With this toolkit, we’re bringing together the tools and guidance developed and tested in IRC’s work with governments, NGOs and other partners in over 20 countries. The toolkit is organised around the two related goals of delivering services and delivering change.
This document provides instructions for setting up a server including running services, logging in with different user accounts, and accessing various admin menus and features. It also describes how to delete data from databases, clear selected data, select leader and sponsor IDs, and add new user logins by matching IDs between tables.
La amistad se da entre dos o más personas y puede desarrollarse en diferentes etapas de la vida. La amistad nace cuando las personas encuentran intereses en común, aunque a veces se tarda años en formarse. Un verdadero amigo es leal, dice la verdad aunque sea dura de escuchar, y está ahí para apoyar a la otra persona en sus logros y fracasos.
Don(ña) cede el usufructo vitalicio sobre una propiedad a favor de don(ña) a cambio de una suma de dinero. El documento establece las obligaciones del usufructuario de conservar la propiedad y prohibe arrendarla o ejecutar ciertos actos sin autorización. Asimismo, indica que la presentación del certificado de defunción del usufructuario permitirá cancelar la inscripción del usufructo.
O documento estima que os impactos econômicos globais da violência contra crianças podem chegar a US$ 7 trilhões anualmente. Os custos globais do trabalho infantil perigoso são de aproximadamente US$ 97 bilhões por ano. A pesquisa mostra que a prevenção da violência contra crianças é mais benéfica do que os custos de resposta, mas os gastos governamentais em prevenção permanecem baixos.
This document provides information about several desert animals, including the desert scorpion, desert horned lizard, mule deer, fennec fox, and desert tortoise. It describes key features of each animal such as their physical appearance, habitat, diet, and behaviors for surviving in desert environments. For example, it notes that desert scorpions have two body parts and eat insects, desert horned lizards camouflage themselves in sand, and fennec foxes have unusually large ears to dissipate heat. The document aims to educate about the different types of animals that are native to desert regions.
With this toolkit, we’re bringing together the tools and guidance developed and tested in IRC’s work with governments, NGOs and other partners in over 20 countries. The toolkit is organised around the two related goals of delivering services and delivering change.
This document provides instructions for setting up a server including running services, logging in with different user accounts, and accessing various admin menus and features. It also describes how to delete data from databases, clear selected data, select leader and sponsor IDs, and add new user logins by matching IDs between tables.
La amistad se da entre dos o más personas y puede desarrollarse en diferentes etapas de la vida. La amistad nace cuando las personas encuentran intereses en común, aunque a veces se tarda años en formarse. Un verdadero amigo es leal, dice la verdad aunque sea dura de escuchar, y está ahí para apoyar a la otra persona en sus logros y fracasos.
Don(ña) cede el usufructo vitalicio sobre una propiedad a favor de don(ña) a cambio de una suma de dinero. El documento establece las obligaciones del usufructuario de conservar la propiedad y prohibe arrendarla o ejecutar ciertos actos sin autorización. Asimismo, indica que la presentación del certificado de defunción del usufructuario permitirá cancelar la inscripción del usufructo.
O documento estima que os impactos econômicos globais da violência contra crianças podem chegar a US$ 7 trilhões anualmente. Os custos globais do trabalho infantil perigoso são de aproximadamente US$ 97 bilhões por ano. A pesquisa mostra que a prevenção da violência contra crianças é mais benéfica do que os custos de resposta, mas os gastos governamentais em prevenção permanecem baixos.
This document provides information about several desert animals, including the desert scorpion, desert horned lizard, mule deer, fennec fox, and desert tortoise. It describes key features of each animal such as their physical appearance, habitat, diet, and behaviors for surviving in desert environments. For example, it notes that desert scorpions have two body parts and eat insects, desert horned lizards camouflage themselves in sand, and fennec foxes have unusually large ears to dissipate heat. The document aims to educate about the different types of animals that are native to desert regions.
