The application of Full On Liquid Fertilizer (FOLF), alone and in combination with inorganic fertilizer, significantly improved the growth, yield, and soil properties for pechay compared to the unfertilized control. Applying FOLF alone increased yield by 145% and plant weight by 159%, while the highest yield of 28.8 t/ha was from a combination of FOLF and 50% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer, comparable to applying 100% inorganic fertilizer. FOLF mitigated the soil acidification caused by urea, indicating its beneficial effects on soil properties. The results suggest FOLF can be used as a stand-alone organic fertilizer or to replace 50% of
Opportunities for improving phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plantsCIAT
This document summarizes a presentation about opportunities to improve phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plants. It discusses how phosphorus is essential for plants but finite reserves exist, creating a need to produce more food with less phosphorus input. Various strategies are presented to improve phosphorus acquisition and utilization efficiency, such as increasing phosphorus recycling within plants and reducing phosphorus concentrations in plant tissues like leaves, roots and grain.
Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate on soil and crop production Four...Syedwali Jalalzai
1) The document discusses research on the direct and residual effects of rock phosphate as a phosphorus fertilizer source on soil and crop production. It summarizes four research papers on this topic.
2) The first paper finds that slowly available rock phosphates like partially acidulated rock phosphate showed good residual effects on rice yields in following seasons compared to water soluble phosphorus sources.
3) The second paper shows that inoculation of soybean, mustard and wheat crops with the phosphate solubilizing fungus Aspergillus awamori was more effective at solubilizing rock phosphate than other microbes tested.
4) The third paper demonstrates that inoculation of rice grown with rock phosphate and amendments like farmyard
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
This document summarizes a study on the response of maize to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on a soil with low phosphorus status. Treatments included two nitrogen sources (urea and LAN), three phosphorus sources (MAP, NP, and APP), and five phosphorus application rates (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg P/ha). The study found that both aerial and subsoil maize growth parameters responded positively to nitrogen source, with LAN yielding greater growth than urea. Aerial and subsoil parameters also responded to phosphorus source and application rate, though responses were more prominent during the first planting. Orthophosphate sources MAP and NP produced greater aerial growth than the poly
1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components.
2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability.
3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculants on soybean cultivation. Six treatments were tested: a control with no fertilizer or inoculant; chemical fertilizer only; rhizobia inoculant plus nitrogen; PSB inoculant plus nitrogen; a combination of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer; and endophytic bacteria inoculant plus biofertilizer. The results showed that inoculation with rhizobia and/or PSB produced higher grain yields than the control, equivalent to chemical fertilizer. Using a mixture of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer supported yield
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Opportunities for improving phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plantsCIAT
This document summarizes a presentation about opportunities to improve phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plants. It discusses how phosphorus is essential for plants but finite reserves exist, creating a need to produce more food with less phosphorus input. Various strategies are presented to improve phosphorus acquisition and utilization efficiency, such as increasing phosphorus recycling within plants and reducing phosphorus concentrations in plant tissues like leaves, roots and grain.
Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate on soil and crop production Four...Syedwali Jalalzai
1) The document discusses research on the direct and residual effects of rock phosphate as a phosphorus fertilizer source on soil and crop production. It summarizes four research papers on this topic.
2) The first paper finds that slowly available rock phosphates like partially acidulated rock phosphate showed good residual effects on rice yields in following seasons compared to water soluble phosphorus sources.
3) The second paper shows that inoculation of soybean, mustard and wheat crops with the phosphate solubilizing fungus Aspergillus awamori was more effective at solubilizing rock phosphate than other microbes tested.
4) The third paper demonstrates that inoculation of rice grown with rock phosphate and amendments like farmyard
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
This document summarizes a study on the response of maize to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on a soil with low phosphorus status. Treatments included two nitrogen sources (urea and LAN), three phosphorus sources (MAP, NP, and APP), and five phosphorus application rates (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg P/ha). The study found that both aerial and subsoil maize growth parameters responded positively to nitrogen source, with LAN yielding greater growth than urea. Aerial and subsoil parameters also responded to phosphorus source and application rate, though responses were more prominent during the first planting. Orthophosphate sources MAP and NP produced greater aerial growth than the poly
1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components.
2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability.
3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculants on soybean cultivation. Six treatments were tested: a control with no fertilizer or inoculant; chemical fertilizer only; rhizobia inoculant plus nitrogen; PSB inoculant plus nitrogen; a combination of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer; and endophytic bacteria inoculant plus biofertilizer. The results showed that inoculation with rhizobia and/or PSB produced higher grain yields than the control, equivalent to chemical fertilizer. Using a mixture of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer supported yield
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document discusses different types of fertilizer application methods. It describes various nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilizers and their nutrient contents. It then summarizes different fertilizer application techniques including broadcasting, which applies fertilizers uniformly over the entire field; placement methods like drilling and side dressing, which apply fertilizers in bands close to seeds or plants; and foliar and fertigation application methods, which supply nutrients through leaves or irrigation water. The key methods support efficient nutrient utilization and minimize losses from leaching or fixation in soil.
Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.
Physiological and Molecular basis of NUEShantanu Das
1) Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) refers to the efficiency with which a plant acquires nitrogen from the soil and utilizes it for growth and grain production. Improving NUE is important to reduce environmental pollution from nitrogen loss and decrease production costs.
2) NUE is a complex trait influenced by both internal genetic factors and external environmental conditions. It has two main components - nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Key physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling NUE include nitrogen transport, assimilation, remobilization and storage.
