American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculants on soybean cultivation. Six treatments were tested: a control with no fertilizer or inoculant; chemical fertilizer only; rhizobia inoculant plus nitrogen; PSB inoculant plus nitrogen; a combination of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer; and endophytic bacteria inoculant plus biofertilizer. The results showed that inoculation with rhizobia and/or PSB produced higher grain yields than the control, equivalent to chemical fertilizer. Using a mixture of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer supported yield
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Physiological Role of Humic Acid, Amino Acids and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Grow...IJEAB
In order to evaluate productivity of some wheat cultivars grown in sandy, saline soil under foliar spraying with humic acid, amino acids and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Highest chlorophyll b and carotenoid content, percentage of sodium and calcium, tallest plants and higher number of tillers/plant were achieved from Gemiza 9 cultivar. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), chlorophyll and total chlorophyll values, higher flag leaf area and stem diameter were resulted from Giza 168 cultivar. While, higher percentages of proline, total phenols and potassium percentages were found from Shaka 93 cultivar. The earlier for a number of days to heading and flowering were resulted from Shaka 93 cultivar. Application of humic and amino acid mixture significantly enhanced total leaf area/plant, plant dry weight after 75 and 95 days from sowing (DFS), RGR, NAR, photosynthetic pigments, i.e. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids and proline contents. In addition, highest total phenols, potassium and calcium percentages, height flag leaf area, tallest plants, highest stem diameter and number of tillers/plant compared with other foliar spraying treatments. Accordingly, it could be recommended that foliar spraying wheat plants Giza 168 cultivar with the mixture of humic acid and Amino acids with addition, mineral fertilizing with 262 kg N/ha to obtain the best growth characters of wheat under newly reclaimed sandy saline soil conditions.
“Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth Performane of Brassica rapa Under...ShynneGabinete
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of Brassica rapa (pechay) in La Union, Philippines. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: vermicompost, non-vermicompost compost, and inorganic urea fertilizer. Results showed that plants treated with vermicompost had the highest growth measures, such as plant height and leaf area, though differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Overall, the study found that organic fertilizers produced comparable results to inorganic urea fertilizer for pechay growth and yield. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for sustainable pechay production.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculants on soybean cultivation. Six treatments were tested: a control with no fertilizer or inoculant; chemical fertilizer only; rhizobia inoculant plus nitrogen; PSB inoculant plus nitrogen; a combination of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer; and endophytic bacteria inoculant plus biofertilizer. The results showed that inoculation with rhizobia and/or PSB produced higher grain yields than the control, equivalent to chemical fertilizer. Using a mixture of rhizobia, PSB and biofertilizer supported yield
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Physiological Role of Humic Acid, Amino Acids and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Grow...IJEAB
In order to evaluate productivity of some wheat cultivars grown in sandy, saline soil under foliar spraying with humic acid, amino acids and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Highest chlorophyll b and carotenoid content, percentage of sodium and calcium, tallest plants and higher number of tillers/plant were achieved from Gemiza 9 cultivar. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), chlorophyll and total chlorophyll values, higher flag leaf area and stem diameter were resulted from Giza 168 cultivar. While, higher percentages of proline, total phenols and potassium percentages were found from Shaka 93 cultivar. The earlier for a number of days to heading and flowering were resulted from Shaka 93 cultivar. Application of humic and amino acid mixture significantly enhanced total leaf area/plant, plant dry weight after 75 and 95 days from sowing (DFS), RGR, NAR, photosynthetic pigments, i.e. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids and proline contents. In addition, highest total phenols, potassium and calcium percentages, height flag leaf area, tallest plants, highest stem diameter and number of tillers/plant compared with other foliar spraying treatments. Accordingly, it could be recommended that foliar spraying wheat plants Giza 168 cultivar with the mixture of humic acid and Amino acids with addition, mineral fertilizing with 262 kg N/ha to obtain the best growth characters of wheat under newly reclaimed sandy saline soil conditions.
“Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth Performane of Brassica rapa Under...ShynneGabinete
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of Brassica rapa (pechay) in La Union, Philippines. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: vermicompost, non-vermicompost compost, and inorganic urea fertilizer. Results showed that plants treated with vermicompost had the highest growth measures, such as plant height and leaf area, though differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Overall, the study found that organic fertilizers produced comparable results to inorganic urea fertilizer for pechay growth and yield. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for sustainable pechay production.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
14 bacterial inoculant.pdf for development of biofertilizerRAJESHKUMAR428748
This document summarizes the role of bacterial inoculants in crop production. It discusses how excessive use of chemical fertilizers has negatively impacted soil health and introduced the concept of biofertilizers as a more sustainable alternative. The summary includes:
1) Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can restore nutrient cycles and support plant growth, providing a more cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers.