El documento presenta una serie de reflexiones sobre el desarrollo de sistemas de gestión. Algunas de las ideas clave son no establecer plazos demasiado ambiciosos, prestar atención a las señales del mercado, escoger herramientas adecuadas para cada situación, y considerar las dificultades que pueden enfrentar las personas con las soluciones tecnológicas. También enfatiza la importancia de confiar en uno mismo y seguir luchando hasta el final.
K. Phani is seeking a new position with over 15 years of experience in telecommunications including transmission, data, switches, and fiber. He has experience with equipment from companies like Lucent, NEC, and ZTE. Currently he works as a Deputy Manager at Tata Teleservices handling network switches. He is looking to utilize his experience in areas like transmission monitoring, switch operations and maintenance, and fault isolation.
For the preliminary task, the student worked individually and focused on camera work and basic editing. For the main task, the student worked in a group to act in and produce idents. Communication, planning, production, and post-production were much improved in the main task compared to the preliminary. The group used a Facebook chat to better organize filming over break. Storyboards were more detailed and helped during shooting. All footage was kept for the main task to aid continuity, whereas unnecessary scenes were deleted for the preliminary. Music choice and editing style, including titles, were more advanced and professional for the main task.
El documento presenta información sobre la economía japonesa. Incluye secciones sobre la organización del blog que contiene la información, con etiquetas y recursos adicionales para el lector. También proporciona referencias bibliográficas sobre temas relacionados con Japón como su desarrollo económico, voluntariado y política macroeconómica.
1) Varias organizaciones médicas como la Alianza Nacional de Médicos de EE.UU. y el Instituto Nacional para la Excelencia en Salud y Atención del Reino Unido han desarrollado proyectos para promover la prescripción prudente y evitar tratamientos innecesarios.
2) En España, el Ministerio de Sanidad puso en marcha en 2013 el proyecto "Compromiso por la Calidad" con el que 48 sociedades científicas, incluidas las de atención primaria, han publicado recomendaciones para no realizar ciert
Este documento es un contrato entre Perruskaweb y un cliente para el desarrollo de un sitio web. Perruskaweb se compromete a desarrollar el proyecto dentro de un plazo razonable e incorporar los contenidos provistos por el cliente. El cliente pagará una parte al firmar y el resto tras la publicación del sitio. Perruskaweb garantiza confidencialidad de datos, cumplimiento de normativas y no emplear técnicas ilegales de posicionamiento. El contrato finaliza tras la entrega del sitio y
Este documento recopila información sobre un centro escolar y su implementación del teleaprendizaje. Proporciona detalles como la dirección, datos demográficos de los estudiantes, número y especialidades de los docentes, inventario de equipos, y observaciones finales. El objetivo general es conocer cómo funciona el desarrollo del teleaprendizaje en esa escuela en particular.
Scrive, a Swedish cloud e-signing company, has successfully completed a second angel round of funding. Representatives of the new investors have taken board positions. The company develops online e-signing services focused on the fast-moving B2B market. Scrive stands out by building its product using the Haskell programming language to prioritize quality and attract top technical talent globally. Their strategy has paid off, allowing them to recruit experienced developers and grow rapidly despite a tight budget.
El documento habla sobre la importancia de vivir en el presente y dejar ir el pasado. Recomienda guardar los recuerdos del pasado en un lugar seguro y arrojar la llave para liberarse emocionalmente. También enfatiza perdonarse a sí mismo y a otros para concentrarse sólo en el ahora y no dejar que el pasado condicione el presente.
Aplicaciones de las áreas de los polígonoslorena025
El documento describe aplicaciones prácticas del cálculo de áreas de polígonos, como calcular el área y precio de un campo rectangular o la cantidad de baldosas necesarias para una habitación. Proporciona el ejemplo de calcular el área y precio de un campo de maíz rectangular de 170 metros de base y 28 metros de altura, asumiendo un precio de 20 euros por metro cuadrado.
The document discusses several manuals created by ecoplan:net to promote sustainable tourism practices.
