From Bytes to BrushstrokesA Short History of Computer

From Bytes to Brushstrokes:
A Short History of Computer Art and Illustration:
By Elio L. Arteaga, graduate student:
Florida Atlantic University:
The computer is the first and only general-purpose machine. Its
functionality depends entirely on the software written for it. As
new software is written, the computer is able to do more and
more. Computers will do things in the future we cannot
anticipate today. Human creativity is the driving force behind
this technology.
By Professor Elio Arteaga
From Bytes to Brushstrokes: A Short History of Computer Art
and Illustration
By Elio L. Arteaga, graduate student/FAU
The computer is the first and only general-purpose machine. Its
functionality depends entirely on the software written for it. As
new software is written, the computer is able to do more and
more. Computers will do things in the future we cannot
anticipate today. Human creativity is the driving force behind
this technology.

The first machine for storing and “printing” graphics was
invented over 200 years ago! In 1804, Frenchman Joseph-Marie
Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom, the first automatic
machine for weaving intricate patterns in fabrics.
In 1804, Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the
Jacquard Loom, the first automatic machine for weaving
intricate patterns in fabrics.
The Jacquard Loom. Lost Artist—The Discovery of Lost Works
of Art [Web Site].
http://www.orat.ilstu.edu/~cmkukla/jacquard_loom/JacJacuard.h
tm
An artist translated images into grids of discrete pixels
(analogous to the way scanners translate images into pixels
today), and stored sequences of instructions onto punched cards
(analogous to saving your work on a disk).
An artist translated images into grids of discrete pixels
(analogous to the way scanners translate images into pixels
today), and stored sequences of instructions onto punched cards
(analogous to saving your work on a disk).
http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/jacquard.html
Basket of Plenty, tapestry woven on Jacquard Loom.
Following are examples of Jaquard tapestries that can be mass-

produced by storing their patterns in a system of punched cards.
Basket of Plenty, tapestry woven on Jacquard Loom.
http://www.accentonrugs.com/catalogue/worl/tmt-
Thumb.00005.html
Indiscretion, tapestry woven on Jacquard Loom.
Indiscretion, tapestry woven on Jacquard Loom.
Thumb.00005.html
Peacock, tapestry woven on Jacquard Loom.
Peacock, tapestry woven on Jacquard Loom.
Thumb.00005.html
In 1822, Charles Babbage invented the difference engine, for
calculating mathematical problems. The difference engine’s
capabilities of input, storage, processing and output were
carried out mechanically, before electric circuits or electronic
tubes were even invented.
In 1822, Charles Babbage invented the difference engine, for

calculating mathematical problems. The difference engine’s
capabilities of input, storage, processing and output were
carried out mechanically, before electric circuits or electronic
tubes were even invented.
http://home.clara.net/mycetes/babbage/
1945—ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
was placed into operation in the Moore School at the University
of Pennsylvania. During World War II, the need for fast,
accurate calculations of ballistic trajectories prompted the
development of ENIAC, the world’s first electronic computer. It
weighed over 30 tons and used over 19,000 vacuum tubes.
During World War II, the need for fast, accurate calculations of
ballistic trajectories prompted the development of ENIAC—The
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, the world’s
first electronic computer. It weighed over 30 tons and used over
19,000 vacuum tubes.
http://inventors.miningco.com/library/weekly/aa060298.htm
Ben Laposky’s first oscilloscope photo, 1950.
The first computer image as art was created by Ben Laposky in
1950. It consisted of wave patterns photographed off the screen
of an oscilloscope, an analog—not digital—machine.
The first computer image as art was created by Ben Laposky in
1950. It consisted of wave patterns photographed off the screen
of an oscilloscope, an analog—not digital—machine.
http://www.dcs.elf.stuba.sk/~sperka/emart/pioneers/wrldpion.ht