3) Various approaches can be used to improve NUE in crops, including marker-assisted breeding to introgress quantitative trait loci associated with NUE, transgenic methods to modify expression of genes regulating
Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
Sequential extraction of phosphorous from soilAriel Atkinson
1) Fifty soil samples from Fayetteville, NC were sequentially extracted to quantify phosphorus fractions that can reveal historical land use.
2) Phosphorus was extracted into three fractions and analyzed using both Murphy-Riley colorimetry and ICP-OES.
3) Quality control measures showed inconsistencies between duplicate extractions for colorimetry and differences from standard reference values, indicating issues with the extraction or analysis methods. Further work is needed to determine the best method for analyzing phosphorus fractions in soil.
Fsc 506-need based nutrition,-splits and time of nutrients applicationPanchaal Bhattacharjee
This document discusses the principles of 4R nutrient stewardship for applying fertilizers, which involves applying the right source, rate, time, and place. It covers factors that influence the timing and splitting of fertilizer applications such as crop nutrient demand, soil properties like texture and cation exchange capacity, and avoiding salt damage. Split applications are recommended for sandy soils with low water-holding capacity to reduce leaching losses. The document also discusses factors that influence the timing of individual plant nutrients like nitrogen, which is prone to leaching and other losses if not properly applied based on soil conditions.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Fertilizer management in vegetable cropsansar 1310
Fertilizer management is an important aspect of vegetable production. The selection of a suitable fertilizer and its quantity depends on soil nutrient levels, crop requirements, season, spacing, and irrigation. Different vegetable crops have different fertilizer needs - leaf vegetables require more nitrogen, fruit vegetables need a balanced ratio of nitrogen and potash with more phosphorus, and root vegetables need more potash and moderate nitrogen with a ratio of N:P:K of 1:2:2. Fertilizers should be applied at times of maximum plant uptake, such as just before planting or during peak growth, and can be applied through basal application methods like broadcasting or banding, or through top dressing methods like side dressing or ring placement.
1) Plant tissue testing helps monitor crop nutrient status for optimal production, ensure balanced nutrient levels for quality produce, and predict nutrient problems to avoid losses. Samples should be taken when symptoms first appear from similar abnormal plants.
2) Information provided with samples includes crop type, variety, soil type, fertilization history, irrigation, and visual appearance. Young, old, diseased or damaged plants should be avoided.
3) Proper sampling techniques vary by crop, such as collecting the upper 1/3 of cotton plants before bloom or recently mature soybean leaves from the top of plants. Timely sampling and handling is important to get the best results.
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer on the fodder Quality of AlfalfaUsman Khawaja
This document summarizes research on the effects of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa. It begins with an introduction to alfalfa and discusses how it is an important forage crop grown on calcareous soils which have limited phosphorus availability. The document then reviews literature on the use of organic amendments like PROM and cattle manure to improve phosphorus availability and efficiency in calcareous soils. The objectives and methodology of the study are provided, which involve comparing the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizer on the growth, chemical composition and soil properties related to alfalfa.
The document discusses micronutrient fertilizer use efficiency (MUE) and ways to improve it. It defines MUE and notes that applying micronutrients directly to soil is inefficient due to chemical reactions in soil. MUE of inorganic fertilizers ranges from 2.5-5%. Chelated fertilizers help improve MUE by protecting micronutrients from reactions. Foliar application provides quick response but cannot replace soil application. Coated or encapsulated fertilizers can control nutrient release. Proper application timing and methods like fertigation or banding can also increase MUE.
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer effects on fodder quality of AlfalfaUsman Khawaja
The document discusses a study on the effects of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa in calcareous soils. PROM is a value-added phosphate fertilizer produced by composting organic wastes like manure with rock phosphate. The study aims to compare the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizers on alfalfa growth, chemical composition, and soil properties. Previous literature found that phosphorus availability is limited in calcareous soils, and addition of organic matter can help reduce phosphorus fixation reactions and increase its solubility and availability to plants.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 4 Source, Method and Scheduling Of NutrientRai University
This document discusses different types and methods of applying fertilizers. It describes straight fertilizers that contain a single nutrient like nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. It also discusses complex fertilizers that contain two or more nutrients. Application methods include broadcasting on the surface, deep placement below the surface, and foliar application to leaves. The best method depends on soil type, crop needs, and fertilizer properties to maximize nutrient availability and minimize losses.
The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and provides context around commonly used terms and metrics. It notes that while interest in improving nutrient use efficiency is high, the terminology is easily misunderstood without proper context. It then reviews four common indices used to describe nutrient use efficiency and provides an example showing how the same data can be used to calculate very different efficiency rates depending on the metric and context. The document suggests optimizing efficiency through fertilizer best management practices like applying nutrients at the right rate, time and place to balance optimal efficiency with optimal productivity.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Ion exchange substrates TRIONA® and TRIONIT® are new generations of substrates developed for growing plants. They contain synthetic and natural ion exchange materials that selectively absorb nutrients like nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and potassium ions. These substrates can be optimized for specific plant species' nutrient needs and provide long-term nutrient supply and moisture retention. Plants grown in these substrates show faster growth rates, higher quality produce, and longer flowering times compared to other substrates. The unique properties of TRIONA® and TRIONIT® make them suitable for a wide variety of indoor and greenhouse crops.
“Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth Performane of Brassica rapa Under...ShynneGabinete
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of Brassica rapa (pechay) in La Union, Philippines. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: vermicompost, non-vermicompost compost, and inorganic urea fertilizer. Results showed that plants treated with vermicompost had the highest growth measures, such as plant height and leaf area, though differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Overall, the study found that organic fertilizers produced comparable results to inorganic urea fertilizer for pechay growth and yield. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for sustainable pechay production.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document discusses different types of fertilizer application methods. It describes various nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilizers and their nutrient contents. It then summarizes different fertilizer application techniques including broadcasting, which applies fertilizers uniformly over the entire field; placement methods like drilling and side dressing, which apply fertilizers in bands close to seeds or plants; and foliar and fertigation application methods, which supply nutrients through leaves or irrigation water. The key methods support efficient nutrient utilization and minimize losses from leaching or fixation in soil.
Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.
Physiological and Molecular basis of NUEShantanu Das
1) Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) refers to the efficiency with which a plant acquires nitrogen from the soil and utilizes it for growth and grain production. Improving NUE is important to reduce environmental pollution from nitrogen loss and decrease production costs.
2) NUE is a complex trait influenced by both internal genetic factors and external environmental conditions. It has two main components - nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Key physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling NUE include nitrogen transport, assimilation, remobilization and storage.
3) Various approaches can be used to improve NUE in crops, including marker-assisted breeding to introgress quantitative trait loci associated with NUE, transgenic methods to modify expression of genes regulating
Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
Sequential extraction of phosphorous from soilAriel Atkinson
1) Fifty soil samples from Fayetteville, NC were sequentially extracted to quantify phosphorus fractions that can reveal historical land use.
2) Phosphorus was extracted into three fractions and analyzed using both Murphy-Riley colorimetry and ICP-OES.
3) Quality control measures showed inconsistencies between duplicate extractions for colorimetry and differences from standard reference values, indicating issues with the extraction or analysis methods. Further work is needed to determine the best method for analyzing phosphorus fractions in soil.
Fsc 506-need based nutrition,-splits and time of nutrients applicationPanchaal Bhattacharjee
This document discusses the principles of 4R nutrient stewardship for applying fertilizers, which involves applying the right source, rate, time, and place. It covers factors that influence the timing and splitting of fertilizer applications such as crop nutrient demand, soil properties like texture and cation exchange capacity, and avoiding salt damage. Split applications are recommended for sandy soils with low water-holding capacity to reduce leaching losses. The document also discusses factors that influence the timing of individual plant nutrients like nitrogen, which is prone to leaching and other losses if not properly applied based on soil conditions.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Fertilizer management in vegetable cropsansar 1310
Fertilizer management is an important aspect of vegetable production. The selection of a suitable fertilizer and its quantity depends on soil nutrient levels, crop requirements, season, spacing, and irrigation. Different vegetable crops have different fertilizer needs - leaf vegetables require more nitrogen, fruit vegetables need a balanced ratio of nitrogen and potash with more phosphorus, and root vegetables need more potash and moderate nitrogen with a ratio of N:P:K of 1:2:2. Fertilizers should be applied at times of maximum plant uptake, such as just before planting or during peak growth, and can be applied through basal application methods like broadcasting or banding, or through top dressing methods like side dressing or ring placement.
1) Plant tissue testing helps monitor crop nutrient status for optimal production, ensure balanced nutrient levels for quality produce, and predict nutrient problems to avoid losses. Samples should be taken when symptoms first appear from similar abnormal plants.
2) Information provided with samples includes crop type, variety, soil type, fertilization history, irrigation, and visual appearance. Young, old, diseased or damaged plants should be avoided.
3) Proper sampling techniques vary by crop, such as collecting the upper 1/3 of cotton plants before bloom or recently mature soybean leaves from the top of plants. Timely sampling and handling is important to get the best results.
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer on the fodder Quality of AlfalfaUsman Khawaja
This document summarizes research on the effects of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa. It begins with an introduction to alfalfa and discusses how it is an important forage crop grown on calcareous soils which have limited phosphorus availability. The document then reviews literature on the use of organic amendments like PROM and cattle manure to improve phosphorus availability and efficiency in calcareous soils. The objectives and methodology of the study are provided, which involve comparing the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizer on the growth, chemical composition and soil properties related to alfalfa.
The document discusses micronutrient fertilizer use efficiency (MUE) and ways to improve it. It defines MUE and notes that applying micronutrients directly to soil is inefficient due to chemical reactions in soil. MUE of inorganic fertilizers ranges from 2.5-5%. Chelated fertilizers help improve MUE by protecting micronutrients from reactions. Foliar application provides quick response but cannot replace soil application. Coated or encapsulated fertilizers can control nutrient release. Proper application timing and methods like fertigation or banding can also increase MUE.
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer effects on fodder quality of AlfalfaUsman Khawaja
The document discusses a study on the effects of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa in calcareous soils. PROM is a value-added phosphate fertilizer produced by composting organic wastes like manure with rock phosphate. The study aims to compare the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizers on alfalfa growth, chemical composition, and soil properties. Previous literature found that phosphorus availability is limited in calcareous soils, and addition of organic matter can help reduce phosphorus fixation reactions and increase its solubility and availability to plants.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 4 Source, Method and Scheduling Of NutrientRai University
This document discusses different types and methods of applying fertilizers. It describes straight fertilizers that contain a single nutrient like nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. It also discusses complex fertilizers that contain two or more nutrients. Application methods include broadcasting on the surface, deep placement below the surface, and foliar application to leaves. The best method depends on soil type, crop needs, and fertilizer properties to maximize nutrient availability and minimize losses.