1. An Ecolodge Development and Operations Manual was created for Egypt's Tourism Development Authority to assess ecolodge applications and assist developers in environmentally friendly construction.
2. A Rural Tourism Accommodation Manual was made for USAID and Morocco's Ministry of Tourism to help local entrepreneurs develop small hotels, B&Bs and guest houses using sustainable practices.
3. A Botswana Ecotourism Best Practices Guidelines Manual identified 180 criteria for planning, operations and marketing to ensure sustainable tourism businesses based on studies of facilities worldwide.
ESCRITO ESTA EN ACCIÓN. DIOS BENDICE A JACOB Y LAS PRUEBAS DE JACOB EN SUS ÚL...CPV
SE TRATA DE UN TRIPTICO QUE TRATA SOBRE LA OCASIÓN CUANDO JACOB RECIBE LA BENDICIÓN DE DIOS Y LAS PRUEBAS O ADVERSIDADES QUE SUFRIÓ EN LOS ÚLTIMOS DÍAS DE SU VIDA. SE ENCUENTRA EN GÉNESIS 35:1-29. ADEMAS HAY UN CRUCIGRAMA BÍBLICO SOBRE LA MISMA LECCIÓN, UNA ANÉCDOTA CRISTIANA, ALGUNOS PENSAMIENTOS SABIOS Y UN VERSÍCULO POR MEMORIZAR.
KAP survey on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in 10 VDCs of Da...Deepak TIMSINA
This document summarizes the findings of a baseline KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey conducted in 15 communities in Dailekh and Surkhet districts of Nepal as part of a water and sanitation project. The survey assessed respondents' demographics, water and food handling practices, sanitation knowledge and habits, and diarrhea management. Key findings include: most respondents get drinking water from unprotected springs; many clean water containers but use unhygienic materials like ash or mud; latrine coverage is high but quality varies; and handwashing knowledge and practice needs improvement. The survey aims to identify health education needs and track project impact.
Cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions: a methodologyIRC
Presentation of a methodology IRC is using for assessing cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions. By Amélie Dubé and Mélanie Carrasco for the hygiene track of the 2014 WASH Sustainability Forum, RAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 30 June - 1 July 2014.
Access and Behavioral Outcome Indicators for Water, Sanitation, and HygieneAED
The document summarizes a webinar presentation about a manual on access and behavioral outcome indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene programs. The manual was developed through an evidence-based process involving major organizations in the WASH field. It includes essential indicators for measuring access to water and sanitation facilities and behaviors related to handwashing, water treatment and safe excreta disposal. The presentation discusses how the manual can be used to select appropriate indicators for programs, set targets, and modify interventions based on whether targets are met. Limitations and plans for further development are also addressed.
Measuring behavioural change outcomes in development aid: a call for standard...Hans Van Remoortel
This document summarizes the findings of a systematic review on approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behavior change in low- and middle-income countries. The review identified 35 studies assessing 87 handwashing and 39 sanitation outcomes. However, outcomes were highly diverse in terms of data type (binary vs continuous), timing of assessment (uptake, adherence, long-term use), and study design (experimental vs quasi-experimental). Only a few outcomes, such as handwashing after defecation and open defecation practices, were measured uniformly across studies. The review concludes that standardized definitions and monitoring of WASH behaviors are needed to improve evidence synthesis and guide policy recommendations on WASH promotion programs.
El documento presenta una serie de reflexiones sobre el desarrollo de sistemas de gestión. Algunas de las ideas clave son no establecer plazos demasiado ambiciosos, prestar atención a las señales del mercado, escoger herramientas adecuadas para cada situación, y considerar las dificultades que pueden enfrentar las personas con las soluciones tecnológicas. También enfatiza la importancia de confiar en uno mismo y seguir luchando hasta el final.
K. Phani is seeking a new position with over 15 years of experience in telecommunications including transmission, data, switches, and fiber. He has experience with equipment from companies like Lucent, NEC, and ZTE. Currently he works as a Deputy Manager at Tata Teleservices handling network switches. He is looking to utilize his experience in areas like transmission monitoring, switch operations and maintenance, and fault isolation.