m
Ben Laposky, Oscillon 281, 1960, photograph.
Ben Laposky, Oscillon 281, 1960.
http://www4.hmc.edu:8001/humanities/mus127s/lumia00/
Ben Laposky, Oscillon 1206.
Ben Laposky, Oscillon 1206.
http://www4.hmc.edu:8001/humanities/mus127s/lumia00/
Leon Harmon and Kenneth C. Knowlton Mural, 1966.
Bell Telephone Laboratory Scientists Leon Harmon and Kenneth
C. Knowlton created Mural in 1966. The image was produced by
scanning a photograph and calculating its gray values. The
photograph of a female nude is composed of mathematical and
engineering symbols (creating the tonal range), which are in
turn typed on a dot matrix printer using only the Greek symbol
alpha.
During this early stage, only scientists and programmers had
access to computer equipment, and most computer art combined
artistic with scientific goals.
Bell Telephone Laboratory Scientists Leon Harmon and Kenneth
C. Knowlton created Mural in 1966. The image was produced by

scanning a photograph and calculating its gray values. The
photograph of a female nude is composed of mathematical and
engineering symbols (creating the tonal range), which are in
turn typed on a dot matrix printer using only the Greek symbol
alpha.
http://www-
2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ph/www/nyit/carlson_images.
html
During this early stage, only scientists and programmers had
access to computer equipment, and most computer art combined
artistic with scientific goals.
A. Michael Noll, a Bell Labs scientist, conducted an experiment
to determine the public’s perception of computer art. One of
these images was created by Noll in 1964 on a computer. The
other was painted by Piet Mondrian in 1917. Can you guess
which is which?
A. Michael Noll, a Bell Labs scientist, conducted an experiment
to determine the public’s perception of computer art. One of
these images was created by Noll in 1964 on a computer. The
other was painted by Piet Mondrian in 1917. Can you guess
which is which?
Piet Mondrian,
Composition with Lines
1917
A. Michael Noll,

Computer Composition with Lines
1964
The majority of those surveyed thought the image on the right
was the Mondrian because it was more random and not as
evenly spaced as the image on the left.
(Noll)
http://www.citi.columbia.edu/amnoll/CompArtExamples_files/i
mage006.jpg
(Mondrian) http://www.fiu.edu/~andiaa/cg2/mon_09.jpg
Untitled artwork by Lillian Schwartz and Kenneth C. Knowlton.
Untitled artwork by Lillian Schwartz and Kenneth C. Knowlton.
http://www-
html
Edward Zajec, RAM1/8, Plotted Drawing, 1968.
Collaboration between artists and scientists/programmers was
an essential relationship in the 1960s. Computer time was
prohibitively expensive. Artists must be accompanied by
someone who could program. Artist Edward Zajec learned to
program a computer himself. In 1968, he used a computer to
plot square and diagonal elements arranged in different spatial
and rhythmic combinations.

Collaboration between artists and scientists/programmers was
an essential relationship in the 1960s. Computer time was
prohibitively expensive. Artists must be accompanied by
someone who could program. Artist Edward Zajec learned to
program a computer himself. In 1968, he used a computer to
plot square and diagonal elements arranged in different spatial
and rhythmic combinations.
Edward Zajec, "RAM1/8," Plotted Drawing, 1968.
RAM Series [Web site]. http://web.syr.edu/~ezajec/ez-essay/ez-
ram/ram1.html
Edward Zajec, RAM1/21, Oil on Canvas, 150x150cm, 1968.
Edward Zajec, RAM1/21, Oil on Canvas, 150x150cm, 1968.
RAM Series [Web site]. http://web.syr.edu/~ezajec/ez-essay/ez-
ram/ram1.html
Untitled animation depicting the path of a satellite
around the Earth, by Edward Zajec.
Untitled animation depicting the path of a satellite around the
Earth, by Edward Zajec.
http://www-

html
Untitled artwork by A. Michael Noll, 1965.
Untitled artwork by A. Michael Noll, 1965.
http://www-
html
The first all-digital art exhibit was held in 1965 at the Howard
Wise Gallery in New York.
Untitled artwork by Bela Julesz, 1965.
Untitled artwork by Bela Julesz, 1965.
http://www.dcs.elf.stuba.sk/~sperka/emart/pioneers/wrldpion.ht
m
Other computer art exhibits included:
• “The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age,”
1967, Museum of Modern Art, New York
• “Some More Beginnings: Experiments in Art and
Technology,” 1967, Brooklyn Museum.
• Venice Biennale, 1970.

