Cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions: a methodologyIRC
Presentation of a methodology IRC is using for assessing cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions. By Amélie Dubé and Mélanie Carrasco for the hygiene track of the 2014 WASH Sustainability Forum, RAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 30 June - 1 July 2014.
Reaching the poor and vulnerable community in Rural Afghanistan through CLTSIRC
CLTS was implemented in 23 villages in Daikundi province of rural Afghanistan to address low sanitation coverage, with half the population practicing open defecation. Through participatory activities, the CLTS approach successfully mobilized communities to improve their sanitation behaviors and end open defecation without subsidies. As a result, all 23 villages became open defecation free, demonstrating CLTS' effectiveness in improving sanitation among poor, rural communities in Afghanistan.
The document provides an overview of a nationwide survey conducted in Nepal on water supply and sanitation coverage and functionality:
- The survey was the first of its kind to collect comprehensive data from all wards across Nepal, with the aim of establishing a database to track progress. It found that national water supply coverage is 80.4% while sanitation coverage is lower at 43%.
- There are disparities in coverage between different regions. The Western region has the highest coverage for both water and sanitation. Functionality of water supply projects is also an issue, with only 17.9% found to be well-functioning.
- Recommendations include utilizing the survey data for planning, prioritizing rehabilitation
Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a structured and innovative process for prospectively assessing the potential impacts of a project, program or policy on the health and well-being of populations. In order to support capacity building in the field of HIA, the National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy (NCCHPP) has developed an online course on HIA. This 5-hour course is available free of charge in English and French and can be accessed at any time upon registration. It aims to familiarize participants with the process of conducting health impact assessments of projects, programs, and policies in collaboration with relevant stakeholders.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Purba Champaran_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Pashchim Champaran_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions: a methodologyIRC
Presentation of a methodology IRC is using for assessing cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions. By Amélie Dubé and Mélanie Carrasco for the hygiene track of the 2014 WASH Sustainability Forum, RAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 30 June - 1 July 2014.
Reaching the poor and vulnerable community in Rural Afghanistan through CLTSIRC
CLTS was implemented in 23 villages in Daikundi province of rural Afghanistan to address low sanitation coverage, with half the population practicing open defecation. Through participatory activities, the CLTS approach successfully mobilized communities to improve their sanitation behaviors and end open defecation without subsidies. As a result, all 23 villages became open defecation free, demonstrating CLTS' effectiveness in improving sanitation among poor, rural communities in Afghanistan.
The document provides an overview of a nationwide survey conducted in Nepal on water supply and sanitation coverage and functionality:
- The survey was the first of its kind to collect comprehensive data from all wards across Nepal, with the aim of establishing a database to track progress. It found that national water supply coverage is 80.4% while sanitation coverage is lower at 43%.
- There are disparities in coverage between different regions. The Western region has the highest coverage for both water and sanitation. Functionality of water supply projects is also an issue, with only 17.9% found to be well-functioning.
- Recommendations include utilizing the survey data for planning, prioritizing rehabilitation
Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a structured and innovative process for prospectively assessing the potential impacts of a project, program or policy on the health and well-being of populations. In order to support capacity building in the field of HIA, the National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy (NCCHPP) has developed an online course on HIA. This 5-hour course is available free of charge in English and French and can be accessed at any time upon registration. It aims to familiarize participants with the process of conducting health impact assessments of projects, programs, and policies in collaboration with relevant stakeholders.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Purba Champaran_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Pashchim Champaran_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Measuring behavioural change outcomes in development aid: a call for standard...Hans Van Remoortel
This document summarizes the findings of a systematic review on approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behavior change in low- and middle-income countries. The review identified 35 studies assessing 87 handwashing and 39 sanitation outcomes. However, outcomes were highly diverse in terms of data type (binary vs continuous), timing of assessment (uptake, adherence, long-term use), and study design (experimental vs quasi-experimental). Only a few outcomes, such as handwashing after defecation and open defecation practices, were measured uniformly across studies. The review concludes that standardized definitions and monitoring of WASH behaviors are needed to improve evidence synthesis and guide policy recommendations on WASH promotion programs.
Access and Behavioral Outcome Indicators for Water, Sanitation, and HygieneAED
The document summarizes a webinar presentation about a manual on access and behavioral outcome indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene programs. The manual was developed through an evidence-based process involving major organizations in the WASH field. It includes essential indicators for measuring access to water and sanitation facilities and behaviors related to handwashing, water treatment and safe excreta disposal. The presentation discusses how the manual can be used to select appropriate indicators for programs, set targets, and modify interventions based on whether targets are met. Limitations and plans for further development are also addressed.
Presentation Jose Gesti, UNICEF, 15th January UN Water Zaragoza Conference 2015water-decade
1) Implementation of WASH targets is ongoing with varying levels of success across regions and countries. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular faces challenges in increasing access to improved drinking water sources.
2) Existing tools and social instruments that are helping to implement WASH targets include realizing human rights to water and sanitation, increasing sector budget allocations, ensuring service sustainability, and building capacity through approaches like community-led total sanitation.
3) Key stakeholders - governments, businesses, civil society, and academia - all have important roles to play in driving further progress, with governments in the lead role for policy development and regulation.