For the preliminary task, the student worked individually and focused on camera work and basic editing. For the main task, the student worked in a group to act in and produce idents. Communication, planning, production, and post-production were much improved in the main task compared to the preliminary. The group used a Facebook chat to better organize filming over break. Storyboards were more detailed and helped during shooting. All footage was kept for the main task to aid continuity, whereas unnecessary scenes were deleted for the preliminary. Music choice and editing style, including titles, were more advanced and professional for the main task.
El documento presenta información sobre la economía japonesa. Incluye secciones sobre la organización del blog que contiene la información, con etiquetas y recursos adicionales para el lector. También proporciona referencias bibliográficas sobre temas relacionados con Japón como su desarrollo económico, voluntariado y política macroeconómica.
1) Varias organizaciones médicas como la Alianza Nacional de Médicos de EE.UU. y el Instituto Nacional para la Excelencia en Salud y Atención del Reino Unido han desarrollado proyectos para promover la prescripción prudente y evitar tratamientos innecesarios.
2) En España, el Ministerio de Sanidad puso en marcha en 2013 el proyecto "Compromiso por la Calidad" con el que 48 sociedades científicas, incluidas las de atención primaria, han publicado recomendaciones para no realizar ciert
Este documento es un contrato entre Perruskaweb y un cliente para el desarrollo de un sitio web. Perruskaweb se compromete a desarrollar el proyecto dentro de un plazo razonable e incorporar los contenidos provistos por el cliente. El cliente pagará una parte al firmar y el resto tras la publicación del sitio. Perruskaweb garantiza confidencialidad de datos, cumplimiento de normativas y no emplear técnicas ilegales de posicionamiento. El contrato finaliza tras la entrega del sitio y
Este documento recopila información sobre un centro escolar y su implementación del teleaprendizaje. Proporciona detalles como la dirección, datos demográficos de los estudiantes, número y especialidades de los docentes, inventario de equipos, y observaciones finales. El objetivo general es conocer cómo funciona el desarrollo del teleaprendizaje en esa escuela en particular.
Scrive, a Swedish cloud e-signing company, has successfully completed a second angel round of funding. Representatives of the new investors have taken board positions. The company develops online e-signing services focused on the fast-moving B2B market. Scrive stands out by building its product using the Haskell programming language to prioritize quality and attract top technical talent globally. Their strategy has paid off, allowing them to recruit experienced developers and grow rapidly despite a tight budget.
El documento habla sobre la importancia de vivir en el presente y dejar ir el pasado. Recomienda guardar los recuerdos del pasado en un lugar seguro y arrojar la llave para liberarse emocionalmente. También enfatiza perdonarse a sí mismo y a otros para concentrarse sólo en el ahora y no dejar que el pasado condicione el presente.
Aplicaciones de las áreas de los polígonoslorena025
El documento describe aplicaciones prácticas del cálculo de áreas de polígonos, como calcular el área y precio de un campo rectangular o la cantidad de baldosas necesarias para una habitación. Proporciona el ejemplo de calcular el área y precio de un campo de maíz rectangular de 170 metros de base y 28 metros de altura, asumiendo un precio de 20 euros por metro cuadrado.
The document discusses several manuals created by ecoplan:net to promote sustainable tourism practices.
1. An Ecolodge Development and Operations Manual was created for Egypt's Tourism Development Authority to assess ecolodge applications and assist developers in environmentally friendly construction.
2. A Rural Tourism Accommodation Manual was made for USAID and Morocco's Ministry of Tourism to help local entrepreneurs develop small hotels, B&Bs and guest houses using sustainable practices.
3. A Botswana Ecotourism Best Practices Guidelines Manual identified 180 criteria for planning, operations and marketing to ensure sustainable tourism businesses based on studies of facilities worldwide.
