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Fuel Cell introduction class presentation-2022

The document discusses fuel cell powered vehicles and hydrogen as a fuel. It provides information on the basic operation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, comparing it to an internal combustion engine. PEM fuel cells produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, with water and heat as byproducts. The document outlines the key components of a PEM fuel cell and how ions and electrons are transferred to produce electricity. It also provides examples of advances in fuel cell vehicle technology over the past 28 years.

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Fuel cell powered cars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach
Fuel cell powered cars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach
Fuel cell powered cars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach Does that thing run on gasoline? DANG! I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
Fuel cell powered cars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach • An image from the future, where electric vehicles replace internal combustion vehicles. Does that thing run on gasoline? DANG! I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
Fuel cell powered cars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach • Our grandchildren will likely see a transition in transportation as large as our grandparents saw. • An image from the future, where electric vehicles replace internal combustion vehicles. Does that thing run on gasoline? DANG! I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
“Some day our children will think of electricity as simply hydrogen without the proton.” P+ e _
“Some day our children will think of electricity as simply hydrogen without the proton.” H+ e _ expressed with the H+ symbol, since it is simply a positive hydrogen ion. The proton is usually
1. Something to store energy. 2. Something to convert the stored energy to useful power. 3. Something to transfer the generated power to the wheels. Power Train Architectures Three Basics
Electricity •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Power Train Architectures •Hydrogen
Electricity •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Power Train Architectures •Hydrogen Internal combustion car
Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque Power Train Architectures •Hydrogen Internal combustion car
Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque Power Train Architectures •Hydrogen Internal combustion car Battery electric car
Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque Power Train Architectures Torque Power Condition •Hydrogen Internal combustion car Battery electric car Energy Storage: Battery
Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque Power Train Architectures Torque Power Condition •Hydrogen Internal combustion car Battery electric car Fuel cell electric car Energy Storage: Battery
Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque Power Train Architectures Torque Power Condition Electricity Torque Fuel Air •Hydrogen Power Condition Internal combustion car Battery electric car Fuel cell electric car Energy Storage: Battery
Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque Power Train Architectures Torque Power Condition Electricity Torque Fuel Air •Hydrogen Power Condition Internal combustion car Battery electric car Fuel cell electric car Energy Storage: Battery Driving Range Max Available Power Driving Range Max Available Power Driving Range AND Max Available Power
•Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Electricity •Hydrogen All need a temporary connection to the world All need a temporary connection to the world
•Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Electricity •Hydrogen 2-3 min. 360 mi 4-6 min. 360 mi All need a temporary connection to the world 25 min. 260+ mi Super 8.6 hr 300 mi Home
What hydrogen cars are NOT going to be.
•Liquid hydrogen transfer tube. •Used like the hose on a gasoline pump. •Temperature: 20°K (-424°F). • 8 kg LH2 capacity. •125-mile H2 range. •¼ the fuel economy of a fuel cell car. BMW Hydrogen-7 dual-fuel car (H2 or gasoline) Only 100 made. Never went into production. BMW Hydrogen-7 dual-fuel, V-12 engine. • 6L, 256 HP
What hydrogen cars are going to be.
GM Autonomy Fuel Cell Concept Car 2002 NAIAS Detroit •The skateboard is a common platform for several vehicle body styles. •The skateboard contains all fuel and the full propulsion systems, HVAC, etc. and is connected to body via several connectors. •Since the “drive shaft and differential” for electric vehicles can simply be wires, wheel motors are the optimum configuration for future electric vehicles. Wheel motors in every wheel Skateboard So, MAYBE some day . . .
What is a fuel cell?
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell.
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell.
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell.
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine. The outputs are electricity, water and heat. Like an engine, but without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine.
