead of including the step in the
proposed infrastructure, we propose two papers:
Baldwin et al. recommended cloud computing environments that
work as stable ecosystems for better
risk management [23], and Martens and Teuteberg proposed a
decision model that computes cost for each
cloud source and property of a company who tries to adopt
cloud computing. Baldwin et al. insisted that
a cloud computing system evolves by overcoming attacks from
outside and by adopting new concepts and
technologies if the system is constructed as an ecosystem with
interacting customers, software vendors,
and a cloud platform. The feature of Martens and Teuteberg’s
model is that it outputs costs as the
decision background. Thus, it helps decision-making when
selecting a cloud computing for immigration
quite directly.
20. We borrow a scenario where an organization adopts cloud
computing from a Microsoft Azure
manual [24]. Since Microsoft Azure takes 15.2% market share
in worldwide cloud infrastructure,
it is a good choice with stable ecosystem especially for
Microsoft Windows users [25]. The scenario
involves a company who uses a web application called ’orders
application’ to sell products over the
Internet, quite common situation for small company to
immigration toward cloud computing. As an
Internet-focused organization, it has partnered with external
companies that provide services such as
transport and delivery. The transport partner merely needs to be
advised when an order is made and may
also advise the company when delivery to the customer has been
done.
Although the order is being used for the business interface,
other on-premises applications are used
for invoicing, supplier orders, planning management and more.
However, this case study only deals
with the order’s application and its integration with other
systems, such as the main management and
monitoring applications on-premises.
The company adopts cloud computing to the web application
using Microsoft Azure, which is used as
a platform for new services and extended capabilities. The
company aims to reduce on-premises office costs
by exploiting new technologies such that the business offerings
in the cloud. Although we are aware of the
desire to keep the availability of existing applications to
support an immense customer base, the company
is willing to invest in the new services development and the
change of existing services to enhance the
21. profitability. This includes dealing ahead for concerns such as
increased request for their services, offering
better business information capabilities, enhancing application
availability and performance, and dealing
with complexity by, for example, adding external partners.
In our scenario, some vital functions like
management/operations applications and some databases
are not located in the cloud but on premises. Separated transport
partners perform transport and delivery
functions. They may use cloud-based services by themselves,
but this does not affect the company’s
application design and implementation.
Future Internet 2019, 11, 195 9 of 21
4.1. On-Premises Order Application
In the original implementation, all applications ran on premises
and data was stored in a local database
server, as shown on Figure 1. The orders application was
created as two separate components: the order’s
application (the website and business logic) and the suite of
management and reporting applications.
transport
partners
orders
application
customers table products table audit log orders table
22. reporting
service
monitoring and
management
application
compliance
application
client
transport
partners
Figure 1. Applications running on premises.
Additionally, the order’s application would require the ability
of scaling to accommodate the expected
growth on demand and to change over time, while the
management and reporting applications would not
require scaling ability to anything like the same extent.
4.2. Azure Hybrid Application
In the scenario, the company adopts an existing infrastructure
into Azure hybrid cloud by migrating
resources and applications to the cloud. Applications running
across the cloud and on-premises use the
Azure SQL platform in the same or different cloud data centers
23. and resources on premises. Figure 2 shows
the scenario architecture implemented for the hybrid
application. In this figure, the orders application
operates in much the same way as when it ran entirely on
premises. Dashed undirected edges indicate
control flows including small amount of data between entities.
Dashed directed edges mean one way data
flows especially for data replication. More details about the
components and implementation of each part
of the application are explained below.
• Orders application: it is a web application that allows visitors
…
ERM: Evolving From Risk Assessment to Strategic Risk
Management
hfma.org/Content.aspx
Changes in the healthcare system are bringing new risks, which
hospitals and
health systems need to manage effectively to remain
competitive.
The U.S. healthcare ecosystem represents a $5 trillion market
and is projected to grow to a
$5.5 trillion market by 2025. The exponential growth comes
from several thematic drivers,
including the shift from volume to value and the rise of the
consumer, both of which are turning
the industry on its head as new payment models and greater
expansion of consumer options
are being introduced to the marketplace. Other drivers include
evolving mobile strategies, new
24. entrants, an aging population, and continued uncertainty in
political and regulatory
environments. With medical device cybersecurity vulnerabilities
being reported at record
levels, it is evident that new risks are constantly threatening the
quality of patient care and
providers’ long-term prosperity.
As the healthcare market expands and evolves, the inherent
risks also are increasing, as
shown in the sidebar.
Moving Beyond Risk Identification
Traditionally, the healthcare industry has exceled in risk
identification and assessment. The
industry has been less proficient at prioritizing and managing
risk, however, and it has a vital
need to tackle these areas. To do so, healthcare providers must
invest more in building
enterprise risk management (ERM) capabilities.