2) Common types of beneficial bacteria used as biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms which aid
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physiological quality of bean seeds inoculated with Azotobacter spp. The study measured germination rate, seed emergence, and vigor. It found that inoculation with Azotobacter spp. did not negatively affect germination, emergence, or vigor, and may have stimulated the development of abnormal seedlings. The inoculated seeds performed best in germination tests with the highest rates and fewest abnormal seedlings. Seed emergence over time in a greenhouse was similar across treatments. This suggests that inoculation with Azotobacter spp. does not harm bean seed quality and may provide benefits.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which aims to improve soil health and sustain crop productivity through the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biological processes. It describes the objectives and concepts of INM, highlights the need for INM due to declining soil fertility from chemical fertilizers alone, and outlines the components of INM including fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. A case study shows how adopting INM for sugarcane farming in India increased yields and profits compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are defined as biologically active products containing microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and fungi. It describes several common types of biofertilizers such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and blue-green algae, explaining their benefits like nitrogen fixation and promoting plant growth. The document also covers the production, use, and marketing of biofertilizers in India, noting their role in supplementing chemical fertilizers in an integrated nutrient management system to increase crop yields in a sustainable way.
1) Azotobacter are soil-dwelling bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation, contributing to soil fertility and plant growth.
2) They produce growth-promoting substances like auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins that stimulate plant growth. Seed inoculation with Azotobacter increases seed germination and nutrient uptake in plants.
3) The abundance of Azotobacter in soil depends on factors like organic matter, pH, and temperature. They are beneficial for crop growth by improving soil nitrogen levels and stimulating other rhizospheric microbes.
This document discusses a study on the integrated effects of biochar and PK fertilizer on maize yield and soil properties in Pakistan. The main objectives were to assess how biochar alone and combined with PK fertilizer affects maize yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties like bulk density, soil organic matter and total nitrogen. A literature review found that previous studies show biochar can increase crop yields even without nitrogen fertilizer by improving soil quality. When combined with fertilizer, biochar led to even greater yield increases. The review also found that applying phosphorus at 100kg/ha resulted in maximum maize growth and yield.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
This study examined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi inoculation on the growth, nutrient uptake, and root infectivity of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings. The study found that inoculation with AM fungi increased plant height, leaf number, biomass, and nutrient uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the seedlings. AM fungi inoculation also increased root colonization and the absorptive surface area of the roots. The increases occurred under different phosphorus levels in sterile sand and in sterile and unsterile sand/soil mixes. Inoculation with AM fungi thus improves the growth and nutrient acquisition of rough lemon seedlings.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yi...Premier Publishers
The experiment was implemented during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of irrigation and fertilization on the development and yield of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv Rivera. Two methods of drip irrigation (putting the pipe at the bottom and at the top of furrows) and furrow irrigation with three types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer at rate of 300 kg urea, 180 kg superphosphate triple, 240 kg potassium sulphate per hectare) and organic fertilizer at 30 kg.100 m2 -1 with half amount of the chemical fertilizers mentioned. The organic fertilizers were added in two ways: by scattering dry fertilizer and irrigation with fertilizer solution near plant roots. Results showed that the highest total water content of leaves was 86.665%, leaf area 2285 cm2, roots dry weight 13.60 g., average tuber weight 69.56 g., and the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% was produced from applying organic fertilizer by irrigation, whereas the highest total tubers yield was 16.345 tons.ha-1 and water use efficiency 9.855 kg. ha-1 resulted from organic fertilizer by scattering method, also the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrows was superior in all studied parameters except the average tuber weight and total soluble solids compared with the other two treatments.
The document summarizes a textbook called "Rural Property Valuation" published by the Appraisal Institute. It discusses how the textbook provides essential guidance for appraising rural properties, covering topics unique to valuing agricultural land, ranches, timberland, and other rural uses. The textbook is said to be an important resource for students and practitioners to understand rural markets and issues. It contains 19 chapters covering key appraisal topics from a rural perspective, and provides up-to-date information on valuation of rural properties in the United States.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
14 bacterial inoculant.pdf for development of biofertilizerRAJESHKUMAR428748
This document summarizes the role of bacterial inoculants in crop production. It discusses how excessive use of chemical fertilizers has negatively impacted soil health and introduced the concept of biofertilizers as a more sustainable alternative. The summary includes:
1) Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can restore nutrient cycles and support plant growth, providing a more cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers.