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine. The outputs are electricity, water and heat. Like an engine, but without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
What is a fuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine. The outputs are electricity, water and heat. Like an engine, but without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
Sulfuric Acid Solution The First Fuel Cell Sir William Grove 1839 Electrodes
Sulfuric Acid Solution The First Fuel Cell Sir William Grove 1839 Electrodes Sir William began thinking about this on his honeymoon in 1837
Sulfuric Acid Solution Electrodes Four fuel cells produced electricity from the H2 and O2 that Grove put into the test tubes. The First Fuel Cell Sir William Grove 1839
176 years later The Fuel Cell
114 kW (153 HP) fuel cell stack in the 2016 Toyota Mirai initial-production fuel cell car. 176 years later The Fuel Cell
The last 28 years in 7 examples
1993 1 Energy Partners’ Green Car • Hydrogen fuel in welding cylinders • Three 5-kW PEM fuel cell stacks (20 HP) • Payload capacity: 1 driver and 1 passenger 20 HP Hydrogen welding cylinders behind seat
1995 2 Daimler NECAR 1 • Hydrogen fuel in composite tank • 12 PEM fuel cell stacks total 50kW (67 HP) • Payload capacity: 1 driver and 1 passenger
2008 3 Honda Clarity FCX • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 100 kW PEM fuel cell stack (134 HP) • In CAM Alternative Propulsion Exhibit
4 2015 Toyota Mirai (1st Retail FCEV on market) • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 314 mile range on 4.7 kgH2 • 114 kW PEM fuel cell stack (153 HP) • 25.5 kW battery (34 HP) 187 Total HP
2017 5 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 366 mile range on 5.4 kgH2 • 103 kW PEM fuel cell stack (138 HP) • 1.7 kWh battery, power out unknown.
2019 6 Hyundai Nexo Fuel Cell SUV • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 380 miles range on 6.3 kgH2 • 95 kW PEM fuel cell stack (138 HP) • 40 kW battery (54 HP) 181 total HP
2021 7 Toyota Mirai (2nd generation) • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 351 mile range on 4.9 kgH2 • 128 kW PEM fuel cell stack (172 HP) • 31 kW battery (42 HP) 214 Total HP
130 Years of Automotive Development
130 Years of Automotive Development The era of walking and the horse.
130 Years of Automotive Development The era of walking and the horse. The era of the internal combustion engine. (130 years)
130 Years of Automotive Development The era of walking and the horse. The era of the internal combustion engine. (130 years) The era of the electrochemical engine. 2015 to ?
130 Years of Automotive Development In 1886, Karl Benz created the first commercial automobile, the Patent Motorwagen. That marked the decline of the horse propulsion era and the beginning of the era of internal combustion engine propulsion. 130 years later, the 2016 fuel cell vehicle, with the BEV mark the beginning of a new era in electric automotive propulsion, and begins a long decline in the era of internal combustion engine propulsion. The era of walking and the horse. The era of the internal combustion engine. (130 years) The era of the electrochemical engine. 2015 to ?
Honda 2018 Clarity Hyundai 2019 Nexo Mercedes 2018 GLC F-Cell PHEV BMW i8 Series BMW i5 GT Audi h-tron quattro concept (at 2016 NAIAS) GM Colorado ZH2 GM Fuel Cell Equinox Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 207 MPH at Bonneville
Mirai Fuel Cell Drive Train
Basic unit cell of a fuel cell system 2.25 in 6.7 in THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Taken from a 2 KW (2.7 HP) fuel cell used on a motor scooter.
Basic unit cell of a fuel cell system 2.25 in 6.7 in Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Taken from a 2 KW (2.7 HP) fuel cell used on a motor scooter.