Other computer art exhibits included:
• “The Machine as Seen at the End of the
Mechanical Age,” 1967, Museum of Modern Art,
New York
• “Some More Beginnings: Experiments in Art and
Technology,” 1967, Brooklyn Museum.
• Venice Biennale, 1970.
Untitled artwork by Frieder Nake, exhibited at “Cybernetic
Serendipity,” 1968, ICA Gallery in London.
In 1968, scientist Frieder Nake programmed a computer to
randomly print many variations of rectangles and lines. He
selected and exhibited the pieces that met his esthetic criteria.
• “Cybernetic Serendipity,” 1968, ICA Gallery in London.
In 1968, scientist Frieder Nake programmed a computer to
randomly print many variations of rectangles and lines. He
selected and exhibited the pieces that met his esthetic criteria.
http://ctiweb.cf.ac.uk/dissertations/virtual_architecture/chapt04.
html

Charles Csuri, Aging Process, 1968, animation.
Charles Csuri studied art with Roy Lichtenstein; afterwards,
both of them joined the faculty at Ohio State. Csuri became
interested in the computer as a means of imaging in 1964. He
learned to program a computer and used it to create a series of
“transformed drawings” after famous artists: Mondrian, Klee,
Durer, Picasso and Goya.
Charles Csuri, Aging Process, 1968, animation.
http://www.siggraph.org/artdesign/profile/csuri/artworks/algo/al
goone.html
Charles Csuri studied art with Roy Lichtenstein; afterwards,
both of them joined the faculty at Ohio State. Csuri became
interested in the computer as a means of imaging in 1964. He
learned to program a computer and used it to create a series of
“transformed drawings” after famous artists: Mondrian, Klee,
Durer, Picasso and Goya.
Charles Csuri, Flying in a Circle, 1966, plotted drawing.
These images were generated with fortran programs which ran
on an IBM 7094 computer. In this drawing, Csuri programmed
his computer to transform a single drawing of a hummingbird
into 22 rotated clones.
Charles Csuri, Flying in a Circle, 1966, plotted drawing.
http://www.siggraph.org/artdesign/profile/csuri/artworks/algo/al
goone.html
These images were generated with fortran programs which ran
on an IBM 7094 computer. In this drawing, Csuri programmed

his computer to transform a single drawing of a hummingbird
into 22 rotated clones.
1961—MIT doctoral student Ivan Sutherland developed
Sketchpad, the first interactive software program that enabled
artists, with no knowledge of programming, to create artwork on
the computer.
1961—MIT doctoral student Ivan Sutherland developed
Sketchpad, the first interactive software program that enabled
artists, with no knowledge of programming, to create artwork on
the computer.
1968—Douglas Englebart invented the mouse, which gave
computer users the sense that they were directly manipulating
their data. This was a quantum leap for interactivity.
1968—Douglas Englebart invented the mouse, which gave
computer users the sense that they were directly manipulating
their data. This was a quantum leap for interactivity.
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/abow
d_team/dfurcy/bio.html
The first Macintosh computer, the Mac 128K, 1984.
1984—Apple introduced the Macintosh, a computer whose user-
friendliness empowered thousands to design and create artwork

on the computer. Paul Brainerd launches Aldus Corp. and
develops PageMaker, the first desktop publishing program.
Adobe creates PostScript, a page description language, and
releases Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator.
1984—Apple introduced the Macintosh, a computer whose user-
friendliness empowered thousands to design and create artwork
on the computer. Paul Brainerd launches Aldus Corp. and
develops PageMaker, the first desktop publishing program.
Adobe creates PostScript, a page description language, and
releases Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator.
http://www.pmug-nj.org/whatis.html
Javier Romero, Billboard Book of Number One Hits, book
cover.
Javier Romero is a graduate of the School of Visual Arts in New
York. In 1985, he opened the Javier Romero Design Group,
which has since become the leading design and illustration
studio in New York. His clients include Coca-Cola, The New
York Times, and Disney.
Javier Romero, Billboard Book of Number One Hits, book
cover.
Agosto (editor), Illustrator Masters, 1998. Rockport Publishers,
Gloucester, Mass.
Javier Romero is a graduate of the School of Visual Arts in New
York. In 1985, he opened the Javier Romero Design Group,
which has since become the leading design and illustration
studio in New York. His clients include Coca-Cola, The New
York Times, and Disney.