The Sanitation Technology Platform (STeP) project tests sanitation technologies in India, South Africa, and Senegal funded by the Gates Foundation. The primary technology connects toilets to a machine that processes human waste into recycled flush water. Salts in urine are oxidized to make chlorine for disinfection, solid waste is consumed, and fecal sludge is eliminated. Treated waste is sent back to apartments for flushing. The presenter conducted research and analyzed survey data from testing sites in Coimbatore, India. Major donors for sanitation projects in Senegal include the World Bank, African Development Bank, and various international development agencies focused on expanding infrastructure and promoting latrine usage.
“I want to do a water project but I don’t know where to start!” This is a common challenge. Doing a community needs assessment is a crucial piece to planning successful projects but can often seem like a daunting task. Join us for a great conversation and fun exercise in doing a community assessment in water and sanitation, and go back to your district with a better understanding of community assessment and planning tools.
Moderator: F. Ronald Denham, RI/USAID Steering Committee Member
Rotary Club of Toronto Eglinton, Ontario, Canada
By far, the most important factor influencing the consistent use of soap before eating food and feeding their child was the belief that it is indeed important to wash one’s hands with soap before eating food and feeding their child.
The document provides information on environmental health and progress towards MDG 7 goals of ensuring environmental sustainability. It discusses key environmental health burdens like indoor and outdoor air pollution and issues around sanitation, water and hygiene. Case studies from Senegal and India are presented that examine handwashing promotion and water quality issues. A case study from Indonesia outlines their total sanitation strategy using community-led approaches to end open defecation.
KAP survey on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in 10 VDCs of Da...Deepak TIMSINA
This document summarizes the findings of a baseline KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey conducted in 15 communities in Dailekh and Surkhet districts of Nepal as part of a water and sanitation project. The survey assessed respondents' demographics, water and food handling practices, sanitation knowledge and habits, and diarrhea management. Key findings include: most respondents get drinking water from unprotected springs; many clean water containers but use unhygienic materials like ash or mud; latrine coverage is high but quality varies; and handwashing knowledge and practice needs improvement. The survey aims to identify health education needs and track project impact.
India, a country with one of the oldest civilisations of the world had the concept of sanitation from Indus valley days. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjadaro sites show evidence that even in ancient India, the practice of using toilets was prevalent and even community toilets and proper drainage systems were present. Yet so many centuries later, it is a paradoxical reality that the country is grappling with the problems of open defecation and access to sanitation facilities. Sanitation, in today’s parlance, is a comprehensive concept which includes waste disposal, environmental, domestic, personal and food hygiene. It is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Good sanitary measures and proper utilisation of the facilities is an important component of healthy living including reduction of morbidity and mortality and prevention of water and soil pollution. Lack of clean drinking water, improper disposal of waste and human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene - all of this has direct adverse impact on health, quality of life and economic and social well being. A number of innovative and successful approaches have increased access to sanitation. However, much more needs to be done to scale-up and sustain these efforts.
This document provides guidance for trainers on how to train and support community health promoters. It discusses CAWST's approach of using community health promoters and participatory learning tools to promote behavior change around water, sanitation, and hygiene. The document contains sections on the roles of community health promoters and trainers, techniques for behavior change communication, tools for working with households and communities, guidance on planning and implementing training programs, and case studies. The overall aim is to equip trainers with the skills and knowledge to effectively organize, train, and monitor community health promoters to improve health through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene.
This document provides guidance for trainers on how to train and support community health promoters. It discusses CAWST's approach of using community health promoters and participatory learning tools to promote behavior change around water, sanitation, and hygiene. The document contains sections on the roles of community health promoters and trainers, techniques for behavior change communication, tools for working with households and communities, guidance on planning and implementing training programs, and case studies. The overall aim is to equip trainers with the skills and knowledge to effectively organize, train, and monitor community health promoters to improve health through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene.
2015 WASH e-Summit (Part 1): An Introduction to Water, Sanitation, and Hygien...Rotary International
View the recording: https://vimeo.com/142525709
Brought to you by Rotary and the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group, this first of three webinars provides an overview of WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene education) in Schools programs.
New to WASH in Schools? Join sector experts to learn about the importance of WASH in Schools efforts and the various hardware and software components that make these club and district-led projects impactful and sustainable.
Hygiene & Sanitation - Overview of ApproachesJonathan Wiles
Delivered by Janet Ausel of Samaritan's Purse, this presentation is an overview of seven different approaches to hygiene and sanitation promotion that can be used in international development programs
Why is Feacal Sludge and Septage Management important for Urban India? - Shub...Centre for Policy Research
This document discusses why faecal sludge and septage management is important for urban India. It notes that over 50% of India's population still practices open defecation, posing major public health and economic risks. As India urbanizes and more homes transition to toilets connected to on-site systems, the need for proper emptying and treatment of faecal sludge will grow. International policies and programs now emphasize the safe management of sanitation systems. National policies and programs in India are also increasingly focusing on sanitation and providing funds for related infrastructure projects. Proper faecal sludge management will be critical to achieve goals of improved sanitation and public health across urban areas of India.