Basic unit cell of a fuel cell system 2.25 in Porous carbon electrode • With catalysts 6.7 in THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) • .001” - .020” thick Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
Basic unit cell of a fuel cell system 2.25 in Porous carbon electrode • With catalysts 6.7 in Depending on design, this size MEA can produce 50 – 100 Watts (.07 - .13 HP) THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) • .001” - .020” thick Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
Piston Piston rings Wrist pin Connecting rod Bearings Valves Sleeves Lifters Springs Two methods of converting fuel energy into useful power Both are stacked to produce a desired level of power = Fuel cell MEA Piston-cylinder assembly
Catalyzed carbon electrode Perfluorinated polymer membrane w/Sulfonic acid Courtesy: W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Membrane Electrode Assembly Production
Catalyzed carbon electrode Perfluorinated polymer membrane w/Sulfonic acid Courtesy: W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Membrane Electrode Assembly Production Equivalent to: piston, valves, piston rings, spark plug, wrist pin, connecting rod, cylinder, bearing, crank shaft for a 1/8 to 1/4 HP engine, manufactured on a roll!!!
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism .002” to .020”
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism .002” to .020” Example: The thickness of this membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Catalyst Layers Hydrogen side Air side
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side Membrane-Electrode Assembly (MEA)
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism External Load Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 External Load Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 External Load O2 Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 External Load O2 Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton H2 2H H H+ + e _
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- H2 2H H H+ + e _
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- O2 2O H+ + e _ H O + 2H H2O H2 2H H H+ + e _
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2O H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- O2 2O H+ + e _ H O + 2H H2O H2 2H H H+ + e _
Basic proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Temperature: Hydrogen side Air side 50 - 90C (120 – 195F) Reasonable cell voltage: .5 - .8 V H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- O2 2O H+ + e _ H O + 2H H2O H2 2H H H+ + e _ H2O
PEM Fuel Cell Stacks Source: Energy Partners 10kW 0.2kW Source: Electrochem Source: Ballard 85 kW (114 HP) 2002 5kW (6.7 HP) 1992 13kW (17.5 HP) 1995
370 Cell stack (152 HP) Air flow Hydrogen flow Single fuel cell (0.41 HP) Air manifold Hydrogen manifold Cells are stacked together to add voltage. Current is based on cell area Current x Voltage = Power Area x Length (Number of cells) = Volume Power
Honda Clarity Fuel-Cell System
BMW i8 Fuel-Cell System
Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Hydrogen Refueling Stations The Infrastructure Challenge
Area accessible to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles November 2015 Coalinga Willits Eureka Redding Red Bluff Susanville Truckee Garberville Santa Barbara San Luis Obispbo Morro Bay Reno Bridgeport Carson City Fallon Lake Tahoe San Francisco Barstow Ridgecrest San Francisco 0 100 KM 100 Miles Operating hydrogen stations Accessible area
Area currently accessible to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 2021 Coalinga Eureka Redding Red Bluff Susanville Ridgecrest Garberville San Luis Obispbo Morro Bay 0 100 KM 100 Miles Operating hydrogen stations Planned, in construction or in permitting Accessible area Barstow Willits Truckee Lake Tahoe San Francisco Santa Barbara Bridgeport Carson City Reno Fallon Winnemucca Hydrogen Stations Operating: 54 Planned, in construction or permitting 55 Total 109
Hydrogen fire safety test performed in 2001 at University of Miami for the US DOE.
Hydrogen fire safety test performed in 2001 at University of Miami for the US DOE. 1. Simulate a single-point-failure leak in each car. 2. Ignite the leaking fuel.
Hydrogen fueled car Gasoline fueled car Hydrogen leak rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline leak rate 680 cc/min. Time: Leaking and 1 second before flame ignition. Hydrogen fire safety test performed in 2001 at University of Miami for the US DOE. 1. Simulate a single-point-failure leak in each car. 2. Ignite the leaking fuel.
Time: 3 seconds after ignition of fuel leaks on both cars Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline
Time: 1 minute
Time: 1 minute Hydrogen Gasoline
Highest temperature in test: 117F on window. Like Palm Springs in August. Time: 1 minute Hydrogen Gasoline
Total hydrogen leak: 1.5 kg H2 (1.5 gal gasoline equivalent) Total gasoline leak: 0.62 gal gasoline (After 3.5 minutes.) Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds
Total hydrogen leak: 1.5 kg H2 (1.5 gal gasoline equivalent) Total gasoline leak: 0.62 gal gasoline (After 3.5 minutes.) Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds Hydrogen Gasoline
When the energy storage part of a battery car catches fire, it can be similar to a gasoline car fire.