Javier Romero, Apple College Poster, promotional poster.
Romero imbues his work with bright, vivid colors. A lot is
going on in a Romero illustration. He fills them with wavy
lines, stars and spirals, suggesting the look and feel of a Lati n
carnival.
Javier Romero, Apple College Poster, promotional poster.
Gloucester, Mass.
Romero imbues his work with bright, vivid colors. A lot is
going on in a Romero illustration. He fills them with wavy
lines, stars and spirals, suggesting the look and feel of a Latin
carnival.
Javier Romero, HYP Conductor Watch Poster, poster display.
Many of his compositions are arranged on diagonal lines, giving
them a strong sense of energy.
Javier Romero, HYP Conductor Watch Poster, poster display.
Gloucester, Mass.
Many of his compositions are arranged on diagonal lines, giving
them a strong sense of energy.
Javier Romero, Luis Ovalles Music Package, music package.
Cubist-style geometric shapes reflect an influence by his

countryman, Pablo Picasso. A look at his Web site will
demonstrate his many talents as a graphic designer, illustrator,
and interactive media designer.
www.jrdg.com
Javier Romero, Luis Ovalles Music Package, music package.
Gloucester, Mass.
Cubist-style geometric shapes reflect an influence by his
countryman, Pablo Picasso. A look at his Web site will
demonstrate his many talents as a graphic designer, illustrator,
and interactive media designer.
www.jrdg.com
Charles Csuri, Garden Lovers, 3D digital image
There are only two basic objects in this image, the figure and a
daylily. Csuri used a function to place leaf elements onto the
surface of the figure in three dimensional digital space.
Charles Csuri, Garden Lovers, 3D digital image
http://www.siggraph.org/artdesign/profile/csuri/
There are only two basic objects in this image, the figure and a
daylily. Csuri used a function to place leaf elements onto the
surface of the figure in three dimensional digital space.
Charles Csuri, Horse Play, 3D digital image

A mathematical function was used to create the ribbon -like
lines. The lines move through points on the surface of a 3d
model of a horse.
Charles Csuri, Horse Play, 3D digital image
http://www.siggraph.org/artdesign/profile/csuri/
A mathematical function was used to create the ribbon -like
lines. The lines move through points on the surface of a 3d
model of a horse.
Nancy Stahl, American Express Context, magazine cover.
Nancy Stahl is a well-known artist whose work has appeared in
many advertisements, corporate identity, packaging and
multimedia. Her clients include Edy’s-Dreamery Ice Cream,
American Express and Esquire.
Nancy Stahl, American Express Context, magazine cover.
Steuer, Sharon; The Illustrator 9 WOW! Book. Peachpit Press,
2000.
Nancy Stahl is a well-known artist whose work has appeared in
many advertisements, corporate identity, packaging and
multimedia. Her clients include Edy’s-Dreamery Ice Cream,
American Express and Esquire.
Nancy Stahl, American Express Context, illustration.
Stahl’s work reflects an influence by the heroic worker
paintings typical of the Works Progress Administration,
featuring strong, contrasting lines and bold shapes. She relies

on soft, muted colors and a limited palette to convey
dimensionality.
Nancy Stahl, American Express Context, illustration.
2000.
Stahl’s work reflects an influence by the heroic worker
paintings typical of the Works Progress Administration,
featuring strong, contrasting lines and bold shapes. She relies
on soft, muted colors and a limited palette to convey
dimensionality.
Nancy Stahl, Edys-Dreamery Ice Cream, product package
labels.
New York Strawberry Cheesecake
Chocolate Peanut Butter Chunk
Nancy Stahl, Edys-Dreamery Ice Cream, product package
labels.
http://www.edys-dreamery.com/
(top) New York Strawberry Cheesecake,
(bottom) Chocolate Peanut Butter Chunk.
Nancy Stahl, The Illustrator 8 WOW! Book, cover illustration.
Her work has appeared in several how-to books on Adobe
Illustrator. Her Web site features an online portfolio.