ESCRITO ESTA EN ACCIÓN. DIOS BENDICE A JACOB Y LAS PRUEBAS DE JACOB EN SUS ÚL...CPV
SE TRATA DE UN TRIPTICO QUE TRATA SOBRE LA OCASIÓN CUANDO JACOB RECIBE LA BENDICIÓN DE DIOS Y LAS PRUEBAS O ADVERSIDADES QUE SUFRIÓ EN LOS ÚLTIMOS DÍAS DE SU VIDA. SE ENCUENTRA EN GÉNESIS 35:1-29. ADEMAS HAY UN CRUCIGRAMA BÍBLICO SOBRE LA MISMA LECCIÓN, UNA ANÉCDOTA CRISTIANA, ALGUNOS PENSAMIENTOS SABIOS Y UN VERSÍCULO POR MEMORIZAR.
KAP survey on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in 10 VDCs of Da...Deepak TIMSINA
This document summarizes the findings of a baseline KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey conducted in 15 communities in Dailekh and Surkhet districts of Nepal as part of a water and sanitation project. The survey assessed respondents' demographics, water and food handling practices, sanitation knowledge and habits, and diarrhea management. Key findings include: most respondents get drinking water from unprotected springs; many clean water containers but use unhygienic materials like ash or mud; latrine coverage is high but quality varies; and handwashing knowledge and practice needs improvement. The survey aims to identify health education needs and track project impact.
Cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions: a methodologyIRC
Presentation of a methodology IRC is using for assessing cost effectiveness of hygiene interventions. By Amélie Dubé and Mélanie Carrasco for the hygiene track of the 2014 WASH Sustainability Forum, RAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 30 June - 1 July 2014.
Access and Behavioral Outcome Indicators for Water, Sanitation, and HygieneAED
The document summarizes a webinar presentation about a manual on access and behavioral outcome indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene programs. The manual was developed through an evidence-based process involving major organizations in the WASH field. It includes essential indicators for measuring access to water and sanitation facilities and behaviors related to handwashing, water treatment and safe excreta disposal. The presentation discusses how the manual can be used to select appropriate indicators for programs, set targets, and modify interventions based on whether targets are met. Limitations and plans for further development are also addressed.
Measuring behavioural change outcomes in development aid: a call for standard...Hans Van Remoortel
This document summarizes the findings of a systematic review on approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behavior change in low- and middle-income countries. The review identified 35 studies assessing 87 handwashing and 39 sanitation outcomes. However, outcomes were highly diverse in terms of data type (binary vs continuous), timing of assessment (uptake, adherence, long-term use), and study design (experimental vs quasi-experimental). Only a few outcomes, such as handwashing after defecation and open defecation practices, were measured uniformly across studies. The review concludes that standardized definitions and monitoring of WASH behaviors are needed to improve evidence synthesis and guide policy recommendations on WASH promotion programs.
This document summarizes a project analyzing the spatial accessibility of residents to general practitioners in the Annapolis Valley region of Nova Scotia. Key points:
- The project used GIS and a Two-Step Floating Catchment Area model to calculate spatial accessibility scores for communities based on physician locations, road networks, and community demographics/demands.
- Rural communities generally had lower accessibility scores due to greater distances from physician offices and services hubs. Expected retirements of physicians were also projected to decrease scores.
- Areas observed to have unexpectedly low or zero accessibility included Kingston/Greenwood and the communities of Port Royal, Milford and Lake George.
- Analysis of the effect of physician retirements
Transitioning from reach every district to reach every communityJSI
The presentation describes the expansion for routine immunization from district level to community level in Africa. Reaching remote communities is important to bring immunization to all children.
Local health system stengthening mr takenaka jicaMichelle Avelino
This document discusses ILHZ based supportive supervision (SSV), lessons learned from implementing it in Leyte and Ormoc, Philippines. The key points are:
1. SSV involves hospital staff conducting quarterly visits to RHUs to monitor skills and provide feedback, strengthening relationships between hospital and RHUs.