This document discusses Myanmar's sanitation progress and strategies. It provides an overview of the country's demographics and sanitation indicators. It then outlines Myanmar's sanitation approaches over time, shifting from supply-driven to demand-driven and introducing Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in 2011. The document details CLTS implementation methods and activities in Myanmar and pilot results in some townships. It recognizes challenges around sustainability and open defecation rates. The conclusion emphasizes continued efforts through the National Sanitation Campaign to achieve total sanitation coverage by 2015.
PRESENT STATE OF CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION AROUND.pptxprasanglfc1892
The document discusses goal 6 of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals - ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It provides an overview of current access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene globally and in regions with high water stress. It also outlines UNICEF's work improving water supply, sanitation, and hygiene in Nepal, including increasing access to safe water in schools and healthcare facilities and enhancing sanitation and hygiene behaviors. The document concludes that achieving universal access to water and sanitation by 2030 will require significant progress, as billions still lack basic services, and freshwater ecosystems continue to decline rapidly.
Cost effectiveness of hygiene promotion A contribution to monitoring hygiene...IRC
By Alana Potter and Melanie Carrasco.
Prepared for the Monitoring Sustainable WASH Service Delivery Symposium, 9 - 11 April 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The document discusses global sanitation issues and innovative solutions being piloted by USAID's Hygiene Improvement Project in various countries. 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation and 1.1 billion still practice open defecation. New approaches are needed beyond subsidized latrines. Projects in Ethiopia, Madagascar, Peru, and Uganda aim to create demand, strengthen local markets and entrepreneurs, and link sanitation to hygiene. Monitoring tools also developed to measure access and behaviors. Handwashing promotion highlighted as a way to reduce diarrhea by 50%.
Spanning boundaries? Articulations and negotiations of urban regeneration in ...Centre for Policy Research
This document summarizes a presentation on urban regeneration in Delhi's informal settlements. It discusses how regeneration is conceptualized as a two-way process of articulating aspirations for change within the context of state-led development. Fieldwork was conducted in two settlements, examining relationships between residents, RWAs, politicians, NGOs and other actors. Key findings include residents negotiating basic services and housing improvements. Regularization is expected to provide tenure security and access to financing. The concept of "boundary spanners" is introduced to analyze how different actors interface between communities and government to enact change, with relationships characterized more by avoidance than cooperation.
When, to Whom, and How People Marry in Delhi NCR: Patterns of Intergeneration...Centre for Policy Research
The document summarizes findings from a survey conducted in Delhi NCR on patterns of marriage across generations. Key findings include:
1) The average age of marriage has increased over time, with fewer underage marriages. Respondents expect the average age to be mid-20s.
2) Acceptance of inter-caste and inter-religious marriage has slightly increased between generations but remains low. Inter-caste marriages are more common among wealthier households.
3) Arranged marriages are still dominant but respondents expect young people to have more say in partner selection compared to past generations. Self-arranged marriage generally refers to situations where families approve of partners youth select.
Measuring behavioural change outcomes in development aid: a call for standard...Hans Van Remoortel
This document summarizes the findings of a systematic review on approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behavior change in low- and middle-income countries. The review identified 35 studies assessing 87 handwashing and 39 sanitation outcomes. However, outcomes were highly diverse in terms of data type (binary vs continuous), timing of assessment (uptake, adherence, long-term use), and study design (experimental vs quasi-experimental). Only a few outcomes, such as handwashing after defecation and open defecation practices, were measured uniformly across studies. The review concludes that standardized definitions and monitoring of WASH behaviors are needed to improve evidence synthesis and guide policy recommendations on WASH promotion programs.
Access and Behavioral Outcome Indicators for Water, Sanitation, and HygieneAED
The document summarizes a webinar presentation about a manual on access and behavioral outcome indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene programs. The manual was developed through an evidence-based process involving major organizations in the WASH field. It includes essential indicators for measuring access to water and sanitation facilities and behaviors related to handwashing, water treatment and safe excreta disposal. The presentation discusses how the manual can be used to select appropriate indicators for programs, set targets, and modify interventions based on whether targets are met. Limitations and plans for further development are also addressed.
Presentation Jose Gesti, UNICEF, 15th January UN Water Zaragoza Conference 2015water-decade
1) Implementation of WASH targets is ongoing with varying levels of success across regions and countries. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular faces challenges in increasing access to improved drinking water sources.
2) Existing tools and social instruments that are helping to implement WASH targets include realizing human rights to water and sanitation, increasing sector budget allocations, ensuring service sustainability, and building capacity through approaches like community-led total sanitation.
3) Key stakeholders - governments, businesses, civil society, and academia - all have important roles to play in driving further progress, with governments in the lead role for policy development and regulation.
The Sanitation Technology Platform (STeP) project tests sanitation technologies in India, South Africa, and Senegal funded by the Gates Foundation. The primary technology connects toilets to a machine that processes human waste into recycled flush water. Salts in urine are oxidized to make chlorine for disinfection, solid waste is consumed, and fecal sludge is eliminated. Treated waste is sent back to apartments for flushing. The presenter conducted research and analyzed survey data from testing sites in Coimbatore, India. Major donors for sanitation projects in Senegal include the World Bank, African Development Bank, and various international development agencies focused on expanding infrastructure and promoting latrine usage.
“I want to do a water project but I don’t know where to start!” This is a common challenge. Doing a community needs assessment is a crucial piece to planning successful projects but can often seem like a daunting task. Join us for a great conversation and fun exercise in doing a community assessment in water and sanitation, and go back to your district with a better understanding of community assessment and planning tools.