The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and provides context around commonly used terms and metrics. It notes that while interest in improving nutrient use efficiency is high, the terminology is easily misunderstood without proper context. It then reviews four common indices used to describe nutrient use efficiency and provides an example showing how the same data can be used to calculate very different efficiency rates depending on the metric and context. The document suggests optimizing efficiency through fertilizer best management practices like applying nutrients at the right rate, time and place to balance optimal efficiency with optimal productivity.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Ion exchange substrates TRIONA® and TRIONIT® are new generations of substrates developed for growing plants. They contain synthetic and natural ion exchange materials that selectively absorb nutrients like nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and potassium ions. These substrates can be optimized for specific plant species' nutrient needs and provide long-term nutrient supply and moisture retention. Plants grown in these substrates show faster growth rates, higher quality produce, and longer flowering times compared to other substrates. The unique properties of TRIONA® and TRIONIT® make them suitable for a wide variety of indoor and greenhouse crops.
“Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth Performane of Brassica rapa Under...ShynneGabinete
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of Brassica rapa (pechay) in La Union, Philippines. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: vermicompost, non-vermicompost compost, and inorganic urea fertilizer. Results showed that plants treated with vermicompost had the highest growth measures, such as plant height and leaf area, though differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Overall, the study found that organic fertilizers produced comparable results to inorganic urea fertilizer for pechay growth and yield. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for sustainable pechay production.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Principles of fertilizer application by vijay ambastVijay Ambast
- Basic Principles of Fertilizer Application.
- Soil is the principle source of other nutrients.
- Primary nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are used in relatively large amounts by plants, and often are supplemented as fertilizers.
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and yield components of shallot (Allium cepa L.) in two districts of Ethiopia. Five rates of nitrogen (0-132 kg/ha) and six rates of phosphorus (0-240 kg/ha) were applied in a factorial experiment. The treatment of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus resulted in the highest marketable yield (23 tons/ha), total yield (23.45 tons/ha), and average bulb weight (88.8 g). While plant height, marketable yield, and total yield were not significantly different among most nitrogen rates, the combination
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of shallot in Ethiopia. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 72, 92, 112, 132 kg/ha) and six levels of phosphorus (0, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 kg/ha) were applied to shallot plants. The highest marketable yield of 23 tons/ha was obtained with the application of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus. This treatment combination of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus was recommended for shallot production in the study area.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Effect of different phosphorus levels on growth and yield of wheat under wate...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg/ha) and water stress levels (well-irrigated, stress at reproductive stage, stress at vegetative and reproductive stages) on the growth and yield of wheat. Higher phosphorus application with optimum irrigation resulted in better growth. Higher phosphorus helped compensate for the negative effects of water stress. Stress at both vegetative and reproductive stages had a more severe impact than stress only at reproductive stage. Lower phosphorus and water stress led to reductions in plant height, tillers, spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. Applying 120 kg/ha of phosphorus produced the best
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
This document summarizes research on developing a low-cost phosphate biofertilizer using agricultural waste. Key points:
- Aspergillus niger 1107 was isolated and shown to solubilize phosphate effectively in a lab medium.
- Various agricultural waste materials (corn cobs, wheat husks, composted cattle manure) mixed with perlite were evaluated as potential low-cost carriers for the microbe.
- Carriers sterilized with gamma irradiation maintained higher microbe populations than autoclaved carriers during early storage.
- Wheat husks mixed with perlite best supported microbe survival over 7 months and increased soil colonization and plant growth in a pot experiment, demonstrating its potential
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Here are the answers to your seatwork questions:
1. Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin, which is added to the soil to supply certain elements essential to plant growth.
2. The macroelements are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) or NPK. These are usually taken from the soil, air and water in sufficient amount.
3. The macroelements (N, P, K) are required in larger quantities by plants compared to the microelements. Providing adequate macroelements is crucial for plant growth, yield and quality.
4. Nitrogen stimulates growth of leaves and stems. It is applied
Similar to FULL ON_terminal report_PROVISIONAL (20)
1. BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS
TERMINAL REPORT
EUP No. 012
YIELD OF PECHAY (Brassica napus L. var. Black Behi) AS INFLUENCED
BY THE APPLICATION OF FULL ON LIQUID FERTILIZER
Marianita N. Eroy
BAFS Accredited Fertilizer Researcher#09
PCA-Davao Research Center
Davao City
July 2015
2. 2
YIELD RESPONSE OF PECHAY (Brassica napus L. var. Black Behi) TO THE
APPLICATION OF FULL ON LIQUID FERTILIZER
Marianita N. Eroy1
Abstract
The efficacy of Full On Liquid Fertilizer (FOLF) on the yield of pechay (Black behi
Var), grown in a nitrogen-deficient silt loam soil was evaluated at Tres De Mayo, Digos City
from May to June, 2015. Its influenced on soil properties, the economics of its application and
its potential as a substitute or as a supplement to the recommended inorganic fertilizers for the
crop was assessed.
The application of the different fertilizer treatments had significantly influenced the
growth and yield of pechay specifically in terms of average plant weight and total computed
marketable yield, the soil properties and the economic efficiency.
Plants in the unfertilized control (T1) manifested the typical nitrogen deficiency
symptoms characterized by severe stunting, small and few leaves with uniform light green
color, reddening of the petioles and weight reduction of individual plants. This poor plant
growth was improved by the mere addition of FOLF at the recommended dosage (T2)
resulting to the significant increase in plant weight by about 159% .
