TLE 505 Basic Concepts on Electricity, Electronics and Technical Drafting
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The document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts including: - The history of electricity dating back to ancient Greeks and experiments by Benjamin Franklin. - Definitions of electricity, voltage, current, resistance, and an explanation of Ohm's Law. - Descriptions of different types of commonly used electricity like direct current and alternating current. - Explanations of electron theory, conductors, insulators, and typical voltage, current and resistance levels.
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TLE 505 Basic Concepts on Electricity, Electronics and Technical Drafting
- 1. TLE 505 Basic Concepts on RAC, Electronics, Electricity and Technical Drafting RES JANDONERO
- 2. Reporters JAIME JR. GELVERO DORINDAH DALISAY
- 3. Fundamentals of Electricity Electron Theory Conductors and Insulators Voltage, Current and Resistance
- 4. History of Electricity Benjamin Franklin helped establish the connection between lightning and electricity through his Kite experiment and the construction of the Lightning Rod.
- 5. History of Electricity In about 600 BC, the Ancient Greeks discovered that rubbing fur on amber (fossilized tree resin) caused an attraction between the two known as Static Electricity.
- 6. History of Electricity Researchers and archeologists in the 1930’s discovered pots with sheets of copper inside that they believe may have been ancient batteries meant to produce light at ancient Roman sites.
- 7. What is Electricity? Electricity is an apparent force in nature that exists whenever there is a net electrical charge between any two objects. The word "electric" comes from the Greek word "amber" and has been used to describe a wide range of related phenomena.
- 8. Types of commonly used Electricity Direct Current Alternating Current
- 9. Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) flows in only one direction. Used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries. Alternating Current (AC) continuously changes in magnitude and direction. Used by most lights, appliances and motors.
- 10. Electron Theory
- 11. Electron Theory
- 12. Electron Theory
- 13. Electron Theory
- 14. Electron Theory
- 15. Electron Theory
- 16. When it comes to electricity there are generally two types of material:
- 17. Conductors Materials that are made up of atoms whose electrons are easily freed are called conductive materials or "conductors". Platinum, gold, and silver are examples of the very best conductors of electricity. Copper and aluminum are also quite excellent conductors of electricity and much less expensive.
- 18. Insulators An insulator is a material that has only a few free electrons. In insulators, the electrons are tightly bound by the nucleus. Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electrical current.
- 19. Basic building blocks needed to employ and utilize Electricity. Current Voltage Resistance
- 20. Voltage Voltage is the electrical force that causes free electrons to move from one atom to another. Unit of measurement: Volts (V), named after Alessandro Volta The scientific symbol for voltage is an "E", dating to early days of electricity when it was called the "Electromotive force". Electricians and wiring books use "V" as the voltage symbol.
- 22. Current Current is a measure of the rate of electron flow through a material. Electrical current is measured in units of amperes or "amps" for short. One amp is defined as 6.28 x 10 18 electrons per second. The scientific symbol for amperage is an "I", dating back to the early days of electricity. Electricians and wiring guides use "A" as the amperage symbol. Melted Wires
- 24. Resistance Electrical resistance is defined as the resistance to flow of electricity through a material. The electrical resistance of a material is measured in units called "ohms". The scientific symbol for electrical resistance, which is measured in ohms, is the Greek letter Ω (Omega). Electricians and practical wiring books typically use an "R" to represent resistance.
- 26. Ohm’s Law by Georg Simon Ohm E = I . R Where: E = Voltage in Volts I = Current in Amps R = Resistance in Ohms This state that the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit, provided the temperature remains constant.
- 27. Example 1 In this example, we will calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and resistance (R): What is the amount of current (I) in this circuit? Ohm’s Law: E = I . R
- 28. Example 2 Calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and current (I): What is the amount of resistance (R) offered by the lamp? Ohm’s Law: E = I . R
- 29. Example 3 Calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of current (I) and resistance (R): What is the amount of voltage provided by the battery? Ohm’s Law: E = I . R
- 30. Enthusiasm is the electricity of life. How do you get it? You act enthusiastic until you make it a habit. Gordon Parks
- 31. References: • https://www.wecc.org/Administrative/=INTRO_MOD_2-Fundamentals=rev2015-June.pdf • http://zebu.uoregon.edu/disted/ph162/lec04.html • https://water.mecc.edu/courses/ENV115/lesson14.htm • https://www.universetoday.com/82402/who-discovered-electricity/ • https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltage-current-resistance-relate/ • https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Ohm-s-Law • https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law/all • https://electricalacademia.com/basic-electrical/relationship-voltage-current-resistance/
Editor's Notes
- Good Morning Sir Res! Good Morning Classmates!