2. Benefits of SSV include improved referral systems and motivation among RHU staff to improve services. Challenges include attitudes towards supervision and logistical issues.
3. Lessons learned are that careful planning, stakeholder buy-in, regular monitoring, and linkage between supervision and planning are important for success of the SSV approach. When implemented well, SSV can help ensure training
This document outlines the key steps to conduct an impact evaluation of a school feeding program in Mali in 7-8 steps. It involves engaging stakeholders, defining relevant evaluation questions, building a theory of change, defining indicators, designing the evaluation using a randomized controlled trial across treatment and control groups, determining an appropriate sample size, conducting a household survey, and analyzing the collected data. The goal is to evaluate the program's impact on education, nutrition, local agriculture, and welfare outcomes.
Zimbabwe: Results-Based Financing Improves Coverage, Quality and Financial Pr...RBFHealth
A presentation by Dr. Gwinji, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Health, Zimbabwe and Dr. Tafadzwa Goverwa- Sibanda, delivered during "Transforming Health Systems Through Results-Based Financing," an event held during the Third Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Cape Town on September 30, 2014. This event was hosted by the Health Results Innovation Trust Fund at The World Bank, in partnership with the PBF Community of Practice in Africa.
This document proposes an Output Based Aid (OBA) approach to improve sanitation in India. Key points:
- OBA uses results-based financing where subsidies are paid to private service providers after delivery of specific sanitation outputs like building toilets. This incentivizes stakeholders to deliver services efficiently.
- A proposed model involves selecting service providers through competitive bidding, having them pre-finance construction with support from microfinance institutions, and paying them subsidies incrementally based on independent verification of outputs.
- Components of an OBA project would include information, education and communication activities, community toilet construction, biogas plants, and monitoring and evaluation. Funding would come from donors, communities and the government.
This presentation shows how the Belgian Red Cross uses the principles of Evidence-Based Practice to support its humanitarian and development aid activities.
Somali Region districts HMIS focal points WASH training Report.Farah Nafis
The Somali RHB focused on enhancing the knowledge of district-level HMIS focal points on the 10 new national-level indicators in environmental health. Trained teams included 31 health staff from different woredas in the Somali region and were trained in Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH), household water treatment and safe storage, and Health System (HIS) and HMIS. The training aimed to ensure all HMIS personnel knew and understood the current national indicator standards.
NDESP networking day 2017 Patrick Rankin updatePHEScreening
The document provides a national programme update for diabetic eye screening in the UK. It discusses:
- Key developments over the past 8 months and priorities for 2017/18, including GP2DRS rollout and improving grading.
- Updates on screening intervals, the increasing diabetic population, OCT guidance, and communications.
- The national team roles and progress on KPIs, uptake rates, and implementing new pathway standards.
Quality of Service Delivery Survey Presentation - Melody NiwamanyaMelody Niwamanya
The document provides a summary of key findings from a national and local service delivery survey conducted in Lesotho. Some of the main findings include:
- Access and satisfaction levels for key services like education, health, water and sanitation, agriculture, and civil registry. Challenges included distance to facilities, lack of infrastructure and supplies.
- Educational access was high but quality was lacking, especially for early childhood programs. Health services had good utilization but long wait times and medicine shortages were issues.
- Agricultural support had low satisfaction due to poor quality seeds and inputs, as well as lack of irrigation and marketing assistance. Civil registry services also had long wait times.
Similar to Participatory performance monitoring of WASH services at scale in BRAC WASH Programme (20)
Session Building from WASH to IWRM - photo galleryIRC
On 15 October 2023, by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bangladesh and IRC organised a panel session titled Building WASH into IWRM at the 9th International Conference on Water and Flood Management (ICWFM 2023).
The session drew examples from three NGO-led diverse WASH programmes intervening in different regions and different administrative settings of Bangladesh. The three NGOs that shared their programme experiences were BRAC, SNV and the Max Foundation.