The application of FOLF (T2) alone realized a computed yield 16.2 t/ha which was
significantly higher over the unfertilized control (T1) yielding only 6.6 t/ha. The highest
computed marketable yield was obtained in plots applied with the full dose of FOLF + 50% of
urea (T3) reaching 28.8t/ha. This was comparable with plants applied with 100% of the
nitrogenous fertilizer (T5) with yield of 27.8 t/ha indicating that FOLF can replace 50% of the
inorganic fertilizer need of the crop.
The application of nitrogen rich urea in a light textured soil had increased soil acidity
affirming the environmental concerns brought by its application. The application of FOLF
mitigated this condition showing its beneficial effects on soil.
The application of FOLF alone was already a profitable option with BCR more than 1.
Combining it with 50% urea substantially increased profitability.
Based on these findings FOLF can be used as a stand-alone fertilizer for organic
pechay production. However, for maximum yield and benefits, this could be used to replace
50% of the required inorganic fertilizer.
Keywords: Full On Foliar Fertilizer, pechay growth and yield
--------------------------
1
Accredited BAFS Organic Fertilizer Researcher of the Philippine Coconut Authority-Davao
Research Center in Bago Oshiro, Davao City
3. 3
I. RATIONALE:
Foliar fertilization is an important tool for the sustainable and productive management
of crops. In recent years, foliar fertilizers, especially organic ones, have proliferated in the
agricultural fertilizer market. If use wisely, they may be more environmentally friendly and
target-oriented than soil fertilization since nutrients can be directly delivered to plant tissues
during critical stages of plant growth (Kanan, 2010). Its importance could not be discounted
in the realm of plant nutrition since certain soil conditions, such as pH, excess moisture, or
cool temperatures, soil compaction may render a soil-applied nutrient or nutrients unavailable
to the plant root.
Johnson et al. (2001) suggested that supplying N to peach trees using a combination of
soil and foliar N fertilizers leads to optimal plant responses and limited environmental
pollution risks. A similar efficacy relationship between foliar and soil K fertilization was
demonstrated in rainfed olive trees grown in arid and semi-arid regions (Restrepo-Diaz et al.,
2009) in order to avoid problems associated with low K root uptake under limited soil
moisture conditions. Similarly, a benefit of foliar P nutrition in dry-land cereal crops may
occur when soil surface layers become dry thereby reducing the efficacy of surface P
applications (Noack et al., 2011). Foliar fertilizers can be used to enhance crop quality both in
terms of grain protein and Zn content (Cakmak, 2008; Cakmak et al., 2010; Erenoglu et al.,
2002).
An organic nano-based plant nutrient additive in liquid form, Full On Liquid
Fertilizer (FOLF), is formulated using an exclusive, proprietary nanotechnology with a
guaranteed analysis of 1.0; 0.1 and 0.7 % NPK, respectively (http://growswicth.com). It
comes from naturally chelated organic mineral matrix, finest fish hydrolyzed proteins, kelp
extracts, amino acids, finest humic acids, enzymes, plant based surfactants and many more. It
acts as a biostimulant that enhances nutrient uptake and utilization ensuring fast and strong
growth thus better quality of the produce and high yield. It could be applied as soil drench or
as foliar spray. It reduces NPK requirements by 50% thus lowering cost and reducing
environmental concerns.
Pechay, Brassica napus L, is a very popular leafy vegetable in the country that usually
responds well to foliar fertilization. Prized for its leaves, proper nutrition and development of
the plant must be ensured even in early leaf formation to assure high quality of the produced.
Being an imported fertilizer and a new entrant to the local fertilizer industry, FOLF
was formally evaluated to establish its efficacy on test crop specifically in pechay for product
registration purposes.
4. 4
II. OBJECTIVES:
The efficacy of Full On Liquid Fertilizer on a leafy vegetable, pechay was
evaluated. Specifically it determined the effect of FOLF, inorganic fertilizers and their
combination on the yield of pechay and assessed the potential of FOLF as substitute to
the inorganic fertilizers for the crop.
III. METHODOLOGY:
A. Description of test product and reference products:
The product tested was FOLF with guaranteed analysis of 1.0; 0.1 and 0.7 % NPK.
The reference product was urea (46-0-0) to supply the nitrogen need of the crop based on
soil analysis which showed very low soil OM content and called for the application of 150
kg of nitrogen per hectare .
B. Experimental Conditions
Test Location, Duration and Test Crop:
This study was conducted from May to July 2015 inclusive of material and land
preparation, chemical testing and report writing at Tres De Mayo, Digos City, Davao
del Sur. The test crop was pechay (Brassica napus L. var Black Behi). The area was
flat and with a nitrogen -deficient silty loam soil.
Experimental Design and Treatments:
This study was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three
replicates with five treatments (see Fig. 1). Treatments were as follows:
T1 – control – no fertilizer
T2 – 100% Recommended Rate of FOLF
T3 – 100% Recommended Rate of FOLF + 50% of RF
T4 –100% Recommended Rate of FOLF + 25% of RF
T5 –100% Recommended Rate of Reference Fertilizer (inorganic fertilizer)
Preparation of Test Materials, Construction of Raised Beds and Planting:
Pechay seeds were thinly sown in the germinating beds. Two weeks after seeding,
seedlings were transferred to prepared raised beds or plots each measuring 1 m wide
and 10 m long and 30 cm deep. The seedlings were planted 20 cm between rows and
15 cm between hills.
Care and Maintenance of Plants:
All recommended cultural practices for pechay based on good agricultural practices
were followed except for fertilizer application that was based on the treatments.