Moderator: F. Ronald Denham, RI/USAID Steering Committee Member
Rotary Club of Toronto Eglinton, Ontario, Canada
By far, the most important factor influencing the consistent use of soap before eating food and feeding their child was the belief that it is indeed important to wash one’s hands with soap before eating food and feeding their child.
The document provides information on environmental health and progress towards MDG 7 goals of ensuring environmental sustainability. It discusses key environmental health burdens like indoor and outdoor air pollution and issues around sanitation, water and hygiene. Case studies from Senegal and India are presented that examine handwashing promotion and water quality issues. A case study from Indonesia outlines their total sanitation strategy using community-led approaches to end open defecation.
KAP survey on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in 10 VDCs of Da...Deepak TIMSINA
This document summarizes the findings of a baseline KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey conducted in 15 communities in Dailekh and Surkhet districts of Nepal as part of a water and sanitation project. The survey assessed respondents' demographics, water and food handling practices, sanitation knowledge and habits, and diarrhea management. Key findings include: most respondents get drinking water from unprotected springs; many clean water containers but use unhygienic materials like ash or mud; latrine coverage is high but quality varies; and handwashing knowledge and practice needs improvement. The survey aims to identify health education needs and track project impact.
India, a country with one of the oldest civilisations of the world had the concept of sanitation from Indus valley days. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjadaro sites show evidence that even in ancient India, the practice of using toilets was prevalent and even community toilets and proper drainage systems were present. Yet so many centuries later, it is a paradoxical reality that the country is grappling with the problems of open defecation and access to sanitation facilities. Sanitation, in today’s parlance, is a comprehensive concept which includes waste disposal, environmental, domestic, personal and food hygiene. It is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Good sanitary measures and proper utilisation of the facilities is an important component of healthy living including reduction of morbidity and mortality and prevention of water and soil pollution. Lack of clean drinking water, improper disposal of waste and human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene - all of this has direct adverse impact on health, quality of life and economic and social well being. A number of innovative and successful approaches have increased access to sanitation. However, much more needs to be done to scale-up and sustain these efforts.
This document provides guidance for trainers on how to train and support community health promoters. It discusses CAWST's approach of using community health promoters and participatory learning tools to promote behavior change around water, sanitation, and hygiene. The document contains sections on the roles of community health promoters and trainers, techniques for behavior change communication, tools for working with households and communities, guidance on planning and implementing training programs, and case studies. The overall aim is to equip trainers with the skills and knowledge to effectively organize, train, and monitor community health promoters to improve health through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene.
This document provides guidance for trainers on how to train and support community health promoters. It discusses CAWST's approach of using community health promoters and participatory learning tools to promote behavior change around water, sanitation, and hygiene. The document contains sections on the roles of community health promoters and trainers, techniques for behavior change communication, tools for working with households and communities, guidance on planning and implementing training programs, and case studies. The overall aim is to equip trainers with the skills and knowledge to effectively organize, train, and monitor community health promoters to improve health through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene.
2015 WASH e-Summit (Part 1): An Introduction to Water, Sanitation, and Hygien...Rotary International
View the recording: https://vimeo.com/142525709
Brought to you by Rotary and the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group, this first of three webinars provides an overview of WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene education) in Schools programs.
New to WASH in Schools? Join sector experts to learn about the importance of WASH in Schools efforts and the various hardware and software components that make these club and district-led projects impactful and sustainable.
Hygiene & Sanitation - Overview of ApproachesJonathan Wiles
Delivered by Janet Ausel of Samaritan's Purse, this presentation is an overview of seven different approaches to hygiene and sanitation promotion that can be used in international development programs
Why is Feacal Sludge and Septage Management important for Urban India? - Shub...Centre for Policy Research
This document discusses why faecal sludge and septage management is important for urban India. It notes that over 50% of India's population still practices open defecation, posing major public health and economic risks. As India urbanizes and more homes transition to toilets connected to on-site systems, the need for proper emptying and treatment of faecal sludge will grow. International policies and programs now emphasize the safe management of sanitation systems. National policies and programs in India are also increasingly focusing on sanitation and providing funds for related infrastructure projects. Proper faecal sludge management will be critical to achieve goals of improved sanitation and public health across urban areas of India.
This document discusses Myanmar's sanitation progress and strategies. It provides an overview of the country's demographics and sanitation indicators. It then outlines Myanmar's sanitation approaches over time, shifting from supply-driven to demand-driven and introducing Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in 2011. The document details CLTS implementation methods and activities in Myanmar and pilot results in some townships. It recognizes challenges around sustainability and open defecation rates. The conclusion emphasizes continued efforts through the National Sanitation Campaign to achieve total sanitation coverage by 2015.
PRESENT STATE OF CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION AROUND.pptxprasanglfc1892
The document discusses goal 6 of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals - ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It provides an overview of current access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene globally and in regions with high water stress. It also outlines UNICEF's work improving water supply, sanitation, and hygiene in Nepal, including increasing access to safe water in schools and healthcare facilities and enhancing sanitation and hygiene behaviors. The document concludes that achieving universal access to water and sanitation by 2030 will require significant progress, as billions still lack basic services, and freshwater ecosystems continue to decline rapidly.