- I’m DORINDAH DALISAY together with Sir JAIME JR. GELVERO. We’re here today to talk to you about the Fundamentals of Electricity.
- What an Electron Theory is?, The difference between Conductors and Insulators and the fundamentals and relationships of Voltage, Current and Resistance.
- Electricity is a form of energy and it occurs in nature, so it was not “invented.” As to who discovered it, many misconceptions abound. Some give credit to Benjamin Franklin for discovering electricity, but his KITE experiments and the construction of the Lightning Rod only helped establish the connection between lightning and electricity, nothing more.
- In about 600 BC, the Ancient Greeks discovered that rubbing fur on amber (fossilized tree resin) caused an attraction between the two – and so what the Greeks discovered was actually static electricity.
- Additionally, researchers and archeologists in the 1930’s discovered pots with sheets of copper inside that they believe may have been ancient batteries meant to produce light at ancient Roman sites. Similar devices were found in archeological digs near Baghdad meaning ancient Persians may have also used an early form of batteries.
- So what is electricity? Electricity is an apparent force in nature that exists whenever there is a net electrical charge between any two objects. It's a lot easier to describe what an electricity does than what it is. For example, electricity operates our lights, runs our refrigerators and powers our electric motors. The word "electric" comes from the Greek word "amber" and has been used to describe a wide range of related phenomena. We can't see electricity, but we can see its effects, such as light.
- Electricity can exist in a number of forms, but there are two types of commonly used electricity: Direct Current, Alternating Current
- Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. The direction and amperage of direct currents do not change. It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries. While Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time. AC is used by most lights, appliances and motors. It is used in the high voltage transmission system. AC enables use of transformers to change voltage from high to low and back .
- To explain how electricity flows through a material, we need to understand the structure of atoms.
- Atoms -- nature's building blocks.Atoms consist of protons and neutrons, these form the nucleus of the atom. Orbiting the nucleus are the electrons. These electrons are responsible for electricity, hence the name
- Electrons which are far lighter than the protons in the nucleus can relatively move. The movement of electrons is what forms an Electric Current. The protons account for the positive charge of the nucleus and the electrons for the negative charge.
- Electrons which are far lighter than the protons in the nucleus can relatively move. The movement of electrons is what forms an Electric Current. The protons account for the positive charge of the nucleus and the electrons for the negative charge.
- Electrons move from the negative to the positive. The power source such as the battery pushes out electrons from one end and attracts them from the other. As one is pulled in, one is pulled out. Despite the electron moving relatively slowly, this effects causes the energy to be transferred almost instantaneously. To create such a flow of electrons, we must provide a path using a conductor such as a copper wire. If the path is blocked or if the wire is cut, the electron cannot continue to flow – therefore stopping the electric current.
- The key to the flow of electricity is making a continuous electrical circuit. Connecting a wire between a source of electron and the attractor of electron. All electrical devices are powered this way that is why battery has two poles, a source and an attractor, a negative and a positive. This is also why the electrical plug has at least 2 tongs, one for incoming electrons and one for outgoing. Electrons are not spent, they do not cease existing. They are just mere carriers of charge and can only be useful on their way to their destinations….
- When it comes to electricity there are generally two types of material: Insulator and Conductor.
- Materials that are made up of atoms whose electrons are easily freed are called conductive materials or "conductors". Platinum, gold, and silver are examples of the very best conductors of electricity. Gold is used extensively in small quantities for high-value products like microelectronics, high quality audio components, computer chips and telecommunications satellites. Copper and aluminum are also quite excellent conductors of electricity and much less expensive. Almost all electrical wiring is aluminum or copper.