5. 5
Fertilizer Rates and schedule of application:
Test product: The recommended rate of the test product, FOLF at the dilution rate of
4ml/gallon of water was applied depending on crop age starting at transplanting (as
soil drench) and every 7 days interval till one week before harvesting. Spraying was
always done late in the afternoon to ensure maximum absorption by the plants. To
avoid contamination between treatments or plots due to spray drift, during treatment
application (i.e. spraying), a laminated plastic sack was used to enclose the plot being
sprayed and transferred to the next plot afterward.
Reference products: Based on soil analysis of the trial site, 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer
was needed which was supplied by the reference product, urea (46-0-0). The material
was soil applied, basally as drench and as sidedressing. The rate and timing of
fertilizer application depended on the growth stage of the crop.
Period Full On (ml/gal) Urea
(46-0-0) (g/plot)
T2, T3 & T4 T3 T4 T5
At transplanting 4 ml/gal of water as soil drench* 54.50 27.25 109
7 days after
transplanting
4 ml/gal of water as foliar spray - - -
10 days after
transplanting
- 109 54.50 218
14 days after
transplanting
4 ml/gal of water as foliar spray - - -
21 days after
transplanting
4 ml/gal of water as foliar spray - - -
Data Collection:
The following data were collected at harvest:
1.) Fresh weight of pechay – The average weight of 20 sample plants were taken after
trimming off non- marketable parts
2.) Computed Marketable yield (t/ha) – The total marketable yield was based on the
average fresh weight per plot (the weight of all marketable plants from the harvest
area-3 inner rows measuring 50 cm x 900 cm) and converted to yield in tons/ha.
3.) Soil Analysis- One composite soil sample (top soil) from the whole area was taken
before the trial and one sample (top soil) from each representative treatment after the
trial was collected and analyzed for the following: soil texture (before only), NPK, pH
and OM content.
4.) Economic Analysis –This was computed using current prices in the locality for labor
and other inputs.
6. 6
Statistical Analysis:
All data were subjected to appropriate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means
found to be significant were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a. Effect of fertilizer application on the fresh weight of each pechay plant.
The application of the different fertilizer treatments had significantly influenced the
growth of pechay specifically on the fresh weight of each plant (Table 1). The heaviest plants
weighing an average of 165.8g were recorded in plots applied with a combination of 100%
FOLF + 50% of the reference inorganic (T3). This was comparable with the plants applied
with 100% of the reference fertilizer (T5) weighing 165.2g. Plants applied with FOLF only
weighed 78.8 g which was significantly heavier than the unfertilized control which weighed
only 30.4 g. Adding 25% of the rate of urea to FOLF increased the weight to 111.17g.
Plants in the unfertilized control (T1) manifested the typical nitrogen deficiency
symptoms characterized by severe stunting, small and few leaves with uniform light green
color and reddening/purpling of the petioles. On the other hand, the mere addition of FOLF
at the recommended dosage (T2), significantly increase weight by about 159%. It had bigger
and slightly greener leaves than the control although the size and thickness were relatively
inferior than those applied with urea either alone or in combination with FOLF . It was
observed that where FOLF was applied, numerous fine roots were observed even on the soil
surface and plants were robust.
Table 1. Average plant weight of pechay as influenced by the different fertilizer
treatments. (Digos City, Davao del Sur, June 2015).
Treatment Ave. plant weight
(g/plant)
% increase over
control
T1-control 30.4d -
T2-100% of Manufacturer’s
recommendation for Full On Liquid
Fertilizer (FOLF)
78.8c 159
T3- 100% FOLF + 50% Recommended rate
of Reference Fertilizer (RRRF)
165.8a 445
T4- 100% FOLF + 25% RRRF 111.2b 266
T5-100% of RR of Reference Fertilizer 165.2a 443
Stat sig **
C.V.(%) 14.86
** Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 1% level, DMRT.
7. 7
b. Effect of different fertilizers on the computed marketable yield of pechay:
Results of statistical analysis of the total marketable yield of pechay showed
significant treatment effects and had almost similar trends as observed on the average fresh
weight of plants (Table 2).
It was observed that the highest computed marketable yield was obtained in plots
applied with the full dose of FOLF + 50% of urea (T3) reaching 28.8t/ha. This yield was
comparable with plants applied with 100% of the nitrogenous fertilizer (T5) with yield of 27.8
t/ha. This indicated that FOLF can replace 50% of the inorganic fertilizer need of the crop.
The unfertilized control yielded 6.6t/ha only. Applying FOLF only at the recommended dose
increased yield by 145% or 16.2 t/ha. Replacing 75% of the urea requirement with FOLF
(T4) gave yield of 20.58 t/ha representing 215% increase over the control. These only
indicated that despite the small quantities of the nutrients present in the product, this was fully
utilized by the plant hence the observed significant yield improvement.
The significant yield improvement over the control by the mere application of FOLF,
an organic preparation as claimed by the manufacturer, suggest that this would be a stand-
alone fertilizer for organic pechay production. However, in order to achieve maximum yield
levels, it has to be combined with 50% of the nitrogen requirement of the crop.
The enhanced growth and yield of pechay when FOLF was applied either alone or in
combination with inorganic fertilizers could be both attributed to the improved mineral
nutrition with the presence of other macronutrients like P and K and the efficient uptake and
utilization of the applied nutrients through foliar application. Johnson et al. (2001) reported
that supplying N to peach trees using a combination of soil and foliar N fertilizers leads to
optimal plant responses and limited environmental pollution risks. FOLF acts as biostimulant
that enhances nutrient uptake and utilization ensuring fast and strong growth and better
quality of the produce.