As a defensive strategy, a focus on avoiding risk may seem to
hold promise, but no hospital or
health system can avoid risk entirely. By giving an organization
insight into how to take the
right risks at the right time, an effective ERM program can help
the organization more
successfully execute its strategic imperatives.
Getting Beyond Basic Effectiveness
Despite the growing importance of programs today, and the
raised awareness of their
importance, many healthcare providers have been slow to adopt
a more sophisticated
approach. As shown in the exhibit below, the current state for
most providers falls between
25. “basic” and “evolving” maturities for ERM programs.
Levels of ERM Maturity
a
b
1/5
http://www.hfma.org/Content.aspx?id=60137
Organizations classified as basic recognize the implications of
risk to
achieving the organization’s objectives and are just beginning
to have
important discussions on the topics of risk. Often defined as
hazards
and considered only in the context of their adverse
consequences, risks
managed at a basic maturity levels are identified on an annual
basis; risk mitigation and
controls are seldom factored in, and reporting is seldom, most
often biannually at best.
Organizations at basic maturity also may have disparate risk
management processes that
aren’t managed in a coordinated method (e.g., compliance,
IT/cyber security, operations, and
legal/insurance) and that exist outside normal management
processes or cadences. Moreover,
the internal ERM risk assessment is siloed from other risk
assessments conducted in the
organization.
26. Components for the risk assessment tend to be seen as
requirements imposed upon the
organization rather than as opportunities for proactive
investment in the organization. As a
result, the risk assessment often lacks substantive data and
analysis, misses measurable
monitoring, and does not align with the organization’s strategic
vision and operational goals. It
therefore is not surprising that ERM programs at the basic-
maturity level often suffer from a
lack of value creation in helping the enterprise manage risk to
drive performance, and that they
are rarely seen as anything other than “check-the-box”
programs.
Organizations whose ERM programs are classified as
“evolving” are on the way to having
more enabled programs; they are able to conduct annual risk
assessments within their health
systems, but they do so with limited coordination or alignment
back to strategy. Evolving ERM
programs typically seek to help their organizations assess the
broader risk universe, and they
tend to drive toward a manageable list of 10 to 15 top,
“enterprise” risks.
Risk owners within the organization are responsible for the
mitigation of risks and development
of risk action plans to do so, but many of them receive little
oversight from an ERM program.
Alignment between the risk management process and the
business management process
starts to form but is limited (usually involving strategy,
planning, or finance). Risk-appetite
statements may exist, but such statements tend to be formulated
at a high aggregate level and
27. may not always be relevant to management in helping mitigate
individual risks. Risks often
have an informal linkage back to strategic initiatives and
performance expectations.
Establishing an Effective ERM Program: Key Components
An effective ERM program will help to drive greater relevance
across the organization, to bring
focus to promote a greater level of operational and strategic
performance, and to build lasting
value to the health system. Where a company focuses its
resources and efforts is, of course,
determined by its existing position and long-term strategy. If
there is no process in place,
organizations should begin working toward the basic level,
focusing on building the
foundational elements of a risk management framework. Those
that have already established
2/5
some risk protocols should aim for evolving maturity and
concentrate on broadening
organizational support and embedding and sustaining risk
management throughout the
enterprise. For example, effective ERM programs help an
organization understand what must
go right if the organization is to achieve its long term
objectives, what the risks are to achieving
those objectives, how well the organization currently mitigates
risks and the identifies the gaps
to continuing to improve on those mitigation efforts, and how it
then can develop oversight and
reporting processes to monitor risk management activities.
28. Regardless of the initial maturity level, an important starting
point for developing the ERM
program is to clearly define or review the program’s purpose
and value proposition for key
stakeholders. This exercise will help determine whether the
current program is properly serving
the organization and is well-positioned to drive the level of
change needed while managing risk
in a dynamic and complex environment. For example, ERM
programs can help drive
standardization in risk assessment processes, help to bring
balance around risks related to
business unit performance expectations as well as strategic
objectives, and start raising the
level of risk acumen in the organization.
To promote this new mindset, the organization must create a
risk culture and governance in
alignment with its strategic planning process and build out risk
processes with the support of
governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) technologies.
These activities, which are fundamental to establishing an
effective ERM program, should
have the following five key areas of focus.
Building a risk culture. When a strong risk culture exists within
a hospital or health system,
an ongoing awareness of risk is naturally embedded in the
organization’s culture, from
performance measurements to a company’s code of conduct, as
well as training programs.
Identifying, understanding, and managing risk is a priority and
responsibility of all members of
the management team.
29. A health system can be a leader in building a risk culture by
embedding discussions on risk
topics into day-to-day operations, including quarterly
performance reporting, existing committee
meetings, and executive team discussions.