http://www.nancystahl.com
Nancy Stahl, The Illustrator 8 WOW! Book, cover illustration.
2000.
Her work has appeared in several how-to books on Adobe
Illustrator. Her Web site features an online portfolio.
http://www.nancystahl.com
Dorothea Taylor-Palmer, All That Jazz, book cover illustration.
Dorothea Taylor-Palmer has been a professional designer since
the early 1980s. She formed TP Design in 1992 with her
husband, Charley Palmer.
Dorothea Taylor-Palmer, All That Jazz, book cover illustration.
Gloucester, Mass.
Dorothea Taylor-Palmer has been a professional designer since
the early 1980s. She formed TP Design in 1992 with her
husband, Charley Palmer.
Dorothea Taylor-Palmer, Jazz Trio 3, illustration.
Taylor-Palmer describes her style as “designustration,” firmly
believing that typography and illustration should be integrated
and work together. Her work uses Fauvist-style colors to convey
action, music and energy.

Dorothea Taylor-Palmer, Jazz Trio 3, illustration.
Gloucester, Mass.
Taylor-Palmer describes her style as “designustration,” firmly
believing that typography and illustration should be integrated
and work together. Her work uses Fauvist-style colors to convey
action, music and energy.
Clark Tate, Mann’s Chinese Theater, digital illustration for
USA Today.
Clark Tate graduated from California’s Art Center College of
Design. His clients include Coca-Cola, 3M and USA Today.
Clark Tate, Mann’s Chinese Theater, digital illustration for
USA Today.
2000.
Clark Tate graduated from California’s Art Center College of
Design. His clients include Coca-Cola, 3M and USA Today.
Clark Tate, Snoopy and Woodstock at Fort Santiago in the
Philippines,
McDonald’s Happy Meal Box illustration.
The key to Tate’s style is simplicity in order to make the results
appear complex. In this illustration, Tate intentionally broke the
rules of perspective to create a slightly surreal environment for

Snoopy and Woodstock.
Clark Tate, Snoopy and Woodstock at Fort Santiago in the
Philippines, McDonald’s Happy Meal Box illustration.
2000.
The key to Tate’s style is simplicity in order to make the results
appear complex. In this illustration, Tate intentionally broke the
rules of perspective to create a slightly surreal environment for
Snoopy and Woodstock.
Nancy Burson, The Human Race Machine, 2000, digital image.
Nancy Burson, Carol Flax and Joan Truckenbrod used
photographic imagery in their work to deal directly with issues
in the art world such as gender, identity, and family structures.
Nancy Burson, The Human Race Machine, 2000, digital image.
From left to right: Asian, Indian, Black, Hispanic, White.
http://www.geneart.org/N_burson.htm
Nancy Burson, Carol Flax and Joan Truckenbrod used
photographic imagery in their work to deal directly with issues
in the art world such as gender, identity, and family structures.
Joan Truckenbrod, Paradoxical Gauge, 1995, IRIS ink jet print,
28” x 34”

Joan Truckenbrod, Paradoxical Gauge, 1995, IRIS ink jet print,
28” x 34” http://www.wmgallery.com/truc_995.html
Joan Truckenbrod, Coded Self-Assembly, 1995, IRIS ink jet
print, 28” x 34”
Joan Truckenbrod, Coded Self-Assembly, 1995, IRIS ink jet
print, 28” x 34” http://www.wmgallery.com/truc_995.html
Joan Truckenbrod, Power Conduit, 1995, IRIS ink jet print, 28”
x 34”
Joan Truckenbrod, Power Conduit, 1995, IRIS ink jet print, 28”
x 34” http://www.wmgallery.com/truc_995.html
Bert Monroy, Hotel Arcata, 2000, digital image.
Considered to be one of the pioneers of digital art, Bert Monroy
embraced the computer as an artistic medium and became expert
at producing photo-realistic images using Adobe Illustrator and
Photoshop without the use of scans. Monroy’s incredible fine
art prints are on display at his Web site.
www.bertmonroy.com
Bert Monroy, Hotel Arcata, 2000, digital image.