Learn more
https://www.ircwash.org/blog/wash-crucial-component-iwrm
The document summarizes photos taken in 2023 of the sewage plant in Norton, Zimbabwe. The plant was originally constructed in the 1950s but had fallen into disrepair by 2017. It underwent refurbishment with support from Welthungerhilfe to repair damaged infrastructure like leaking sewage pipes. The conventional treatment plant includes intake works, primary clarifiers, trickling filters, humus tanks, and sludge drying beds. While parts of the system have been repaired, the partially treated sewage still flows directly to nearby farms from the holding ponds.
Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan ImplementationIRC
The Water Development Commission shared the experience with the Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan (CR WSP) implementation approach in Ethiopia during a learning workshop. This workshop was held in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
Presentation by Gezahegn Lemecha from IRC WASH on the concept of Climate Resilient WASH. This presentation was given during the Climate Resilient WASH learning workshop in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
Overview of enabling environment and implementation of climate resilient WASH IRC
Presentation given by the Ethiopian Water Development Commission during the Climate Resilient WASH workshop in Adama, Ethiopia. This workshop was held on 23 September 2021.
The document summarizes ways that households in sub-Saharan Africa develop self-supplied water sources through methods like wells, rainwater harvesting, and springs. It discusses how households incrementally improve their water systems over time. It also outlines three ways self-supply can be supported: 1) through technical advisory services and guidelines, 2) by strengthening the private sector, and 3) with policies and budgets to aid households in construction and supply improvement. The document promotes a new book on self-supply and filling gaps in public water provision.
Self-supply refers to households taking responsibility for developing their own water sources through various methods like digging wells, collecting rainwater, or protecting springs. This document outlines the key reasons households pursue self-supply due to issues with public water systems like long wait times. It then describes common self-supply methods in Sub-Saharan Africa like family wells and rainwater harvesting. The document emphasizes that self-supply should be supported through technical advice, private sector development, and policies that help households improve their water sources over time.
This short document encourages the reader to take a second to think about how they can help transform billions of lives but provides no other context or details. It is unclear from the text alone what specific actions or causes the reader is being asked to consider to help transform lives at a global scale.
Webinar : Adapting your advocacy to COVID-19 health crisisIRC
The COVID-19 pandemic is forcing development programmes to rapidly readjust their advocacy strategy to support local or national governments in their emergency planning. The Watershed empowering citizens programme organised a webinar attended by over 60 participants on 15 April 2020, to discuss and learn about: ways to adapt advocacy approaches in time of COVID-19; practical examples of shifting activities at national and local levels; ways to reach your target audience while social distancing; ways to adapt your messaging, keeping Watershed priorities through the lens of COVID-19.
This report includes the webinar Powerpoint presentations and some recommendations based on the Q&A session. The titles and authors of the presentations are: "Why is strong advocacy essential during a crisis?" by Evita Rosenberg (IRC); "Watershed Bangladesh : adapting advocacy approaches during COVID 19 outbreak" by Ranjan Kumar Ghose (WaterAid Bangladesh); and "Adapting advocacy approaches in Kenya "by Patrick Mwanzia (Simavi Kenya).
Novel partnership between NWSC and Kabarole District to provide safe water to...IRC
Pius Mugabi of the Kabarole District Local Government, Martin Watsisi and Angela Huston of IRC and Denis Maramuzi, Area Manager of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Fort Portal, Kabarole worked together on preparing a presentation for the 20th AfWA International Congress and Exhibition in Uganda.
Their presentation focused on a new partnership between NWSC and Kabarole District to extend NWSC’s piped network to provide safe water to communities in the hard-to-reach Kabende sub county. This novel public-public partnership is part of the increasing trend of rural utilisation. NWSC is extending into more small towns and rural growth centres with a broadened mandate and through the SCAP100 Programme will reach 12,000 new villages during 2017-2020.
Interested in more information on the case of Kabende sub county in Kabarole district and the progress so far? Check the presentation slides.