How the heck did these PEM fuel cells get started?
How the heck did these PEM fuel cells get started? We owe it to 2 things:
How the heck did these PEM fuel cells get started? We owe it to 2 things: 1) Powerful atom bombs
How the heck did these PEM fuel cells get started? We owe it to 2 things: 1) Powerful atom bombs and 2) Itty bitty rockets.
In the 1940s and 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power.
In the 1940s and 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power. We both needed to send the same destructive power the same distance, BUT the U.S. did not need to develop very powerful rockets,
In the 1940s and 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power. We both needed to send the same destructive power the same distance, BUT the U.S. did not need to develop very powerful rockets, but the Soviets did.
In the 1940s and 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power. We both needed to send the same destructive power the same distance, BUT the U.S. did not need to develop very powerful rockets, but the Soviets did. Then, on Oct. 4, 1957 a VERY large rocket launched Sputnik, the first artificial moon.
USSR Good Ole USA 1957-1966 1958-1966 R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
USSR Good Ole USA 1957-1966 1958-1966 R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
USSR Good Ole USA 1957-1966 1958-1966 Vanguard 1 Exploded on launch Jupiter C Explorer 1 1st US satellite Atlas D Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (orbital) Titan II Gemini capsule with 2 astronauts (orbital) Redstone Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (sub-orbital) R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
USSR Good Ole USA 1957-1966 1958-1966 Vanguard 1 Exploded on launch Jupiter C Explorer 1 1st US satellite Atlas D Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (orbital) Titan II Gemini capsule with 2 astronauts (orbital) Redstone Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (sub-orbital) R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours Early Soviet Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours Redstone Early Soviet Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was close to being ready in 1959 to 1961. NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 5. From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity and byproduct water on long missions.
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was close to being ready in 1959 to 1961. NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 5. From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity and byproduct water on long missions. That’s because they were much smaller, lighter and more easily reenergized than batteries.
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was close to being ready in 1959 to 1961. NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 5. From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity and byproduct water on long missions. That’s because they were much smaller, lighter and more easily reenergized than batteries, and still are.
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Where electrical power was required for duration of mission. 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Fuel cells 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Fuel cells 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 - 2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Fuel cells 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
Here they come! First ever shipment of fuel cell cars for sale/lease in USA. October 2015
How will we know when we are “there”?
How will we know when we are “there”?
When a kid goes to a junk yard and gets the fuel cell system from a wreck, and installs it into an old fuel cell car with modified power electronics and electric motor to double the horsepower and wins at the drags. How will we know when we are “there”?
Thank you! Glenn Rambach FuelCellPlace@aol.com
Fuel Cell introduction class presentation-2022

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Fuel Cell introduction class presentation-2022

  • 1.
    Fuel cell poweredcars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach
  • 2.
    Fuel cell poweredcars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach
  • 3.
    Fuel cell poweredcars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach Does that thing run on gasoline? DANG! I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
  • 4.
    Fuel cell poweredcars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach • An image from the future, where electric vehicles replace internal combustion vehicles. Does that thing run on gasoline? DANG! I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
  • 5.
    Fuel cell poweredcars and hydrogen as a fuel Glenn Rambach • Our grandchildren will likely see a transition in transportation as large as our grandparents saw. • An image from the future, where electric vehicles replace internal combustion vehicles. Does that thing run on gasoline? DANG! I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
  • 6.
    “Some day ourchildren will think of electricity as simply hydrogen without the proton.” P+ e _
  • 7.
    “Some day ourchildren will think of electricity as simply hydrogen without the proton.” H+ e _ expressed with the H+ symbol, since it is simply a positive hydrogen ion. The proton is usually
  • 8.