2) Common types of beneficial bacteria used as biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms which aid
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physiological quality of bean seeds inoculated with Azotobacter spp. The study measured germination rate, seed emergence, and vigor. It found that inoculation with Azotobacter spp. did not negatively affect germination, emergence, or vigor, and may have stimulated the development of abnormal seedlings. The inoculated seeds performed best in germination tests with the highest rates and fewest abnormal seedlings. Seed emergence over time in a greenhouse was similar across treatments. This suggests that inoculation with Azotobacter spp. does not harm bean seed quality and may provide benefits.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which aims to improve soil health and sustain crop productivity through the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biological processes. It describes the objectives and concepts of INM, highlights the need for INM due to declining soil fertility from chemical fertilizers alone, and outlines the components of INM including fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. A case study shows how adopting INM for sugarcane farming in India increased yields and profits compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are defined as biologically active products containing microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and fungi. It describes several common types of biofertilizers such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and blue-green algae, explaining their benefits like nitrogen fixation and promoting plant growth. The document also covers the production, use, and marketing of biofertilizers in India, noting their role in supplementing chemical fertilizers in an integrated nutrient management system to increase crop yields in a sustainable way.
1) Azotobacter are soil-dwelling bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation, contributing to soil fertility and plant growth.
2) They produce growth-promoting substances like auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins that stimulate plant growth. Seed inoculation with Azotobacter increases seed germination and nutrient uptake in plants.
3) The abundance of Azotobacter in soil depends on factors like organic matter, pH, and temperature. They are beneficial for crop growth by improving soil nitrogen levels and stimulating other rhizospheric microbes.
This document discusses a study on the integrated effects of biochar and PK fertilizer on maize yield and soil properties in Pakistan. The main objectives were to assess how biochar alone and combined with PK fertilizer affects maize yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties like bulk density, soil organic matter and total nitrogen. A literature review found that previous studies show biochar can increase crop yields even without nitrogen fertilizer by improving soil quality. When combined with fertilizer, biochar led to even greater yield increases. The review also found that applying phosphorus at 100kg/ha resulted in maximum maize growth and yield.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
This study examined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi inoculation on the growth, nutrient uptake, and root infectivity of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings. The study found that inoculation with AM fungi increased plant height, leaf number, biomass, and nutrient uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the seedlings. AM fungi inoculation also increased root colonization and the absorptive surface area of the roots. The increases occurred under different phosphorus levels in sterile sand and in sterile and unsterile sand/soil mixes. Inoculation with AM fungi thus improves the growth and nutrient acquisition of rough lemon seedlings.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yi...Premier Publishers
The experiment was implemented during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of irrigation and fertilization on the development and yield of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv Rivera. Two methods of drip irrigation (putting the pipe at the bottom and at the top of furrows) and furrow irrigation with three types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer at rate of 300 kg urea, 180 kg superphosphate triple, 240 kg potassium sulphate per hectare) and organic fertilizer at 30 kg.100 m2 -1 with half amount of the chemical fertilizers mentioned. The organic fertilizers were added in two ways: by scattering dry fertilizer and irrigation with fertilizer solution near plant roots. Results showed that the highest total water content of leaves was 86.665%, leaf area 2285 cm2, roots dry weight 13.60 g., average tuber weight 69.56 g., and the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% was produced from applying organic fertilizer by irrigation, whereas the highest total tubers yield was 16.345 tons.ha-1 and water use efficiency 9.855 kg. ha-1 resulted from organic fertilizer by scattering method, also the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrows was superior in all studied parameters except the average tuber weight and total soluble solids compared with the other two treatments.
The document summarizes a textbook called "Rural Property Valuation" published by the Appraisal Institute. It discusses how the textbook provides essential guidance for appraising rural properties, covering topics unique to valuing agricultural land, ranches, timberland, and other rural uses. The textbook is said to be an important resource for students and practitioners to understand rural markets and issues. It contains 19 chapters covering key appraisal topics from a rural perspective, and provides up-to-date information on valuation of rural properties in the United States.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development (AJMRD)
Volume 03, Issue 09 (September - 2021), PP 44-53
ISSN: 2360-821X
www.ajmrd.com
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 44
Research Paper Open Access
Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot
Growth, and Yield in Ultisol
Hasanudin1
, Nanik Setyowati2*
, Nur Septa W.N. Sitompul3
, Zainal Muktamar4
,
Faiz Barchia5
, Entang Inoriah6
1,3,4,5
(Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia)
2,6
(Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia)
*
Co-author: nsetyowati@unib.ac.id
ABSTRACT: Ultisols have a high potential to improve crop production in dryland environment. On the other
hand, Ultisols have high soil acidity, an average pH of 4.50, high Al saturation, low availability of
macronutrients, particularly P, K, Ca, and Mg, and low organic matter content. Organic fertilization is necessary
to overcome these obstacles. Vermicompost and cow bio-urine are two examples of organic fertilizers. The
purpose of this study was to determine the optimal dose of vermicompost and cow bio-urine for shallot (Allium
ascalonicum L.) growth and yield in Ultisols and their effect on soil pH. The study took place at the Experimental
Station of the Faculty of Agriculture in Kandang Limun Village, Muara Bangkahulu District, Bengkulu City,
Indonesia. The study employed a two-factors completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor was the
vermicompost dose, consisted of three levels: 0 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha, and 20 tons/ha. The second factor was the
cow bio-urine dose, consisted of four levels: 0 L/ha (Control); 5,000 L/ha; 10,000 L/ha, and 15,000 L/ha.