Table 2. Computed marketable yield (t/ha) of pechay as influenced by the different
fertilizer treatments. (Digos City, Davao del Sur, June 2015)
Treatment Computed
marketable
yield (t/ha)
% increase
over the
control
T1-control 6.6d -
T2-100% of Manufacturer’s recommendation for Full
On Liquid Fertilizer (FOLF)
16.2c 145
T3- 100% FOLF + 50% Recommended rate of
Reference Fertilizer (RRRF)
28.8a 336
T4- 100% FOLF + 25% RRRF 20.8b 215
T5-100% of RR of Reference Fertilizer 27.8a 321
Stat sig **
C.V.(%) 9.6
** Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 1% level, DMRT.
8. 8
c. Effect of different fertilizers on some soil properties:
Changes in the pH of the soil with the addition of fertilizers were observed (Table 3).
Where urea was applied, pH became acidic with the highest increase in acidity in plots
applied with the highest dose of urea (T5). The pH dropped to 6.4 from the initial pH of 6.8.
Reducing urea by 50% resulted to pH of 6.6 while further urea reduction gave a pH of 6.9.
However, the soil pH of those applied with urea are still within the ranged favorable to pechay
(pH 6.0-6.6) thus no observed yield reduction. Fageria et al (2010) reported the soil pH
linearly decreased with the increasing rates of urea or ammonium sulfate application in rice.
The unfertilized plot had pH of 6.9.
The observed increasing acidity with urea application simply confirmed the reported
environmental concerns associated with its use i.e. soil acidification. The light texture of the
soil and the low OM content in the site possibly contributed to these changes also since loose
and low OM soil usually had low buffering capacity.
The application of FOLF increased pH to neutrality supporting earlier claims of the
product developer that the product could reduce environmental concerns i.e. soil acidification.
Table 3. Soil properties of the site before and after the trial (Tres de Mayo, Digos City)
Parameters measured Soil type Soil
pH
Wilde’s
OM ( %)
P (ppm) K
(ppm)
OM
(%)
Initial Silt loam 6.8 0.9 43 1410 1.23
Post trial:
T1-control 6.9 0.6 35 1540 0.78
T2-100% of Manufacturer’s
recommendation for Full On
Liquid Fertilizer (FOLF)
7.0 0.5 35 1680 0.76
T3- 100% FOLF + 50%
Recommended rate of
Reference Fertilizer (RRRF)
6.6 0.6 37 1540 0.87
T4- 100% FOLF + 25%
RRRF
6.9 0.5 35 1680 0.81
T5-100% of RR of Reference
Fertilizer
6.4 0.5 35 1350 0.76
*Analysis done by the Regional Soils Laboratory of the Dept. of Agriculture, Agdao, Davao
City
An economic analysis was done to assess the efficiency of the different treatments
(Table 4). It was observed that fertilizer application using FOLF or urea alone or in
combination in pechay production was really a profitable practice with benefit cost ratio
above 1. However, the most profitable fertilizer option aside from the recommended
inorganic fertilization (T5) was the application of FOLF with 50% urea which gave A BCR
of 2.46. It has break -even price of PhP4.02, the next lowest from T5 with PhP3.16. For
organic pechay production, the application of pure FOLF is already profitable with a BCR of
1.73.
9. 9
Table 4. Economic analysis for one hectare pechay production using various Full On and Urea
fertilizers (Digos City, May-June 2015)
T1-
control
T2- 100% Full
On
T3- 100% Full
On + 50% Urea
T4- 100% Full
On + 25% Urea
T5- 100%
Urea
Yield (kg)/ha 6,300 16,200 28,800 20,800 27,800
Price/kg (PhP) 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00
Break even yield (kg) 3,395 5,926 8,326 6,890 7,996
Break even price (PhP) 6.98 4.02 3.18 3.64 3.16
Cost of production(PhP) 43,950 65,190 91,595 75,792 87,960
Gross return (PhP) 69,300 178,200 316,800 228,800 305,800
Net return (PhP) 25,350 113,010 225,205 153,007 217,840
Benefit cost ratio 0.58 1.73 2.46 2.02 2.48
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The efficacy of Full On Liquid Fertilizer on the growth and yield of pechay, Black
behi Var grown in a nitrogen-deficient silt loam soil was evaluated at Tres De Mayo, Digos
City from May to June 2015. Its potential as a substitute or as a supplement to the
recommended inorganic fertilizers for the crop was assessed.
The application of the different fertilizer treatments had significantly influenced the
growth and yield of pechay specifically in terms of average plant weight and total computed
marketable yield, the soil properties and the economic efficiency.
Plants in the unfertilized control (T1) manifested the typical nitrogen deficiency
symptoms characterized by severe stunting, small and few leaves with uniform light green
color, reddening of the petioles and weight reduction of individual plants. This poor plant
growth was improved by the mere addition of FOLF at the recommended dosage (T2)
resulting to the significant increase in plant weight by about 159% .
The application of FOLF (T2) alone realized a computed yield 16.2 t/ha which was
significantly higher over the unfertilized control (T1) yielding only 6.6 t/ha. The highest
computed marketable yield was obtained in plots applied with the full dose of FOLF + 50% of
urea (T3) reaching 28.8t/ha. This yield was comparable with plants applied with 100% of the
nitrogenous fertilizer (T5) with yield of 27.8 t/ha indicating that FOLF can replace 50% of the
inorganic fertilizer need of the crop.