    1. Something tostore energy. 2. Something to convert the stored energy to useful power. 3. Something to transfer the generated power to the wheels. Power Train Architectures Three Basics
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
    Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque PowerTrain Architectures •Hydrogen Internal combustion car Battery electric car
  • 13.
    Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque PowerTrain Architectures Torque Power Condition •Hydrogen Internal combustion car Battery electric car Energy Storage: Battery
  • 14.
    Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque PowerTrain Architectures Torque Power Condition •Hydrogen Internal combustion car Battery electric car Fuel cell electric car Energy Storage: Battery
  • 15.
    Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque PowerTrain Architectures Torque Power Condition Electricity Torque Fuel Air •Hydrogen Power Condition Internal combustion car Battery electric car Fuel cell electric car Energy Storage: Battery
  • 16.
    Electricity Air •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Energy Storage: Tank Torque PowerTrain Architectures Torque Power Condition Electricity Torque Fuel Air •Hydrogen Power Condition Internal combustion car Battery electric car Fuel cell electric car Energy Storage: Battery Driving Range Max Available Power Driving Range Max Available Power Driving Range AND Max Available Power
  • 17.
    •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Electricity •Hydrogen All need atemporary connection to the world All need a temporary connection to the world
  • 18.
    •Gasoline •Diesel •CNG •Methanol •Ethanol Electricity •Hydrogen 2-3 min. 360 mi 4-6min. 360 mi All need a temporary connection to the world 25 min. 260+ mi Super 8.6 hr 300 mi Home
  • 19.
    What hydrogen cars areNOT going to be.
  • 20.
    •Liquid hydrogen transfertube. •Used like the hose on a gasoline pump. •Temperature: 20°K (-424°F). • 8 kg LH2 capacity. •125-mile H2 range. •¼ the fuel economy of a fuel cell car. BMW Hydrogen-7 dual-fuel car (H2 or gasoline) Only 100 made. Never went into production. BMW Hydrogen-7 dual-fuel, V-12 engine. • 6L, 256 HP
  • 21.
  • 22.
    GM Autonomy FuelCell Concept Car 2002 NAIAS Detroit •The skateboard is a common platform for several vehicle body styles. •The skateboard contains all fuel and the full propulsion systems, HVAC, etc. and is connected to body via several connectors. •Since the “drive shaft and differential” for electric vehicles can simply be wires, wheel motors are the optimum configuration for future electric vehicles. Wheel motors in every wheel Skateboard So, MAYBE some day . . .
  • 23.
    What is afuel cell?
  • 24.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell.
  • 25.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell.
  • 26.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell.
  • 27.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine. The outputs are electricity, water and heat. Like an engine, but without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
  • 28.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine.
  • 29.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine. The outputs are electricity, water and heat. Like an engine, but without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
  • 30.
    What is afuel cell? It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery. BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell. It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the fuel cell. The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air). So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine. The outputs are electricity, water and heat. Like an engine, but without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
  • 31.
    Sulfuric Acid Solution TheFirst Fuel Cell Sir William Grove 1839 Electrodes
  • 32.
    Sulfuric Acid Solution TheFirst Fuel Cell Sir William Grove 1839 Electrodes Sir William began thinking about this on his honeymoon in 1837
  • 33.
    Sulfuric Acid Solution Electrodes Fourfuel cells produced electricity from the H2 and O2 that Grove put into the test tubes. The First Fuel Cell Sir William Grove 1839
  • 34.
  • 35.
    114 kW (153HP) fuel cell stack in the 2016 Toyota Mirai initial-production fuel cell car. 176 years later The Fuel Cell
  • 36.
    The last 28years in 7 examples
  • 37.
    1993 1 Energy Partners’ GreenCar • Hydrogen fuel in welding cylinders • Three 5-kW PEM fuel cell stacks (20 HP) • Payload capacity: 1 driver and 1 passenger 20 HP Hydrogen welding cylinders behind seat
  • 38.