Cost effectiveness of hygiene promotion A contribution to monitoring hygiene...IRC
By Alana Potter and Melanie Carrasco.
Prepared for the Monitoring Sustainable WASH Service Delivery Symposium, 9 - 11 April 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The document discusses global sanitation issues and innovative solutions being piloted by USAID's Hygiene Improvement Project in various countries. 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation and 1.1 billion still practice open defecation. New approaches are needed beyond subsidized latrines. Projects in Ethiopia, Madagascar, Peru, and Uganda aim to create demand, strengthen local markets and entrepreneurs, and link sanitation to hygiene. Monitoring tools also developed to measure access and behaviors. Handwashing promotion highlighted as a way to reduce diarrhea by 50%.
Similar to Framing the ODF Measurement Question (20)
Spanning boundaries? Articulations and negotiations of urban regeneration in ...Centre for Policy Research
This document summarizes a presentation on urban regeneration in Delhi's informal settlements. It discusses how regeneration is conceptualized as a two-way process of articulating aspirations for change within the context of state-led development. Fieldwork was conducted in two settlements, examining relationships between residents, RWAs, politicians, NGOs and other actors. Key findings include residents negotiating basic services and housing improvements. Regularization is expected to provide tenure security and access to financing. The concept of "boundary spanners" is introduced to analyze how different actors interface between communities and government to enact change, with relationships characterized more by avoidance than cooperation.
When, to Whom, and How People Marry in Delhi NCR: Patterns of Intergeneration...Centre for Policy Research
The document summarizes findings from a survey conducted in Delhi NCR on patterns of marriage across generations. Key findings include:
1) The average age of marriage has increased over time, with fewer underage marriages. Respondents expect the average age to be mid-20s.
2) Acceptance of inter-caste and inter-religious marriage has slightly increased between generations but remains low. Inter-caste marriages are more common among wealthier households.
3) Arranged marriages are still dominant but respondents expect young people to have more say in partner selection compared to past generations. Self-arranged marriage generally refers to situations where families approve of partners youth select.
This document analyzes grievance redressal and inequality of access to intermediaries in urban areas with weak state capacity, using data from Delhi. It finds that intermediaries are disproportionately from higher castes and religions compared to citizens. Citizens from disadvantaged groups are less likely to know, approach, and get issues resolved by intermediaries. The wealthy are also better able to access services through intermediaries. This suggests intermediaries engage in elite capture rather than equal representation.
This document summarizes the spatial transformation of Delhi NCR over time through analysis of maps, images, and population data. It outlines 3 stories: place, space, and people. For place, it examines how definitions of Delhi and NCR have changed boundaries over time. For space, it uses remote sensing images to analyze increases in urban footprint and decreases in green spaces as NCR has urbanized. For people, it looks at changing population distributions and religious demographics in NCT and NCR over decades. The document concludes there are visible increases in urban infrastructure across NCR and multiple heterogeneities seen through mapping, with interconnected growth between NCR and NCT requiring further exploration.
This document summarizes a survey conducted by Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) on how urbanization affects attitudes in the National Capital Region of India. The survey measured social change through attitudes, perceptions, behaviors and outcomes. It examined the impact of wealth, migration, demographics and politics on attitudes regarding caste, religion, gender and social interactions. The results showed that wealth increased social interactions, while migration decreased reported social behaviors but this was likely due to migrants having less access to diverse social networks in their segregated neighborhoods.
CPR-TCPD Dialogues on Indian Politics: Discussion on 'Unpacking the results o...Centre for Policy Research
This document analyzes the 2018 Karnataka state assembly election results. It discusses key factors like the BJP bringing back Lingayat leader BS Yeddyurappa, the impact of the Congress' AHINDA strategy, and whether pre-poll alliances could have helped parties like the JD(S) and Congress perform better against the BJP. It also examines voting patterns among communities like Muslims and Scheduled Castes, as well as trends in voter turnout and party vote shares over time.
This document from BP provides an overview and analysis of global energy trends through 2040 under various scenarios. It finds that:
1) Electric vehicles could make up around 15% of the global car fleet but provide 30% of transport kilometres by 2040, supported by shared mobility and automation.
2) Global oil demand growth may plateau in the 2020s and then decline, depending on the pace of efficiency gains and fuel switching, with transport electrification a major influence.
3) Renewable energy will continue growing rapidly, having the potential to provide over 40% of global power generation by 2040 if policies strongly promote renewables usage.
'Collective action(or not)the informal septic tank emptying markets in Delhi'...Centre for Policy Research
This document summarizes research on the informal septic tank emptying markets in two Delhi neighborhoods. It describes the emergence of small-scale businesses providing this service and the socioeconomic characteristics of the entrepreneurs. The businesses are organized differently in the two areas - collectively in one and non-collectively with competition in the other. Financial details are provided on costs, revenues and profits. While collective organization ensures faster cost recovery, customers have less choice and competition helps new entrepreneurs less. Both models exploit workers. The work faces social stigma.