www.bertmonroy.com
Considered to be one of the pioneers of digital art, Bert Monroy
embraced the computer as an artistic medium and became expert
at producing photo-realistic images using Adobe Illustrator and
Photoshop without the use of scans. Monroy’s incredible fine
art prints are on display at his Web site.
Bert Monroy, Hayden Orpheum, 1991, digital image.
Bert Monroy, “Hayden Orpheum,” 1991, digital image.
www.bertmonroy.com
Bert Monroy, Pic n Pac, 1995, digital image.
Bert Monroy, “Pic n Pac,” 1995, digital image.
www.bertmonroy.com
Bert Monroy, The Rendez-vous, 1999, digital image.
The rapid rate of technological advances in computer
illustration creates an atmosphere in which artists demand
better, faster equipment to create better work. However, better
technology only increases an artist’s visual vocabulary; an
artist’s creativity and talent, not his tools, determine the quality
of the work.

Bert Monroy, “The Rendez-vous,” 1999, digital image.
www.bertmonroy.com
The rapid rate of technological advances in computer
illustration creates an atmosphere in which artists demand
better, faster equipment to create better work. However, better
technology only increases an artist’s visual vocabulary; an
artist’s creativity and talent, not his tools, determine the quality
of the work.
ISEM540: Homework 2 ---- Exam2 Preparation (100 points)
TOPIC: “How Did I Learn to Love Web, XML and System
Integration”
IMPORTANT:
· Note: This is an individual assignment
· This assignment will be the basis of a Quiz (Exam2) as
explained below.
OVERVIEW AND EXPLANATION: Completion of HW2
Assignment involves the following steps:
· Post your HW2 Report to the Discussion Forum on Date
Specified. This is worth small percentage (less than 20%)
· Review the posted HW2 Reports and comment on about 2
Reports (this will earn you some extra points). The purpose is to
learn from your colleagues
· Appear in a Quiz (EXAM1) that is based on HWK2. The quiz
is worth almost 80% points. You will fail the Quiz if you have
not done the HW2 .
The purpose of this homework is to prepare you for Exam1.
Problem 1: Middleware Concepts

a) Search the Internet and identify a definition of Middlewar e
that you like
b) Compare and contrast the definition you found with the
definition in the course text/slides
c) According to this definition, which ones of the following are
considered as middleware (put an * next to all that apply)
Router, Web Services, Payment system, HTTP, antivirus
software, cookies, proxy servers, Ajax, email, operating
system, Java, inventory management system, RPC, C#, CRM
system, SOAP
d): Given the architectural client/server configurations in Figure
1 that show how applications can be split across computer1
(client) and computer2 (server), use the following table to
answer the following questions:
· Show the middleware for each configuration .
· Which configuration will be most secure
· Which configuration will give best performance
· Which configuration will minimize the network traffic
· Which configuration is best for retail store
· Which configuration is best for mobile apps
· Supposing Computer1 is your organization’s main computer
and Cmputer2 is in the cloud. Which configuration will you use
and why (one sentence)?
· Which architecture is best for a retail store chain such as
Walmart and why (one sentence)
· Which architectures are best for cheaper cell phones with
limited capabilities (thin client or thick client)
· Which architecture is best for bank with many ATMs (bank is
the server, ATMs are clients)