Treatment combination was separated using orthogonal polynomial test. An increase in vermicompost dose was
followed by an increase in plant growth and yield, whereas biourine application had no significant effect on
shallot growth and yield. Vermicompost and biourine both increased Ultisol pH, resulting in increased shallot
growth and yield.
Keywords- Allium, shallot, biourine, Ultisol, vermicompost
I. INTRODUCTION
Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are a popular vegetable in Indonesia because they provide numerous health
benefits. According to data from [1], shallot productivity averaged 4.67 tons/ha in 2018 and 4.99 tons/ha in 2019.
This yield remains low in comparison to the national average of 10 tons/ha. Thus, it is necessary to increase shallot
productivity in Bengkulu Province.
The acidic nature of the soil in Bengkulu contributes to the low productivity of shallots in the province.
Shallots require loose soil, plenty of humus, a pH of 5.5, and an air temperature of 25-32o
C with 12 hours of sunlight
per day [2] [3] [4]. Shallots are suitable in dry lowland environment [4]. Bengkulu Province has 4.57 million ha of dry
land, but the majority of it is acidic. Ultisols is a type of dry acid soil in Bengkulu [5].
Ultisols are unsuitable for plant growth and development due to high soil acidity (pH 3.5-5.5), low organic
matter content (less than 2%), low cation exchange capacity (CEC), and low nutrient content, particularly N, P, K,
and Ca [6]. The high soil acidity causes nutrient deficiency in plants and high dissolved Al, Fe, and Mn, which affect
the plant growth. Therefore, plants cannot grow and produce properly [7] [8]. Adequate organic input is required to
solve this problem [9].
Organic matter improves soil fertility by enhancing the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties.
Organic matter serves several functions, including providing macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and
micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, B, Mn, and Fe) and increasing the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. It also
forms complex compounds with metal ions such as Al, Fe, Mn and acts as a "binder" in the formation of soil
aggregates and as a source of energy and food for soil microbe [10]. Some of the organic materials used as fertilizers
are vermicompost and cow biourine.
Vermicompost is a solid organic fertilizer made from earthworm excretions. The addition of vermicompost
to soil can improve the physical properties of the soil, such as structure, porosity, permeability, and water retention
[11]. Vermicompost has a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 [12], and its use can potentially reduce soil acidity. According to
[13], vermicompost at a dose of 14 tons/ha increased the pH of Ultisols by 0.4. Additionally, vermicompost can
considerably lower soil acidity, while biourine can supply plant nutrition.
2. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 45
Cow biourine is a liquid organic fertilizer derived from the anaerobic fermentation of cow urine and feces
added with nutrients involving microorganisms [14]. Cow biourine contains N (2.7%), P (2.4%), K (3.8%), Ca
(5.8%), pH (8.7), and naturally containing plant growth regulators such as auxin and gibberellins [15] [16]. Biourine
is an alternative fertilizer to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers for agricultural production. A 225-250 kg cattle can
produce 5-6 liters of cow urine per day [17]. Application of biourine at a dose of 20 ml/plant at a concentration of
40% increased the height of mustard by 77% compared to without biourine [18]. [19] reported that applying biourine
at a rate of 7000 L/Ha at a 40% concentration increased shallot bulbs' dry weight and diameter. The study aimed to
obtain the optimal dose of vermicompost and cow biourine on the growth and yield of shallots in Ultisols and their
effect on soil pH.
II. METHODOLOGY
The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of
Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Indonesia, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, and
repeated three times. The first factor was the dose of vermicompost consisting of 3 levels, namely V0=without
vermicompost, V1=20 g/polybag (10 tons/ha), and V2=40 g/polybag (20 tons/ha). The second factor was the dose of
cow biourine consists of 4 levels, namely B0 = without cow biourine, B1 = 10 ml/polybag (5,000 L/ha), B2 = 20
ml/polybag (10,000 L/ha), and B3 = 30 ml/polybag (15,000 L/ha).
Biourine Process
Cow biourine ingredients consist of 20 L of cow urine; 1 kg of solid cow dung; 10 L of water; 250 ml
decomposer; and 200 ml of molasses. Other ingredients are a mixture of 125 g turmeric (Curcuma longa) + 125 g
ginger (Zingiber officinale) + 125 g kencur (Kaempferia galanga) + 125 g lemongrass (Cymbopogon) , which has
been mashed and dissolved in 1 L of water (Efendi and Kosmana, 2015). All ingredients were placed in the barrel
and stirred for 15 minutes before being left closed for 35 days. The mixture was incubated for 35 days and stirre
every day. After incubation, biourine was filtered and stored in a sealed container. Before the application, the
biourine was mixed for 5 minutes and dissolved in water to a % concentration of 400 mL biourine in1000 mL water.