'FSM Operations Case Studies from 3 Cities: Findings and Insights Dehradun, ...Centre for Policy Research
CORP Seminar on ‘Understanding Informal Models of Septic Tank Emptying Services: Case Studies From Four Cities in India.’, 6 April 2018 at the Centre for Policy Research
'Understanding septic tank emptying businesses' by Anindita Mukherjee, Prasha...Centre for Policy Research
CORP Seminar on ‘Understanding Informal Models of Septic Tank Emptying Services: Case Studies From Four Cities in India.’, 6 April 2018 at the Centre for Policy Research
This document discusses the relationship between air pollution and vehicles in India. It finds that vehicle emissions are projected to significantly increase levels of particulate matter and other pollutants by 2030 without intervention. Current challenges include outdated vehicle standards, use of dirty fuels, lack of effective inspections, and real-world emissions exceeding lab tests. Road congestion is exacerbated by low-density development patterns and limitations of public transit compared to private vehicles. Shifting more freight transport from road to rail could help reduce energy use and emissions given road freight's high fragmentation in India.
Presentation by Preet K Dhillon during the panel on 'Health Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution, as part of the CPR Initiative on Climate, Energy and Environment Clearing the Air Seminar Series. This event was organised in partnership with the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)
This document discusses the high burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in India and the link between air pollution and increased risk of CVD. It provides the following key points:
1. CVD is the leading cause of death in India, with rates higher than global averages. Major CVDs include IHD, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension.
2. Risk factors for CVD like hypertension and diabetes are rising dramatically in India and projected to affect hundreds of millions by 2030.
3. Existing evidence suggests air pollution likely increases the risk of CVD and its risk factors through mechanisms like endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and increased blood pressure.
4. Research aims to better characterize the associations between long-term air
Presentation by Bhargav Krishna during the panel on 'Health Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution, as part of the CPR Initiative on Climate, Energy and Environment Clearing the Air Seminar Series. This event was organised in partnership with the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)
Presentation by Dr Sarath Guttikunda. Presented at the Centre for Policy Research during the first seminar of the Clearing the Air Seminar Series, organised by the CPR Initiative on Climate, Energy and Environment, on 4 December 2017
This document analyzes election results from Gujarat in 2012 and 2017. It finds that while the BJP remained in power, their seat count dropped from 115 in 2012 to 99 in 2017 despite their vote share remaining similar. The BJP saw lower strike rates in rural areas compared to urban areas, indicating growing urban-rural polarization. Caste politics are being replaced by issues of rural economic distress and lack of access to amenities as more important factors.
The Last Metres (L100M): Safeguarding Potable Water Provisioning to Urban Inf...Centre for Policy Research
The document summarizes research on safeguarding potable water provision to informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It discusses a methodology called "The Last 100 Metres" (L100M) that focuses on the space between water distribution points and homes. The research aims to reduce faecal contamination of water by expanding water safety plans and addressing local sanitation issues. Key findings indicate water is relatively safe until entering slum communities, but becomes highly contaminated within homes. The document concludes improved sanitation is more effective than water quality alone, and a sustained, multi-pronged approach is needed to tackle the issue.
Horizontal and Vertical Inequalities Explaining Disparities in Access to Urba...Centre for Policy Research
1) The document analyzes disparities in access to urban sanitation in India using data from the National Sample Survey of India.
2) It finds significant variations in access to sanitation across factors like household income, caste, location in slum/non-slum areas, and access to public infrastructure like drainage. Higher income households, non-SC/ST social groups, and households in non-slum areas with access to closed drainage have higher probabilities of access to sanitation.
3) There are also significant state-wise disparities, with states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu showing larger inequalities in access between slum and non-slum areas compared to
This document discusses sanitation from an economic perspective. It covers topics like sanitation as an economic good, demand for sanitation, the public good dimension of sanitation infrastructure, and challenges around inclusion and scaling up sanitation access in India. The document references different frameworks and approaches for analyzing sanitation, including political ecology, behavioral economics, and network effects. It aims to provide a well-rounded and flexible framework for understanding sanitation that integrates different actors and allows for local analysis.
‘Ethnography of Sanitation in Small Towns: Angul and Dhenkanal’ by Anju Dwive...Centre for Policy Research
Workshop on 'Sanitation for People: Assessing Socio-Cultural Realities of Sanitation Practice in Indian Cities', 29 March 2017 at the Centre for Policy Research
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
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This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
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Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019Partito democratico
DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
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2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 39
Framing the ODF Measurement Question
1. 1st NITI Aayog – Centre for Policy Research:
Open Seminar Series
Framing the ODF measurement question
Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior Fellow
2. Background: India's sanitation challenge
India
Indonesia
Pakistan
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Sudan
Niger
Nepal
China
Mozambique
Burkina
Faso
Madagascar
Cambodia
South
Sudan
Rest
of
the
world
59%,
605.3
million
persons
Source
:
JMP
2014
3. Background: the evolution of Sanitation Policy
‘47
International Water & Sanitation
Decade
‘80 ‘86 ‘90 ‘93 ‘95 2000 ‘01 ‘03 ’04 ‘05 ‘07 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 ‘15
ILCS-‐
Integrated
Low-‐cost
SanitaJon,
CRSP-‐
Central
Rural
SanitaJon
Programme,
GAP-‐
Ganga
AcJon
Plan,
NRCP-‐
NaJonal
River
ConservaJon
Programme,
TSC-‐
Total
SanitaJon
Campaign,
NGP-‐
Nirmal
Gram
Puraskar,
JNNURM-‐
Jawaharlal
Nehru
NaJonal
Urban
Renewal
Mission,
NUSP-‐
NaJonal
Urban
SanitaJon
Policy
,
SBM
–
Swachh
Bharat
Mission,
NUDM
–
NaJonal
Urban
Development
Mission
Millennium Summit & MDG
International Year of Sanitation.