Developing an organization’s risk culture also requires a
companywide effort. Organizational
risks should be defined more broadly than simply as events that
result in challenges and
issues that must be avoided. It is important that all stakeholders
within the hospital or health
system understand both the risks and opportunities presented,
and the uncertainties that need
to be balanced to make an informed decision on whether to
pursue the opportunity. For
example, a hospital may be considering a new form of care
delivery that may create a
significant revenue stream and leverage the greater suite of care
facilities across the system
but that adds a heightens the organization’s level of risk. By
understanding what needs to go
right to operationalize the new form of care delivery, what
could prevent the organization from
3/5
achieving that objective, and what level of current and future
risk mitigation capabilities are
needed, an organization can make a more well-informed
decision on whether to pursue the
opportunity.
30. Formalizing risk governance. Risk governance is well-defined
when the board, senior
management, and functional management have specific roles
within the risk-management
process and recognize their active roles within the risk-
governance process. The organization
also should provide these key stakeholders with the tools to
fulfill those roles, ensuring proper
knowledge and staffing of resources, including the GRC
technology required to facilitate
information sharing and coordination of risk management
activities. All these individuals also
should be accountable for their participation in the process, and
guides and protocols should
be created to clearly define when and how issues of risk are to
be escalated.
For example, accountability in risk governance is a fundamental
aspect of risk management for
one national healthcare provider operating in more than 20
states. Risk owners are
responsible for developing and monitoring risk response plans
and for updating, identifying,
and analyzing new and emerging risks. The information
gathered through this process then is
used to update the risk profile periodically.
Aligning ERM with strategic planning. Alignment of ERM to
the strategic planning process
is critical for establishing an effective ERM program. One
Midwestern healthcare system, for
example, links key risks to strategic initiatives when evaluating
cost and ROI to determine
whether the initiative falls within the organization’s risk
tolerance.
31. To achieve greater alignment to the organization’s strategic
planning process, organizational
leaders should leverage the results of the risk assessment to
promote a discussion around the
implications of the risk profile. These conversations ultimately
could lead to integration of the
ERM processes within key functions such as planning, mergers
and acquisitions, and program
management for strategic initiatives. Another leading healthcare
provider has found it effective
to incorporate the process of linking all its top risks to the
stated company strategy and
underlying objectives, while also tying them back to risks
identified in the company’s Form 10-
K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Standardizing the risk management process. Efforts in this area
include those focused on
maintaining accountability in risk management processes. For
example, the ERM program at
one leading provider organization meets quarterly with risk
owners one on one, with the goal of
capturing changes in risk activity and discussing the
effectiveness of risk action plans.
Data analysis is critical to standard risk management processes.
Analytics define the
qualitative and quantitative impact of risk on an organization’s
ability to accomplish its strategic
initiatives and execute its day-to-day business decisions.
Organizational leaders should review
all risk scenarios to understand the implications of changing
business models, industry events
and trends, and the interrelatedness and combined impact of
risk. Using this information, as
well as risk appetite, risk management professionals can
32. embrace the tolerance changes over
time and drive further resource allocation discussions.
4/5
Leveraging GRC technology to capture and coordinate risk
management activities. As
the risk environment evolves, enhanced and more sophisticated
tools help to support an
advancing risk management process and improve coordination
of core risk management
activities. These tools provide greater access to shared data and
information across the
organization and improve resiliency.
To optimize the use of GRC technologies, hospitals and health
systems should identify existing
tools by risk functions and obtain a clear understanding of how
these tools are being used
currently. Obtaining feedback from users on existing tools also
can help in determining their
effectiveness. Armed with this research, leaders can determine
which tools will support an
integrated risk management program and use that information to
develop a GRC technology
roadmap. This roadmap also should include a common
framework, structure, and taxonomy to
ensure the GRC technology solution implemented will support
the integration of risk functions
to align compliance, risk management, and operational
initiatives.
The Upside of Risk
As the risk hospitals and health systems face in today’s
33. healthcare environment increases and
diversifies, these organizations have both an opportunity and a
great need to advance along
the continuum from basic risk management to a well-established
ERM program. Having such
an established program is essential to being able to add greater
value. An effective ERM
program encourages continuous improvement, aligns with
strategic priorities, and enables
organizational leaders to understand and take on the risks their
organizations must assume to
succeed, and then to effectively manage those risks. Such skills
are more vital than ever in our
evolving, yet risk-filled healthcare environment.
Terry Puchley is a risk assurance national health services leader
at PwC, Chicago.
Chris Toppi is a director in PwC’s risk assurance - health
services practice, Chicago.
Footnotes
a. “PwC, Surviving Seismic Change: Winning a Piece of the $5
Trillion U.S. Health Ecosystem,
September 2016; Johnson, C.Y., “Why America’s Healthcare
Spending Is Projected to Soar
Over the Next Decade,” Workblog, The Washington Post, Feb.
15, 2017.
b. PWC, Top Health Industry Issues of 2018: A Year for
Resilience Amid Uncertainty, 2017.
Publication Date: Sunday, April 01, 2018
5/5