Planting
The soil sample was collected at the depth of 20-30 cm. The sample was air-dried for 24 hours and the litter
was sifted to remove any remaining debris. Additionally, each 30 cm x 30 cm polybag contained 4 kg of soil
fertilized by TSP (150 kg/ha) and vermicompost at the treatment dose. Planting spacing between polybags was
15cm x 15cm.
Bulbs plantings were of medium size (diameter 1.5 cm). The bulbs were then soaked in water for 60
minutes, dried for 20 minutes, and coated with 80 percent Mankozeb before planting. Each polybag contained one
bulb and palced 3 cm below the soil surface.
TSP and vermicompost were applied three days before planting. Biourine was applied two times, each half
of the prescribed dose. The first biourine application was 14 days after planting (DAP), and the second was 21 DAP
by pouring onto the soil surface. NPK was applied 10 DAP. Watering was done regularly to keep the soil moist, and
weeding was done once a week mechanically. Harvesting took place 62 DAP after the leaves had turned yellow
(>70%) and the onion bulbs had emerged to the surface
Observed variables
The variables observed consisted of soil pH, plant height (cm), number of leaves, fresh root weight (g),
number of bulb, fresh bulb weight (g), dry bulb weight (g), bulb diameter (mm). Initial soil characteristics such as
pH, N, P, and K ware analysed before planting, vermicompost was tested for N, P, K, and C-organic, while biourine
for pH, N, P, K, and C-organic.
Data analysis
The data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F test at a 5% level. The
treatment combination was tested using Orthogonal Polynomials.
III. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 show the development of plant height and the number of leaves at 2 to 6 WAP as affected
by vermicompost and biourine.
3. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 46
Figure 1. Effect of vermicompost on onion plant height
Figure 2. Effect of biourine on onion plant height
Plant growth are dependent on internal factors (genetic and hormonal) and external factors (nutrients and
environment). Plant growth is the irreversible process of increasing the volume of a plant by increasing the size of
the plant morphology, i.e., plant height [20]. As illustrated in Figure 1 and 2, the plant height increases every week.
The plant growth is an indicator of the process of plant development. The division of active meristem cells causes
this increase in plant height. Plant height increased rapidly from 1 to 4 WAP and then began to slow down at 5 WAP
(Figure 2). Plant height decreases because the tuber filling process starts at 4 WAP. According to [21],
photosynthate allocation is intended for tuber filling. The process of filling the tuber causing plant growth to slow
down or decline.
The number of leaves is also an indicator of plant growth. Plants depend primarily on leaves as
photosynthetic organs. Consequently, if the number of leaves production is low, so is the quantity of photosynthate
produced [22].
4. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 47
Figure 3. Effect of vermicompost dose on number of leaves
Figure 4. Effect of biourine dose on number of leaves
The increase in the number of shallots at 2-4 WAP indicates normal vegetative plant growth. [23] stated
that the number and size of cells play an essential role in leaf formation. It is also influenced by nutrients absorbed
by plants to form amino acids in leaf chlorophyll, which is used for photosynthesis. The effect of vermicompost and
cow biourine treatment was observed at the 2nd
to 4th
week after planting.
The variance analysis revealed no interaction between vermicompost dose treatment and biourine dose on
any of the shallot plant variables. Vermicompost significantly affected plant height, fresh root weight, fresh tuber
weight, dry tuber weight, tuber diameter, and soil pH while Biourine has a significant effect on soil pH but no
impact on other variables.
Table 1. Summary of F-calc. treatment of vermicompost and biourine doses on shallot plants
Variables
F-calc.
CV(%)
Vermicompost Biourine Interaction
Plant height 42.67* 0.7ns
1.99ns
4.36
Leaves number 1.05 ns
2.86ns
1.56ns
17.1
Fresh root weight 42.19* 0.54ns
0.98ns
22.6
Bulb number 1.56 ns
0.75ns
0.51ns
21.7
5. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 48
Bulb fresh weight 14.68* 2.74ns
1.38ns
21.5
Bulb dry weight 15.32* 2.26ns
1.78ns
22.3
Bulb diameter 4.07* 0.13ns
2.01ns
11.3
Soil pH 105.62* 10.14* 0.13ns
2.58
Note: * Significantly different, ns: Not significantly different
There is no interaction between vermicompost and biourine. As a result, each factor has an independent
effect on plant growth and yield. According to [24], if the interaction effect is insignificant, the treatment factors act
independently. Table 2 shows plant height, leaves number, fresh root weight, bulb number, bulb weight, bulb
diameter, and soil pH.
Relationship of vermicompost dose with soil pH and plant growth and yield.