Part of Water for Life Decade
SDGs
ILCS CRSP
GAP
Manual Scavenging
Act 1993
NRCP
GAP subsumed
into NRCP
NGP
Pune Decl.
JNNURM, GOI financing for
urban sanitation sector
started to increase
NUSP
released
SBM AMRUT
Smart Cities
TSC
‘95 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19 ‘20 ‘21 ‘22
Goal of
an ODF
India!
4. Background: Genealogy of the term “Open
Defecation Free”
“100%
sani8zed
village”
-‐
Mosmoil
N a 8 o n a l
Focus
on
1 0 0 %
sani8zed
village
/
ODF
TSC
Sant
Gadge
Baba
Swatchata
Abhiyan
ODF
in
SBM
G
2000 ‘01 ’04 ‘05 ‘07 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19‘02 ‘03
SDG
WDR
2004
TSC/NBA
ODF
1999
INDIA
ODF
India
target
Global
ODF
elimina8on
target
GLOBAL
BANGLADESH
Nirmal
Gram
Puraskar
From
78%
to
3
%
OD
SACOSAN
(T
2022)
‘30
OTHER
COUNTRIES
5. Background: Why has the “Open Defecation Free
Community” concept received so much purchase? : Some
explanations
• Clear recognition of the publicgoodaspect of sanitation
• Recognition that partialcoverageanduseoftoilets leads to
unsatisfactory public health outcomes from sanitation
• Clarifies the role of the community in sanitation
• Sets up a clear identifiable stage in the sanitationimprovemetmatrix
aimed at safely containing human excreta thereby breaking the
faecal oral route of transmission of disease
• Helps raise awarenessacrosscommunities
• Has induced innovativecommunity approaches and participation
• In a number of situations lead to rapid scalingupofabsorptionof
improved sanitation practices
6. Measurement : MDGs to SDGs:
from access to improved sanitation facilities to ending Open Defecation
MDGs (2000-2015)
GOAL
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of
people withoutsustainableaccess to
safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
TARGET
Halve by 2015, the proportion of
population withoutsustainableaccessto
safe drinking water & basic sanitation
INDICATORS
• The proportion of the population that
use an improved drinking water
source
• The proportion of the population that
use animprovedsanitationfacility
SDGs: 2015-2030GOAL:
Ensure availabilityandsustainable
managementof water & sanitation for
all
TARGET
(6.2) By 2030 achieve access to
adequate&equitable sanitation &
hygiene for all, and endopen
defecation, paying special attention to
the needs of women and girls
INDICATORS
• % of all population using safely
managedsanitationservices
[progressive elimination of
inequalities in access]
• Population with a hand-washing
facility with soap & water in the
household [progressive elimination
of inequalities in access
Measured
by
the
Joint
Monitoring
Program
(JMP)
of
the
WHO
&
UNICEF
(Dependent
on
naJonal
household
surveys
/
census)
7. Open Defecation (JMP) Census 2011 NSSO 69th Round
Open defecation: when human faeces are
disposed of in fields,forests,bushes,open
bodies of water,beaches,or other open
spaces,or disposed off with solid waste
No
latrine
within
premises
–
Public
latrine
-‐
Open
• Access
to
latrine
–
no
latrine
-‐
OD
• Type
of
latrine
–
not
used
-‐
OD
• Whether
all
household
members
are
using
the
latrine
(male
/
female;
above/below
15
yrs)
&
Reason
Census 2011
Latrine within
premises?
Yes No
Flush / Pour flush
latrine :
Pit latrine:
Service latrine: Open
defecation
No
Public
latrine?
Measurement : JMP uses National Survey data from India
and elsewhere
8. Indonesia
(2012 DHS; 2010 Census)
Pakistan
(1998 Census; 2007 DHS)
Nigeria
(Census 2006)
Ethiopia
(Census 2007)
What type of toilet facility?