    1995 2 Daimler NECAR 1 •Hydrogen fuel in composite tank • 12 PEM fuel cell stacks total 50kW (67 HP) • Payload capacity: 1 driver and 1 passenger
  • 39.
    2008 3 Honda Clarity FCX •Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 100 kW PEM fuel cell stack (134 HP) • In CAM Alternative Propulsion Exhibit
  • 40.
    4 2015 Toyota Mirai (1stRetail FCEV on market) • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 314 mile range on 4.7 kgH2 • 114 kW PEM fuel cell stack (153 HP) • 25.5 kW battery (34 HP) 187 Total HP
  • 41.
    2017 5 Honda Clarity FuelCell • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 366 mile range on 5.4 kgH2 • 103 kW PEM fuel cell stack (138 HP) • 1.7 kWh battery, power out unknown.
  • 42.
    2019 6 Hyundai Nexo FuelCell SUV • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 380 miles range on 6.3 kgH2 • 95 kW PEM fuel cell stack (138 HP) • 40 kW battery (54 HP) 181 total HP
  • 43.
    2021 7 Toyota Mirai (2ndgeneration) • Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations • 351 mile range on 4.9 kgH2 • 128 kW PEM fuel cell stack (172 HP) • 31 kW battery (42 HP) 214 Total HP
  • 44.
    130 Years ofAutomotive Development
  • 45.
    130 Years ofAutomotive Development The era of walking and the horse.
  • 46.
    130 Years ofAutomotive Development The era of walking and the horse. The era of the internal combustion engine. (130 years)
  • 47.
    130 Years ofAutomotive Development The era of walking and the horse. The era of the internal combustion engine. (130 years) The era of the electrochemical engine. 2015 to ?
  • 48.
    130 Years ofAutomotive Development In 1886, Karl Benz created the first commercial automobile, the Patent Motorwagen. That marked the decline of the horse propulsion era and the beginning of the era of internal combustion engine propulsion. 130 years later, the 2016 fuel cell vehicle, with the BEV mark the beginning of a new era in electric automotive propulsion, and begins a long decline in the era of internal combustion engine propulsion. The era of walking and the horse. The era of the internal combustion engine. (130 years) The era of the electrochemical engine. 2015 to ?
  • 49.
    Honda 2018 ClarityHyundai 2019 Nexo Mercedes 2018 GLC F-Cell PHEV BMW i8 Series BMW i5 GT Audi h-tron quattro concept (at 2016 NAIAS) GM Colorado ZH2 GM Fuel Cell Equinox Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 207 MPH at Bonneville
  • 50.
    Mirai Fuel CellDrive Train
  • 51.
    Basic unit cellof a fuel cell system 2.25 in 6.7 in THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Taken from a 2 KW (2.7 HP) fuel cell used on a motor scooter.
  • 52.
    Basic unit cellof a fuel cell system 2.25 in 6.7 in Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Taken from a 2 KW (2.7 HP) fuel cell used on a motor scooter.
  • 53.
    Basic unit cellof a fuel cell system 2.25 in Porous carbon electrode • With catalysts 6.7 in THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) • .001” - .020” thick Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
  • 54.
    Basic unit cellof a fuel cell system 2.25 in Porous carbon electrode • With catalysts 6.7 in Depending on design, this size MEA can produce 50 – 100 Watts (.07 - .13 HP) THIS is a “fuel cell”. Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) • .001” - .020” thick Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
  • 55.
    Piston Piston rings Wrist pin Connectingrod Bearings Valves Sleeves Lifters Springs Two methods of converting fuel energy into useful power Both are stacked to produce a desired level of power = Fuel cell MEA Piston-cylinder assembly
  • 56.
    Catalyzed carbon electrode Perfluorinated polymer membrane w/Sulfonic acid Courtesy: W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Membrane Electrode Assembly Production
  • 57.
    Catalyzed carbon electrode Perfluorinated polymer membrane w/Sulfonic acid Courtesy: W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Membrane Electrode Assembly Production Equivalent to: piston, valves, piston rings, spark plug, wrist pin, connecting rod, cylinder, bearing, crank shaft for a 1/8 to 1/4 HP engine, manufactured on a roll!!!