The application of vermicompost had a significant effect on the soil pH (Table 1). The pH of the soil is one
of the external factors that can affect a plant's growth and yield. Low soil pH reduces the availability of plant
nutrients in the soil, resulting in nutrient deficiency and suboptimal plant production [7].
Figure 5. Relationship between vermicompost dose and soil pH
Figure 5 shows, higher dose of vermicompost leads to the higher soil pH. The results showed that the soil
pH of vermicompost at 5 tons/ha was 4.10, while at 20 tons/ha 4.58. The incorporation of vermicompost into the soil
neutralize Al and Fe, lowering soil acidity. The organic matter in vermicompost decomposes further in the soil,
producing organic acids capable of chelating Al metal and increasing soil pH. According to [25], humic acid
functional groups (carboxyl groups (COO-) and phenolics (OH-)) form complex compounds or Al chelates,
preventing hydrolysis of Al. Non-hydrolyzed Al reduces soil acidity and increases soil pH. In this study,
vermicompost with a C-organic content of 15.47 % and a pH of 7.2 was able to raise soil pH, leading to
improvement of nutrient availability to plants.
The application of vermicompost also increased the height of onion (Figure 6). The optimum vermicompost dose
for plant height was 18.56 tons/ha, resulting in the plant height of 35.2 cm, which was within the Bima variety's 25-
44 cm description range.
Figure 6. Relationship between vermicompost dose and onion plant height.
6. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 49
This increase in plant height attributes to the rise in the essential nutrient availability to plants. According
to [26], vermicompost improves aggregate stability and total soil porosity, allowing plants to absorb nutrients more
efficiently. The addition of nutrients to the soil by vermicompost can boost photosynthesis, resulting in higher crop
yields [27]. The microbial content in vermicompost also improves soil structure and texture, increasing nutrient
absorption by roots into the soil. In addition, the auxin hormone in vermicompost increases plant height [28] and
root growth [29].
Aside from increasing plant height, the application of vermicompost also increased the fresh weight of
plant roots. Vermicompost at a dose of 20 tons/ha produced a fresh root weight of 2.08 g, whereas that at 5 tons/ha
was only 1.15 g (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Relationship between vermicompost dose and fresh weight of roots
Root fresh weight is related to root growth and development in soil [30]. According to [31], vermicompost
provides the soil more porous, allowing roots to grow and spread quickly to absorb water and nutrients.
Vermicompost also contains cytokinin hormones being able to stimulate root formation, causing an increase in fresh
root weight.
Vermicompost application increased shallot bulb diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight (Figures 8, 9, and
10). Vermicomposting at a rate of 20 tons/ha resulted in an average bulbs diameter of 14.52 mm, a fresh bulbs
weight of 15.42 g, and a dry bulbs weight of 13.88 g.
Figure 8. Relationship of vermicompost dose to onion bulb diameter
7. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 50
Figure 9. Relationship of vermicompost dose to fresh weight of onion bulbs
Figure 10. Relationship of vermicompost dose to dry weight of onion bulbs
Vermicompost improves soil physical, chemical, and biological properties to increase soil fertility.
Vermicompost contains macro and micronutrients and several growth stimulants that plants require to meet their
metabolic needs.
Sufficient nutrient and water will accelerate photosynthesis, resulting in more photosynthate as energy to
support cell division and enlargement. As a result, the diameter of the onion bulbs will increase. Bulbs growth is
highly related to cell enlargement [32]. [27] stated that higher the photosynthate brings about more food storage.
According to Rahayu and Berlian (2004), fertile and loose soil will promote bulbs development resulting in larger
and heavier bulbs.
Relationship of biourine dose with soil pH and plant growth and yield.
The use of biourine can raise the pH of Ultisol. The application of biourine at a rate of 15,000 L/Ha
increased the pH of the soil to 4.43. (Figure 12).
Figure 11. Relationship of biourine dose to soil pH
8. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 51
Higher the dose of biourine leads to higher release of OH-
by the organic acids, increasing soil pH.
According to [33], the treatment of 45% biourin or 450 mL/L resulted in a higher pH (7.60) than the control
treatment (7.51). Increasing the pH of the soil can improve the availability of nutrients to plants. Biourine can also
improve shallot growth and yield [19]. However, the findings of this study revealed that the use of biourine had no
significant effect on shallot growth and yield (Table 1). This might be related to high rainfall for shallot growth
during the study which was 274 mm/month, while the optimal rainfall for shallots was 25-125 mm/month. High
rainfall might cause biourine to leach before being absorbed by plants. Applying fertilizer through the soil has
several problems, including nutrient loss due to leaching, evaporation, and soil particle binding.
Table 2. Effect of biourine dose on growth and yield of shallots.