–No toilet
1. Latrine–no latrine
2. What kind of toilet
facility do members of
your household usually
use?–
o No facility / bush /
field
o Flush or pour flush
toilet: to somewhere
else; don't know
where
1. What type of toilet do
you use in this
household?-Nearby
(bush/beach/field)
2. What kind of toilet
facility do members of
your household usually
use?–No facility /
bush / field
What type of toilet facility
does the housing unit
have?–no toilet facility
Measurement : JMP uses National Survey data from India
and elsewhere
9. Measurement : Increasing engagement with ODF
measures in Indian programmes – NGP to NBA to SBM
§ Nirmal Gram
Puraskar 2005
§ Objective : To
incentivize PRIs to
make villages ODF
and to adopt Solid
& Liquid Waste
Management
(SLWM)
§ Detailed critrea : incl
Toilet usage by all
households,
migrant labour at
public places and
no open defecation
found in GP
§ Total Sanitation
Campeign 2011
§ Asks GPs for
“Plan of action to
attain ODF/Nirmal
Status”
§ Nirmal Bharat
Abhyan 2012
§ Additionally : “that
GPs will be
monitored for
‘Nirmal’ status”
§ Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan 2014
§ Objective 2.1(a):
“……eliminating open
defecation”
§ “community incentive,
if any, … released
after the village unit is
ODF for a significant
length of times”
§ Urban : “no
households engage
in the practice of OD”
10. India-NGP Nigeria Indonesia JMP CLTS PLAN
No OD found in the area ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
100% presence of a functioning HH latrine ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
> With superstructure ✓ ✓
>evidence of use ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
>Latrines are well maintained ✓ ✓
Child stools are safely disposed of ✓ ✓ ✓
Safe containment of excreta ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Handwashing facilities are present ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
>above with soap ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
IEC activities ✓ ✓
>use of sanctions ✓
>existence of a monitoring system ✓ ✓
School sanitation ✓ ✓ ✓
>with handwashing facilities ✓ ✓
Aanganwadi sanitation ✓
Community toilets ✓ ✓
Health centre sanitation ✓
No manual scavenging ✓
Access to water ✓
Solid waste management ✓
Liquid waste management ✓ ✓
Time for certification (months) 24 3 NA NA 3-6 24
Source: WaterAid Policy Note – “Open Defecation Free”
Measurement : ODF indicators used across programmes
11. Source:
Ministry
of
Drinking
Water
and
SanitaJon,
Government
of
India
(2011)
ZPs
awarded
in
that
State
Measurement and Results : NGP awarded GPs (2012) by
state in percentage
12. 10.58
33.2
60.9
111.47
55.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Census
TSC
Expon.
(1991-‐2001
Growth
rate)
Linear
(1991-‐2001
Growth)
(10%)
(23%)
(34%)
Million
HHs
Source:
Ministry
of
Drinking
Water
and
SanitaJon,
Government
of
India
(2012);
Census
1991,2001,2011
Measurement and Results : TSC and Census 2011 compared
13. Measurement and Results : Some questions and explanations for
the Slip back
SLIP BACK STATUS : NGP Impact Assessment Study
• 80.8% HHs from NGP had access to latrines at the time of the study
• 26% HHs had fully functional latrines
• 67% HHs all members used latrines
• Similar findings from UNICEF-TARU and Arghyam Surveys
Some issues identified by the NGP Impact Assessment Study – WHY?
Source:
Assessment
Study
of
Impact
and
Sustainability
of
Nirmal
Gram
Puraskar
(GoI
2011)
14. Measurement and Results : Some questions and explanations
of the complexity of behavioral issues involved
Sanitation Quality, Use, Access and Trends (SQUAT) Survey, 2014 in 5 North
Indian states
• A preference for open defecation:
– over 40% of HHs with a working latrine have at least one member who
defecates in the open – Why?
• Psychology of the “un-clean” – create distance, build high capacity pits…
• Feedback on benefits to defecating in the open:
– 47% of those that defecate in the open say they do so because it is pleasant,
comfortable, or convenient – Why?
• Rural households in India do not build inexpensive latrines like the ones in
countries in the region or Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa – WHY?
• Most people who own a government-constructed latrine continue to defecate
in the open - this is mentioned as a choice – Why?
Source:
hfp://squatreport.in/about-‐the-‐survey/
(3,235 adults on defecation practices and individual level latrine use data for 22,787
household members)
15. Randomized Control Trials
(RCTs)
• London School of Hygiene &
Tropical Medicine- Helminths
infection
• Sanitation and stunting in
I n d o n e s i a , O r i s s a ,
Maharashtra
• TSC, defecation behaviours
and health
Hand washing and habit formation
Higher
intensity
Lower intensity
Government
driven ODF
surveys
eg. NGP surveys
NSSO surveys
Non-
governmental
sample surveys
Census
household
survey
Programme
evaluations eg.
NGP scheme,
JNNURM
Sanitation
Baseline surveys
100%
Surveys
Sample
Surveys
Aggregator
Surveys
What we have learnt on ODF communities and its
measurement
16. What we have learnt on ODF communities and its
measurement
1. India is among a few countries that have a significant toilet
(output) subsidy program
2. It is the only country that has an incentive and reward scheme for
sanitation
• Others have recognition schemes / awards etc.
3. Slip back, is highly probable, so social mobilisation innovations
and special efforts needed for maintaining and improving status
4. One time measurement and declaration of ODF status has not
worked well enough
• ODF status needs to be confirmed only after few years of
consistent ODF results
5. Sanitation advances cannot be achieved and improvements
maintained as a one time effort but need ongoing programmes
6. Program Survey and aggregator biases difficult to control, so an
independent ongoing measurement system is needed, to monitor
17. Some ideas going forward on measuring ODF
communities
• There is a need for an non-program linked annual survey on a
Sanitation Matrix
• Possibly conducted by the NSSO and NITI Aayog?
• With the objective to gauge the sanitation situation from the
perspective of the extent to which waste (human excreta, liquid
and solid waste) is disposed of safely so that there are no
adverse effects on health
• Possibly understand where different states of the country rank
on a sanitation index (constructed through the survey) so that
the efficacy of their sanitation efforts can be reflected upon
• THANK YOU