  • 58.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism
  • 59.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism .002” to .020”
  • 60.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism .002” to .020” Example: The thickness of this membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
  • 61.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Catalyst Layers Hydrogen side Air side
  • 62.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side Membrane-Electrode Assembly (MEA)
  • 63.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism External Load Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side
  • 64.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 External Load Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side
  • 65.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 External Load O2 Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side
  • 66.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 External Load O2 Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton H2 2H H H+ + e _
  • 67.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- H2 2H H H+ + e _
  • 68.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- O2 2O H+ + e _ H O + 2H H2O H2 2H H H+ + e _
  • 69.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2O H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen side Air side H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- O2 2O H+ + e _ H O + 2H H2O H2 2H H H+ + e _
  • 70.
    Basic proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cell mechanism H2 e- External Load O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ Porous Anode (carbon) Porous Cathode (carbon) Thin-film Polymer Electrolyte Temperature: Hydrogen side Air side 50 - 90C (120 – 195F) Reasonable cell voltage: .5 - .8 V H+ = a proton e- e- e- e- O2 2O H+ + e _ H O + 2H H2O H2 2H H H+ + e _ H2O
  • 72.
    PEM Fuel CellStacks Source: Energy Partners 10kW 0.2kW Source: Electrochem Source: Ballard 85 kW (114 HP) 2002 5kW (6.7 HP) 1992 13kW (17.5 HP) 1995
  • 73.
    370 Cell stack (152HP) Air flow Hydrogen flow Single fuel cell (0.41 HP) Air manifold Hydrogen manifold Cells are stacked together to add voltage. Current is based on cell area Current x Voltage = Power Area x Length (Number of cells) = Volume Power
  • 74.
  • 75.
  • 77.
  • 78.
    Hydrogen Refueling Stations TheInfrastructure Challenge
  • 79.
    Area accessible tohydrogen fuel cell vehicles November 2015 Coalinga Willits Eureka Redding Red Bluff Susanville Truckee Garberville Santa Barbara San Luis Obispbo Morro Bay Reno Bridgeport Carson City Fallon Lake Tahoe San Francisco Barstow Ridgecrest San Francisco 0 100 KM 100 Miles Operating hydrogen stations Accessible area
  • 80.
    Area currently accessibleto hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 2021 Coalinga Eureka Redding Red Bluff Susanville Ridgecrest Garberville San Luis Obispbo Morro Bay 0 100 KM 100 Miles Operating hydrogen stations Planned, in construction or in permitting Accessible area Barstow Willits Truckee Lake Tahoe San Francisco Santa Barbara Bridgeport Carson City Reno Fallon Winnemucca Hydrogen Stations Operating: 54 Planned, in construction or permitting 55 Total 109
  • 82.
    Hydrogen fire safetytest performed in 2001 at University of Miami for the US DOE.
  • 83.
    Hydrogen fire safetytest performed in 2001 at University of Miami for the US DOE. 1. Simulate a single-point-failure leak in each car. 2. Ignite the leaking fuel.
  • 84.
    Hydrogen fueled carGasoline fueled car Hydrogen leak rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline leak rate 680 cc/min. Time: Leaking and 1 second before flame ignition. Hydrogen fire safety test performed in 2001 at University of Miami for the US DOE. 1. Simulate a single-point-failure leak in each car. 2. Ignite the leaking fuel.
  • 85.
    Time: 3 secondsafter ignition of fuel leaks on both cars Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
    Highest temperature in test:117F on window. Like Palm Springs in August. Time: 1 minute Hydrogen Gasoline
  • 89.
    Total hydrogen leak:1.5 kg H2 (1.5 gal gasoline equivalent) Total gasoline leak: 0.62 gal gasoline (After 3.5 minutes.) Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds
  • 90.