Dose (L/Ha) Variables
PH (cm) LN RFW (g) BN BFW (g) BDW (g) BD (mm)
0 32.64 17.06 1.36 5.06 10.81 9.76 13.89
5,000 33.19 20.31 1.45 5.46 11.73 10.63 13.46
10,000 32.99 17.63 1.49 5.74 13.13 11.19 13.62
15,000 33.60 20.61 1.55 5.90 14.16 12.72 13.78
Note: PH: plant height, LN: leave number, RFW: root fresh weight, BN: bulbs number, BFW: bulbs fresh weight, BDW: bulbs
dry weight, BD: bulbs diameter
As indicated in Table 2, cattle biourine at 15,000 L/Ha tended produce higher plant height, leaves, bulbs, fresh
bulbs weight, dry bulbs weight, and fresh root weight. [33] on the other hand, discovered that biourine increased soil
N-total, growth, and dry weight of spinach plants. Plants require the element N, particularly during the vegetative
phase, for photosynthesis. Cell formation, cell extension, and plant tissue thickening require photosynthate.
Correlation between soil pH and onion growth and yield
Correlation analysis was carried to determine the relationship among pH, plant height, number of leaves, number
of bulbs, bulbs diameter, bulbs fresh weight, bulbs dry weight, and fresh root weight as shown in Table 3. Positive
correlation indicates that the observed characters have a close relationship.
Table 3. Analysis of correlation between variables
Variable PH LN BN BD BFW BDW RFW
pH 0,83 0,29 0,53 0,50 0,88 0,85 0,92
PH - 0,55 0,50 0,62 0,87 0,86 0,89
LN - 0,16 0,13 0,49 0,48 0,35
BN - 0,39 0,49 0,52 0,39
BD - 0,62 0,70 0,53
BFW - 0,98 0,89
BDW - 0,87
RFW -
Note: pH: soil pH; PH: plant height, LN: leave number, BN: bulbs number, BD: bulbs diameter, BFW: bulbs fresh weight,
BDW: bulbs dry weight, RFW: root fresh weight
The correlation coefficient expresses the strength of the relationship between variables. The correlation
coefficients ranged between 0.16 and 0.98. A correlation coefficient of zero indicates no relationship between the
two correlated variables.
When the correlation value approaches +1, an improvement in one variable will follow another. The
correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between pH and shallot growth and yield variables (Table 3). Soil
pH was positively related to fresh and dry tuber weight with r values of 0.88 and 0.85, respectively. Thus, as the soil
pH increased, the fresh weight of shallot bulbs increased.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
An increase in vermicompost dose exhibited higher plant growth and yield, whereas biourine application
did not significantly affect shallot growth and yield. Both vermicompost and biourine increased Ultisol pH, resulting
in an increase in shallot growth and yield.
9. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 52
REFERENCES
[1] Central Bureau of Statistics of Bengkulu Province (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bengkulu). 2021. Luas
Panen, Produksi, dan Produktivitas Bawang Merah Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Bengkulu Tahun
2018-2019. https://bengkulu.bps.go.id/statictable/2021/06/24/495/luas-panen-produksi-dan-produktivitas-
bawang-merah-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-bengkulu-tahun-2018-2019.html downloaded 29
August 2021.
[2] Rukmana, R. 2005. Bawang Merah Budidaya dan Pengolahan Pasca Panen. Kanisius, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia.
[3] Siswadi. 2006. Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran. Citra Aji Parama, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
[4] BPTP Sultra (Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tenggara). 2009. Teknologi Budidaya
Bawang Merah di Lahan Kering. https://sultra.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/en/. Downloaded 3 Juni
2019.
[5] Wibawa. W. 2014. Pemanfaatan lahan kering masam dengan tumpangsari jagung dan kacang tanah di
Provinsi Bengkulu. Laporan Akhir Kegiatan Tahun 2014. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu.
https://bengkulu.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/index.php/publikasi/lapkhir/811-lapkhir-2014 Downloaded 31
Desember 2018.
[6] Soepraptohardjo. 2001. Jenis-Jenis Tanah di Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, Bogor, Indonesia.
[7] Ispandi, A. and Munip, A. 2005. Liming effectivity on nutrition absorbsion and production of cassava
clons in acid dry land. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian. 12(2):125-139.
[8] Subandi. 2007. Teknologi produksi dan strategi pengembangan kedelai pada lahan kering masam. Jurnal
Iptek Tanaman Pangan. 2(1):12-25.
[9] Bertham. Y.H.Rr. 2002. Response of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) to phosphorus fertilization and
composted rice straw amendment on an Ultisol soil. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indosesia. 2(4): 78-83.
[10] Suriadikarta, D.A. and Simanungkalit, R.D.M. 2006. Pupuk Organik dan Pupuk Hayati. Balittanah.
Litbang. Deptan. Jakarta
[11] Mulat, T. 2003. Membuat dan Memanfaatkan Kascing: Pupuk Organik Berkualitas. Agromedia Pustaka,
Jakarta.
