- TB cases in the US decreased from 1953 to 1984 but increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, with 25,313 cases reported in 1993. Since then, cases have declined steadily.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, transmission in congregate settings like prisons and nursing homes, and deterioration of public health infrastructure.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key facts about the disease:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne particles expelled from the lungs of infected individuals.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in the United States. It notes that reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again since 1993. Factors contributing to the rise in cases included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through airborne particles. While 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, targeted testing focuses on those at highest risk like close contacts and those with conditions increasing risk of progression. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological examination. Treatment includes antibiotics and directly observed
The document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key points:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, peaking at 25,313 cases in 1993 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the rise in cases include the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings such as prisons.
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
- Testing and treatment strategies aim to identify latent TB infections and ensure completion of treatment to prevent active
M. tuberculosis bacteria cause tuberculosis (TB), which is spread through airborne particles when an infectious person coughs or sneezes. While only 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, those with conditions like HIV/AIDS or malnutrition are at higher risk. TB is diagnosed through tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and culture. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent relapse and drug resistance.
This document discusses the close interlink between tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, noting that TB is a leading cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. It explains that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB for those with latent TB infections, and that people living with HIV have a 10-50% increased lifetime risk of developing TB compared to HIV-negative individuals. The document also describes how TB and HIV interact and influence each other, exacerbating the diseases. It provides details on diagnosing and treating co-infections of TB and HIV.
TB 2013_Diagnosis and clinical presentationRamadan Arafa
This document discusses the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). It presents 3 case studies and discusses the typical symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic approach for TB. Key points include: 1) TB most commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss; 2) diagnostic approach involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray and consideration of risk factors; 3) delay in diagnosis can increase transmission and disease severity.
- TB cases in the US decreased from 1953 to 1984 but increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, with 25,313 cases reported in 1993. Since then, cases have declined steadily.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, transmission in congregate settings like prisons and nursing homes, and deterioration of public health infrastructure.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key facts about the disease:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne particles expelled from the lungs of infected individuals.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in the United States. It notes that reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again since 1993. Factors contributing to the rise in cases included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through airborne particles. While 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, targeted testing focuses on those at highest risk like close contacts and those with conditions increasing risk of progression. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological examination. Treatment includes antibiotics and directly observed
The document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key points:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, peaking at 25,313 cases in 1993 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the rise in cases include the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings such as prisons.
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
- Testing and treatment strategies aim to identify latent TB infections and ensure completion of treatment to prevent active
M. tuberculosis bacteria cause tuberculosis (TB), which is spread through airborne particles when an infectious person coughs or sneezes. While only 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, those with conditions like HIV/AIDS or malnutrition are at higher risk. TB is diagnosed through tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and culture. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent relapse and drug resistance.
This document discusses the close interlink between tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, noting that TB is a leading cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. It explains that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB for those with latent TB infections, and that people living with HIV have a 10-50% increased lifetime risk of developing TB compared to HIV-negative individuals. The document also describes how TB and HIV interact and influence each other, exacerbating the diseases. It provides details on diagnosing and treating co-infections of TB and HIV.
TB 2013_Diagnosis and clinical presentationRamadan Arafa
This document discusses the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). It presents 3 case studies and discusses the typical symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic approach for TB. Key points include: 1) TB most commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss; 2) diagnostic approach involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray and consideration of risk factors; 3) delay in diagnosis can increase transmission and disease severity.
This document provides objectives and information about tuberculosis (TB) for students. It defines TB and identifies risk factors. It explains how TB is transmitted and defines latent TB and drug-resistant TB. It describes the history of TB, scientific discoveries about it, and breakthroughs in treatment. It outlines the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and patient monitoring for TB.
1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
1. Early detection of HIV-TB co-infection is challenging but important as TB is a leading cause of death among people living with HIV. New diagnostic approaches like Xpert MTB/RIF can improve detection rates.
2. TB is more difficult to diagnose, spreads faster, and is more deadly in people living with HIV. The risk of developing active TB increases with lower CD4 counts.