The acidification of urea- applied soils affirmed the environmental concerns caused by
its application. The application of FOLF mitigated this condition showing its beneficial
effects on soil. The application of FOLF alone like in organic pechay production is already a
profitable option with BCR more than 1. Combining it with 50% urea substantially increased
profitability.
Based on these findings, FOLF can be used as a stand-alone fertilizer for organic
pechay production. However, for maximum yield and benefits, this could be used to replace
50% of the required inorganic fertilizer.
10. 10
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wished to express her sincere gratitude to the people who extended their
hands and heart for the completion of the study despite the numerous odds from seed sowing
to harvest. Special thanks to Nong Jun Jumawan, Jan2
Eroy and the hired farm workers for
the management and care of the plants; to the highly “marketable” ladies Shiela, Irish and
Klang2 for assistance in data collection and to Jessie James Asejo for the financial support.
VII. REFERENCES
Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic
biofortification. Plant and Soil. 302:1-17.
Cakmak, I., M. Kalayci, Y. Kaya, A.A. Torun, N. Aydin, Y. Wang, Z. Arisoy, H. Erdem,
A.Yazici, O. Gokmen, L. Ozturk, and W.J. Horst. 2010. Biofortification and
localization of zinc in wheat grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
58:9092-9102.
DA-BAR.2005. Package of Technology of Different Vegetable Crops. Technology
Generation and Dissemination for the Growth and Development of Vegetable
Industry. (TGDGDVI-DA RFU IV-A)
Erenoglu, B., M. Nikolic, V. Romheld, and I. Cakmak. 2002. Uptake and transport of foliar
applied zinc (65Zn) in bread and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency.
Plant and Soil. 241:251-257.
N. K. Fageria,1 A. B. Dos Santos,1 And M. F. Moraes. 2010. Influence of Urea and
Ammonium Sulfate on Soil Acidity Indices in Lowland Rice Production National Rice
and Bean Research Center of Empresa Brasileira de Pesqui. Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis, 41:1565–1575.
Johnson, R.S., R. Rosecrance, S. Weinbaum, H. Andris, and J.Z. Wang. 2001. Can we
approach complete dependence on foliar-applied urea nitrogen in an early-maturing
peach? Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 126:364-370.
Kannan, S. 2010. Foliar fertilization for sustainable crop production. Sustainable Agriculture
Reviews. 4:371-402.
Noack, S.R., T.M. McBeath, and M.J. McLaughlin. 2011. Potential for foliar phosphorus
fertilisation of dryland cereal crops: A review. Crop & Pasture Science. 62:659-669.
Restrepo-Diaz, H., M. Benlloch, and R. Fernandez-Escobar. 2009. Leaf potassium
accumulation in olive plants related to nutritional K status, leaf age, and foliar
application of potassium salts. J. Plant Nutr. 32:1108-1121.
11. Annex Table 1. Cost and returns analysis for one hectare pechay production using various Full On and Urea (Digos City, May-June 2015)
Quantity Unit
Unit
Price T1-control T2- 100% Full On
T3- 100% Full On
+ 50% Urea
T4- 100% Full On +
25% Urea
T5- 100%
Urea
A. Land Preparation
1.) Plowing 12 MAD 350 4,200.00 4,200.00 4,200.00 4,200.00 4,200.00
2.) Harrowing 9 MAD 350 3,150.00 3,150.00 3,150.00 3,150.00 3,150.00
3.) Furrowing 4 MAD 350 1,400.00 1,400.00 1,400.00 1,400.00 1,400.00
4.) Plot Construction 20 MD 200 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00
B. Labor Cost
1.) Seedbed preparation/seed sowing 2.5 MD 200 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
2.) Transplanting 20 MD 200 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00
3.) Fertilization
a.) basal/drenching 2 MD 200 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
b.) sidedress 1 MD 200 200.00 200.00 200.00
c.) foliar spraying (3X) 3 MD 200 600.00 600.00 600.00
4.) Shading/deshading 5 MD 200 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
5.) Replanting 3 MD 200 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00
6.) Care of the Plants
(weeding, cultivation, watering) 25 MD 200 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
7.) Control of pests and disease(3X) 3 MD 200 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00
8.) Harvesting, Sorting, Hauling(3 MD/ton) MD 200 12,600.00 28,800.00 52,200.00 37,800.00 50,400.00
C. Material Cost
1.) Pechay seeds 2 kg 600 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00
2.) Fertilizer
a.) Urea 6.6 bags 850 2,805.00 1,402.50 5,610.00
b.) Full On 2 l 2020 4,040.00 4,040.00 4,040.00
3.) Insecticide
a.) Decis 2 Liter 1350 2,700.00 2,700.00 2,700.00 2,700.00 2,700.00
D.) Others 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00
TOTAL 43,950.00 65,190.00 91,595.00 75,792.50 87,960.00
12. Annex Fig. 1. Transplanting of pechay seedlings (May 2015)
Annex Fig. 2. View of the experimental site (June 2015).
13. 13
Annex Fig. 3. Pechay plants applied with various fertilizer treatments. Note
the purplish petiole of the unfertilized plants (T1).
Annex Fig. 4. Top view of pechay plants applied with various fertilizer treatments.
14. 14
CERTIFICATION ON THE ADOPTION OF GOOD
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAP)
This is to certify that the study evaluating the efficacy of Full On Liquid Fertilizer applied
either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers was conducted following Good Agricultural
Practices.
Done this 20th day of July 2015 at Davao City, Philippines.
MARIANITA N. EROY
BAFS –Accredited Researcher #09
PCA-DRC, Bago Oshiro, Davao City