- Insulators are materials that have structural properties exactly opposite of conductors. These materials are made up of atoms whose electrons are not easily "freed". These electrons are said to be tightly bound to the nucleus, and are very stable. Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electrical current. The rubberized power cord and plastic coverings on appliances are typical examples of insulators. Good electrical insulators are rubber, porcelain, glass, most plastics and dry wood.
- When beginning to explore the world of electricity and electronics, it is vital to start by understanding the basics of voltage, current, and resistance. These are the three basic building blocks required to manipulate and utilize electricity.
- Voltage is the electrical force that causes free electrons to move from one atom to another. Just as water needs some pressure to force it through a pipe, electrical current needs some force to make it flow. Voltage is measured in volts. The unit "volt" is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who invented what is considered the first chemical battery. The scientific symbol for voltage is an "E", dating to early days of electricity when it was called the "Electromotive force". Scientists and engineers use the "E" symbol for voltage, while electricians and wiring books use "V" as the voltage symbol.
- Sample Voltage Levels
- Current is a measure of the rate of electron flow through a material. Electrical current is measured in units of amperes or "amps" for short. This flow of electrical current develops when electrons are forced from one atom to another. One amp is defined as 6.28 x 10 18 electrons per second. When current flows in a conductor, heat is produced. This happens because every conductor offers some resistance to current flowing. That is why the amperage flow in a circuit is important, since the more amps flowing, the more heat is produced. Most people notice this heating effect when the cord of any appliance or electrical device heats up after the device has been running for an extended period. Recognizing this heat production is important in specifying wire sizes. When a wire carries more amps than it can handle without overheating, we say it is "overloaded". Overloaded wires can melt the insulation and create shocks or even fires. The scientific symbol for amperage is an "I", dating back to the early days of electricity. It is still used by scientists and engineers. Electricians and wiring guides use "A" as the amperage symbol.
- Typical Current levels
- Electrical resistance is defined as the resistance to flow of electricity through a material. Even the best conductors, such as gold, have some resistance. Resistance elements essentially fall somewhere between a conductor and an insulator. Resistance can also be considered a measurement of how tightly a material holds onto its electrons. For example, common resistance elements in a circuit are lights, motors, and electrical resistance heaters. The electrical resistance of a material is measured in units called "ohms". The lower the resistance of a material, the better the material acts as a conductor. For example, copper has a lower electrical resistance than aluminum; copper is a better conductor. The scientific symbol for electrical resistance, which is measured in ohms, is the Greek letter Omega. Electricians and practical wiring books typically use an "R" to represent resistance.
- Resistivity – when a conducting material has very low resistivity, insulators have very high resistivity. Length – decreasing the material’s length decreases the resistance. Cross-sectional area – increasing the material’s cross-sectional area decreases the resistance and Temperature – the hotter the wire, the more resistance it exhibits…
- The relationship between current, voltage and resistance is expressed by Ohm’s Law discovered by Georg Simon Ohm and published in his 1827 paper, The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically. Combining the elements of voltage, current, and resistance, Ohm developed the formula: E = IR, where E = Voltage in volts, I = Current in amps and R = Resistance in ohms. This states that the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit, provided the temperature remains constant. To increase the current flowing in a circuit, the voltage must be increased, or the resistance decreased.
- In the circuit shown on the screen, there is only one source of voltage (the battery, on the left) and only one source of resistance to current (the lamp, on the right). This makes it very easy to apply Ohm’s Law. If we know the values of any two of the three quantities (voltage, current, and resistance) in this circuit, we can use Ohm’s Law to determine the third. In this example, we will calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and resistance (R): What is the amount of current (I) in this circuit? Using the Ohm’s Law E = I . R, I = E/R, substitute the values I is equal to 12 volts divided 3 ohms is equal to 4 Amps…
- In this next example, we will calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and current (I): What is the amount of resistance (R) offered by the lamp? Using the Ohm’s Law E = I.R, R = E/I, so 36 volts divided by 4 Amps is equal to 9 ohms
- In the last example, we will calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of current (I) and resistance (R): What is the amount of voltage provided by the battery? Using the Ohm’s Law E = I.R, substitute the given values. E is equal to 2 Amps times 7 ohms is equal to 14volts…
- Enthusiasm is the electricity of life. How do you get it? You act enthusiastic until you make it a habit. That ends our report. Thank you for listening and May God bless us all always…