3. Screening and testing algorithms along with new tests like Xpert MTB/RIF, LF-LAM, and treatment of latent TB are recommended to reduce the high TB mortality among people living with HIV.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
The document discusses tuberculosis in children, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It notes that tuberculosis is endemic in Pakistan, with over 200,000 new cases annually. Children under 15 account for 20% of cases. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinical features vary depending on the site of infection, and may include cough, fever, lymph node enlargement, and meningitis. Diagnosis involves tuberculin tests, chest X-rays, and culture of fluid/tissue samples. Standard drug regimens include isoniazid and rifampin for 6-12 months. Prevention involves BCG vaccination, contact screening, and prophylactic treatment of
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs. Ethiopia has a high burden of TB and is one of 22 high burden countries globally. TB prevalence and incidence in Ethiopia are 211 and 224 per 100,000 population respectively. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-24 months depending on type of TB. Public health measures like directly observed therapy are important to prevent drug resistance and improve treatment outcomes.
This document discusses Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It begins by introducing Mycobacteria as acid-fast, aerobic rods. It then discusses the history of discovering M. leprae and M. tuberculosis. Several classifications of Mycobacteria are provided, including M. tuberculosis complex, M. leprae, and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Extensive details are given on the morphology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis are also summarized.
This is a presentation which gives you a basic idea about clinical application of tuberculosis including pathology,clinical features,investigations and management.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. M. tuberculosis can infect any organ but commonly causes pulmonary or latent infections. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets. Once inhaled, macrophages recruit lymphocytes to form granulomas around the bacteria. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance. Primary tuberculosis commonly affects children while secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of dormant bacteria that typically causes apical lesions in adults.
This document provides an overview of syphilis, including its history, transmission, stages, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes how syphilis was an epidemic in 15th century Europe that coincided with Columbus' return from America. The bacterium Treponema pallidum was identified in 1905 as the cause. Syphilis has primary, secondary, and latent stages involving the skin and other organs. Diagnosis involves dark-field microscopy, PCR and serological tests. Penicillin remains the preferred treatment, though some areas have reported resistance to azithromycin. Partner management and consistent condom use can help reduce transmission of the disease.
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
Xpert MTB/Rif can be recommended as a first-line test for the diagnosis of:
- Lymph node TB
- TB meningitis
- Pleural TB
The test has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary TB from appropriate clinical specimens and its availability makes it suitable for decentralised diagnosis of extra-pulmonary TB. However, negative Xpert MTB/Rif results would require further testing by conventional methods for confirmation.
This document discusses TB/HIV co-infection, providing information on the global epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of TB in HIV patients. Some key points:
- TB is the leading cause of death for people living with HIV globally, with Africa disproportionately affected as rates there continue to rise.
- HIV infection increases the risk of developing active TB due to CD4+ T-cell depletion impairing the immune response to M. tuberculosis. This can lead to atypical clinical presentations and difficulties in diagnosis.
- Diagnosis is challenging as sputum smear-negative TB is more common in HIV patients. Culture remains the gold standard but newer rapid tests like nucleic acid amplification and
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains of TB bacteria exist that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths from TB.
Tuberculosis presentation for medical studentsIbrahimKargbo13
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains have emerged that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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This document provides objectives and information about tuberculosis (TB) for students. It defines TB and identifies risk factors. It explains how TB is transmitted and defines latent TB and drug-resistant TB. It describes the history of TB, scientific discoveries about it, and breakthroughs in treatment. It outlines the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and patient monitoring for TB.
1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
1. Early detection of HIV-TB co-infection is challenging but important as TB is a leading cause of death among people living with HIV. New diagnostic approaches like Xpert MTB/RIF can improve detection rates.
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This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
The document discusses tuberculosis in children, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It notes that tuberculosis is endemic in Pakistan, with over 200,000 new cases annually. Children under 15 account for 20% of cases. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinical features vary depending on the site of infection, and may include cough, fever, lymph node enlargement, and meningitis. Diagnosis involves tuberculin tests, chest X-rays, and culture of fluid/tissue samples. Standard drug regimens include isoniazid and rifampin for 6-12 months. Prevention involves BCG vaccination, contact screening, and prophylactic treatment of
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This document discusses Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It begins by introducing Mycobacteria as acid-fast, aerobic rods. It then discusses the history of discovering M. leprae and M. tuberculosis. Several classifications of Mycobacteria are provided, including M. tuberculosis complex, M. leprae, and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Extensive details are given on the morphology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis are also summarized.
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Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. M. tuberculosis can infect any organ but commonly causes pulmonary or latent infections. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets. Once inhaled, macrophages recruit lymphocytes to form granulomas around the bacteria. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance. Primary tuberculosis commonly affects children while secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of dormant bacteria that typically causes apical lesions in adults.