· Which architecture is best for a hospital system in an
underdeveloped country with a very weak network and many
Telemedicine centers (Hospital is the server, telemed centers
are clients)
Figure 1: Architectural Configurations
Conf a
Conf b
Conf c
Conf d
(business logic split in middle )
Conf e
(the data is duplicated)
1.Middleware used (e.g., RPC, RSQL)
2. Security (Low, Medium, High)
3. User Performance at Computer1 (Low, Medium, High)
4. Network traffic generated between computer 1 and

computer2
Problem2: XML, Web 2.0 and Semantic Web
a) Develop a simple XML representation of a service proposed
in your Project1. The objective is to show main features of your
service (servicer name, location, and few other important “EA”
features of this service). This document should have about 10
elements and not more than 30 statements. You should be able
to exchange this information with other team members.
b). Create an XSL that shows the XML document as a table or a
graphical view (e.g., a simple EA diagram) on your web
browser.
c) Create a simple RSS that defines a website for your Center.
d) Add semantics to the XML document that you have created.
Which technology (RDF, OWL, others) will you use and why.
e) Give a short example of how OWL can be used to represent
enterprise architecture of a Center that consists of 3-5 services
(this “service bundle” may be your Team Center.
f) Create a JSON representation of the XML document you
created in Problem 2a
g) Compare and contrast XML with JSON. Can you represent
semantics in JSON? Which one do you prefer and why
h) Give two real life examples of how semantic web is being
used in industry.
i) Intro to Python: Please goto www.sololearn.com and go

through Module1 and Module2 to get a basic idea of Python (a
highly popular language at present for AI applications)
Problem 3: Understanding System Integration and SPACE
3A: Integrated Systems
· Find one definition of architecture and one definition of
integration that you like the most.
· Find one good example of an integrated system and one
example of a system that is not integrated. Just give 1-2 line
description of the system, its URL (if available), and reason
why do you think the system is integrated or not. You can use
any examples from any systems anywhere in the world.
3B: Web Services: Answer the following questions:
· What exactly is a Web Service. Explain through an Example
(2-4 sentences)
· What is Amazon Web Services (AWS). Give 2 examples of
how AWS could be used in your project.
· What is a REST-based Web service. Explain through 2
examples
· What is an SOA-based Web Service and how is it different
from a REST-based Web Service
· Can you use the SOA concept to describe the dashboard of
your car (the services/apps and the ESB)
· What is the difference between enterprise architecture and
integrated enterprise architecture (2-3 sentences)
· What roles do Web Services play in enterprise integration
3C: SPACE Experiment: Please goto SPACE ePlanner Learning
Corner, go through Stage2 and Stage3 materials and answer the
following questions:

· In SPACE, what is a “Bundle” and how is it used in enterprise
integration.
· In SPACE, create a bundle that resembles your center, just list
your user ID and the Scenario Name you generated (pls do not
cheat on this).
· How long did it take you to create the portal for your center.
· What were the main 5-6 steps that you went through
· What materials are needed in Stage3
.
Problem 4: Understanding Project2
Carefully read Project2 description and answer the following
questions:
· Each team must submit one deliverable file (you need to zip
multiple files into one, if needed) (True/False)
· Project2 is a continuation of Project1 in ISEM540 and requires
some knowledge of SOA (True/False)
· Project2 has two deliverables (A and B) – (True/False)
· Deliverable A primarily concentrates on SOA-based Portal
Design and flow of information within the portal (True/False)
· Deliverable A also requires some knowledge of Web Services
(e.g., AWS) and Mobile Apps to populate the portal
(True/False)
· Deliverable B requires Self Assessment by using SPACE with
your login ID is required in Project2 (True/False)
· For Deliverable B, each team member will build a Service
Bundle (a collection of at least two services) that represents a
Unit/Section of their center by using SPACE. (True/False)
Deliverable:Upload your assignment files for all of the tasks (in
.zip format) to the HWK2 Dropbox. You should include screen
shots of your demos where appropriate.
Hint: www.w3schools.com provides a great deal of information

on Web, XML, JSON and other web technologies.
Voice Annotated Short Tutorial on Web-XML and Semantic
Web
Duration = 1 hour, URL =
http://harrisburgu.adobeconnect.com/p4j3w0wgz36/

From Bytes to BrushstrokesA Short History of Computer

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