[12] Setyorini. D., Saraswati, R., Simanungkalit, R.D.M., Suriadikarta, D.A., and Hartati, W. 2006. Pupuk
Organik dan Pupuk Hayati. Balittanah. Litbang. Deptan. Jakarta.
[13] Rohim. A.M., Napoleon, A., Imanuddin, M.S. and Rossa, S. 2012. Pengaruh vermikompos terhadap
perubahan kemasaman (pH) dan P-tersedia tanah. Fakultas Pertanian Unsri. Palembang. pp: 1-11.
[14] Wati, Y.T., Nurlaelih, E.E. and Santosa, M. 2014. The effect of application biourine on growth and yield
of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.). Jurnal Produksi Tanaman. 8(2): 613-619.
[15] Rekha, S., Lalchand, Rakshapal, G. and OmPrakash, R. 2017. Benefit of cow urine-A review. International
Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research. 4(9): 2833-2835.
[16] Suprijadji, G. and Prawoto, A.A. 1992. Kandungan hormon dalam air seni beberapa jenis ternak. Pusat
Penelitian Perkebunan Jember. Pelita Perkebunan.7(4):79-84.
[17] Adijaya. I.N and Yasa, I.M.R. 2012. Hubungan konsumsi pakan dengan potensi limbah pada sapi bali
untuk pupuk organik padat dan cair. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bali. Denpasar.
[18] Rizki, K., Rasyad, A. and Muniarti. 2014. Effect of cow urine fermented on the growth and production
plant green mustard (Brassica rafa). Jom Faperta Unri. 2(1):1-8.
[19] Tandi, G.O., Paulus, J. and Pinaria, A. 2015. Growth and production of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)
based on biourine application. Akta Eugenia. 3(21):142-150.
[20] Ristila, F., Santoso, B. and Parwata, A. 2015. Pertumbuhan awal tanam jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.)
hasil persilangan di lahan kering. Undergraduate Thesis. Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Mataram.
Mataram.
[21] Fajrin. H. 2019. Pertumbuhan dan hasil tiga varietas bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) terhadap
kosentrasi pupuk organik cair limbah tomat di ultisol. Undergraduate Thesis. Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi. Jurusan Budidaya Pertanian. Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Bengkulu. Bengkulu.
[22] Susanto, E., Herlina, N. and Suminarti, N.E. 2014. The effect of kind and time application of organic
matter on growth and yield of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.). Jurnal Produksi Tanaman. 2(5):412-
418.
[23] Latarang. B. and Syakur, A. 2006. Pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) pada
berbagai dosis pupuk kandang. J.Agroland. 13(3):265-269.
[24] Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika. Diterjemahkan oleh Bambang
Sumantri. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
[25] Lisdiyanti, M., Sarifuddin and Guchi, H. 2018. The influence of humic matter and phosforus fertilizer for
increasing available P in Ultisol. Jurnal Pertanian Tropik. 5(2):192-198.
[26] Fahriani, Y. 2007. Pengaruh pemberian vermikompos sampah daun terhadap beberapa sifat fisik tanah dan
pertumbuhan tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) pada alfisol Jatikerto. Undergraduate Thesis. Fakultas
Pertanian. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang.
10. Vermicompost and Biourine Doses Effect on Soil pH, Shallot Growth, and Yield …
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 53
[27] Gardner, F.P., Pearce, R.B. and Mitchell, R.L. 1991. Pysiologi of Crop Plants (Fisiologi Tanaman
Budidaya : Terjemahan Herawati Susilo ). Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta.
[28] Zabarti. E.. Wahyu. L. and Mayta. N.I. 2013. Pengaruh dosis dan interval waktu pemberian pupuk
organik cair nasa terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat (Solanum lycopersicum Lam.).
Undergraduate Thesis. Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Riau. Riau.
[29] Nusantara, A.D., Kusmana, C., Mansur, I., Darusman, L.K. and Soedarmadi. 2010. The use of
vermicompost for biomass production of legume cover crop and inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungus. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. 12(1):26-33.
[30] Nathania, B., Sukewijaya, I.M. and Sutari, N.W.S. 2012. Application effect of elephant bio-urine on green
mustard plant growth and yield. E-Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Tropika. 1 (1): 72-85.
[31] Budiyanto, R., Hapsoh and Barus, A. 2011. Pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman seledri pada pemberian
beberapa kombinasi pupuk N. P. K dan vermikompos. Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Hal: 21-33.
[32] Setiyowati, S.H and Hastuti, R.B. 2010. Pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi pupuk organic cair terhadap
produksi bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). BIOMA 1292):44-48.
[33] Dharmayanti, N.K.S., Supadma, A.A.N. and Arthagama, I.D.M. 2013. The effect of biourine and dosage of
inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K) to several chemical properties of soil Pegok and the yield of spinach plant
(Amaranthus sp.). E-Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Tropika. 2(3):165-174.