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More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
Xpert MTB/Rif can be recommended as a first-line test for the diagnosis of:
- Lymph node TB
- TB meningitis
- Pleural TB
The test has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary TB from appropriate clinical specimens and its availability makes it suitable for decentralised diagnosis of extra-pulmonary TB. However, negative Xpert MTB/Rif results would require further testing by conventional methods for confirmation.
This document discusses TB/HIV co-infection, providing information on the global epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of TB in HIV patients. Some key points:
- TB is the leading cause of death for people living with HIV globally, with Africa disproportionately affected as rates there continue to rise.
- HIV infection increases the risk of developing active TB due to CD4+ T-cell depletion impairing the immune response to M. tuberculosis. This can lead to atypical clinical presentations and difficulties in diagnosis.
- Diagnosis is challenging as sputum smear-negative TB is more common in HIV patients. Culture remains the gold standard but newer rapid tests like nucleic acid amplification and
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1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Tuberculosis disease and latent tuberculosis infection
1. TB Disease and Latent TB
Infection
Karen Galanowsky RN, MPH
Nurse Consultant, TB Program
New Jersey Department of Health &
Senior Services
2. Transmission of M. tuberculosis
• Spread by droplet nuclei
• Expelled when person with infectious TB coughs,
sneezes, speaks, or sings
• Close contacts at highest risk of becoming
infected
• Transmission occurs from person with infectious
TB disease (not latent TB infection)
3.
4. 4
Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
• LTBI is the presence of M. tuberculosis
organisms (tubercle bacilli) without
symptoms or radiographic evidence of TB
disease
• With LTBI, the person is healthy and cannot
spread TB to anyone
5. 5
Testing for M. tuberculosis Infection
•Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST)
–Skin test that produces delayed-type hypersensitivity
reaction in persons with M. tuberculosis infection
– Use a cut point of 5mm or 10 mm depending upon the
reason for testing
•QuantiFERON® -TB Gold Test
–Blood test that measures and compares amount of
interferon-gamma (IFN-) released by blood cells in
response to TB antigens
6. 6
Persons at Risk for Developing
TB Disease
• Those who have been recently infected
• Those with clinical conditions that increase their risk of
progressing from LTBI to TB disease
– HIV
– Uncontrolled diabetes
– Cancer of the head or neck
– TNF-alpha blockers
Persons at high risk for developing TB disease fall into
2 categories
7. 7
Targeted Tuberculin Testing
• Detects persons with LTBI who would benefit from
treatment
• De-emphasizes testing of groups that are not at high risk for
TB
• Can help reduce the waste of resources and prevent
inappropriate treatment
8. When TB Disease Develops
Symptoms
• Prolonged cough
• Night sweats
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Chills
• Coughing up blood
• Chest pain
9. Evaluation for TB
• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Mantoux tuberculin skin test or Quantiferon-TB Gold
• Chest radiograph
• Bacteriology testing for smear and culture identification
10. Common Sites of TB Disease
• Lungs
• Pleura
• Central nervous system
• Lymphatic system
• Genitourinary systems
• Bones and joints
• Disseminated (miliary TB)
11. Principles of Treatment for TB Disease
• Treatment for TB disease is usually 6 – 9 months
• The four first-line drugs should be used initially until drug
susceptibility studies are determined.
• Dosages should be calculated based on weight (mg/kg)
• All TB medications should be ingested together the
approximately at the same time daily
• TB medications may be given intermittently (twice or thrice
weekly by directly observed therapy after the initial phase of
treatment.
12. MDR and XDR-TB
• MDR-TB - Mycobacterium TB that is resistant to at least
Isoniazid and Rifampin
• XDR TB is defined as resistance to the four first-line drugs, an
injectable, and one of the quinolones
• Individuals with XDR TB are more likely to die during
treatment or have treatment failure
• XDR TB has emerged worldwide as a threat to public health
and TB control raising concerns for a future epidemic of
virtually untreatable TB
• Second-line anti-TB medications are used in the treatment of
MDR and XDR-TB. These are costly, difficult to administer, and
cause serious side effects
13. Factors that Affect TB Transmission
• Infectiousness of person with TB
• Environment in which exposure occurred
• Duration of exposure
• Proximity to the infectious person