    Total hydrogen leak:1.5 kg H2 (1.5 gal gasoline equivalent) Total gasoline leak: 0.62 gal gasoline (After 3.5 minutes.) Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds Hydrogen Gasoline
  • 92.
    When the energy storagepart of a battery car catches fire, it can be similar to a gasoline car fire.
  • 93.
    How the heckdid these PEM fuel cells get started?
  • 94.
    How the heckdid these PEM fuel cells get started? We owe it to 2 things:
  • 95.
    How the heckdid these PEM fuel cells get started? We owe it to 2 things: 1) Powerful atom bombs
  • 96.
    How the heckdid these PEM fuel cells get started? We owe it to 2 things: 1) Powerful atom bombs and 2) Itty bitty rockets.
  • 97.
    In the 1940sand 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power.
  • 98.
    In the 1940sand 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power. We both needed to send the same destructive power the same distance, BUT the U.S. did not need to develop very powerful rockets,
  • 99.
    In the 1940sand 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power. We both needed to send the same destructive power the same distance, BUT the U.S. did not need to develop very powerful rockets, but the Soviets did.
  • 100.
    In the 1940sand 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet bombs of the same destructive power. We both needed to send the same destructive power the same distance, BUT the U.S. did not need to develop very powerful rockets, but the Soviets did. Then, on Oct. 4, 1957 a VERY large rocket launched Sputnik, the first artificial moon.
  • 101.
    USSR Good OleUSA 1957-1966 1958-1966 R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
  • 102.
    USSR Good OleUSA 1957-1966 1958-1966 R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
  • 103.
    USSR Good OleUSA 1957-1966 1958-1966 Vanguard 1 Exploded on launch Jupiter C Explorer 1 1st US satellite Atlas D Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (orbital) Titan II Gemini capsule with 2 astronauts (orbital) Redstone Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (sub-orbital) R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
  • 104.
    USSR Good OleUSA 1957-1966 1958-1966 Vanguard 1 Exploded on launch Jupiter C Explorer 1 1st US satellite Atlas D Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (orbital) Titan II Gemini capsule with 2 astronauts (orbital) Redstone Mercury capsule with 1 astronaut (sub-orbital) R-7 Rocket Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2, with dog. Vostok 1 with 1 cosmonaut
  • 105.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours Early Soviet Rockets
  • 106.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours Redstone Early Soviet Rockets
  • 107.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Early U.S. Rockets
  • 108.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 109.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 110.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 111.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 112.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 113.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was close to being ready in 1959 to 1961. NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 5. From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity and byproduct water on long missions.
  • 114.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was close to being ready in 1959 to 1961. NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 5. From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity and byproduct water on long missions. That’s because they were much smaller, lighter and more easily reenergized than batteries.
  • 115.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was close to being ready in 1959 to 1961. NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights beginning with Gemini 5. From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity and byproduct water on long missions. That’s because they were much smaller, lighter and more easily reenergized than batteries, and still are.
  • 116.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 117.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 118.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets
  • 119.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
  • 120.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
  • 121.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Where electrical power was required for duration of mission. 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
  • 122.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Fuel cells 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
  • 123.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Fuel cells 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
  • 124.
    Space Shuttle U.S. 1981 -2011 1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1981 - 2011 1969 - 1972 1 to 3 cosmonauts 1.75 hours to 5 days 1961 to 1969 N-1 Russia 1 astronaut 4 to 34 hours 1962-1963 Early Soviet Rockets Redstone Atlas Titan 2 Saturn 5 Early U.S. Rockets Fuel cells 2 to 7 astronauts 2 to 18 days
  • 125.
    Here they come! Firstever shipment of fuel cell cars for sale/lease in USA. October 2015
  • 126.
    How will weknow when we are “there”?
  • 127.
    How will weknow when we are “there”?
  • 128.
    When a kidgoes to a junk yard and gets the fuel cell system from a wreck, and installs it into an old fuel cell car with modified power electronics and electric motor to double the horsepower and wins at the drags. How will we know when we are “there”?
  • 129.