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS) Conflict sensitivity support and tools. Referenced in the IRC WASH debate "Sustainable WASH service delivery and local WRM in fragile states: how far can you get?" which took place 20 November 2019 in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Watershed Mali : strengthening civil society for sustainable WASH-IWRM in MaliIRC
The political crisis and insecurity existing in Mali since 2012 has had a negative impact on the country’s water and sanitation sector. Normative frameworks are non-existent or unknown, polices and laws are not enforced, water quality is hardly monitored and budget commitments are unclear. The lack of knowledge about the human rights to water and sanitation has led to poor accountability, and civil society organisations (CSOs) lack capacity to advocate and lobby for better services.
Within the above context, the Watershed empowering citizens Mali country programme focuses on two main issues: (1) water quality and waste management and (2) universal access to sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. So far the programme has been able to enhance the capacities, credibility and audience of water and sanitation CSOs, including the Alliance Citoyenne Pour l’Eau et l’Assainissement (ACEA-Mali). A multi-stakeholder forum has been established and coalitions of CSOs, local government and media have been strengthened, which can mobilise stakeholders, including Parliament.
Because there enough water and faecal sludge disposal is not seen as a problem in rural areas, there is little incentive to integrate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and water resources management (WRM). Watershed is trying to stimulate integration by developing a handbook and guideline in combination with collaboration with CSO networks and donor-funded programmes.
Issues emerging from the Watershed Mali programme include how CSOs can influence decision makers to increase national WASH budget allocations infragile states, how to harmonise the institutional and legal frameworks of the WASH and WRM sectors, how to encourage innovation.
A joint presentation by Afou Chantal Bengaly (Wetlands International) and Ele Jan Saaf (SaafConsult) at the WASH Debate "Sustainable WASH service delivery and local WRM in fragile states: how far can you get?", in The Hague, the Netherlands on 20 November 2019.
WASH systems strengthening in the Central African RepublicIRC
Water for Good (WFG) works exclusively in the Central African Republic (CAR), a country facing extreme economic fragility. The road blocks set up by the non-state armed groups, which control nearly 80% of the territory, have a significant impact on the country's economy. WFG has been operating in the CAR since 2004, initially as a borehole drilling organisation, and shortly thereafter, as a handpump maintenance service provider. It has created a circuit rider approach for preventative maintenance and uses an electronic reporting system.
After joining Agenda for Change in 2017, WFG opted to adopt IRC's systems approach to go beyond their preventative maintenance programme and work towards universal, sustainable access. WFG opted to pilot a district-wide approach in Mambéré-Kadéi, while maintaining periodic preventative maintenance in other prefectures. In the pilot area, WFG focused on the following system blocking blocks: infrastructure, monitoring, finance, planning and institutions. At the same time it is helping to build up regional capacity for systems strengthening.
In conclusion, WFG believes it is possible to strengthen systems in fragile states, thanks to their organisation's long-term presence in CAR, their ability to plug short-term projects into the larger roadmap, and their ability to work with systems champions. The intention is not to build parallel systems, but to champion a roadmap that is both supported by all WASH stakeholders and adequately funded.
Presentation by David De Armey, Director of International Partnerships, Water for Good at the WASH Debate "Sustainable WASH service delivery and local WRM in fragile states: how far can you get?", in The Hague, the Netherlands on 20 November 2019.
Finding the flow in fragile contexts : IWRM in MaliIRC
What has World Waternet learned by implementing an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach in Mali? In the Blue Deal Dji Don project, World Waternet supports the Agence Nationale de Gestion des Stations d’Épuration du Mali (ANGESEM) to improve wastewater management. Presentation by Annette Rozendaal-Morón, World Waternet at the WASH Debate "Sustainable WASH service delivery and local WRM in fragile states: how far can you get?", in The Hague, the Netherlands on 20 November 2019.
This presentation by Ambrose Kibuuka is a part of IRC’s in-house “What’s for Lunch series”, It reviews progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for sanitation and hygiene, sector trends focusing on Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and sanitation marketing, and how rich nations achieved universal access to sanitation. It also briefly looks at WASH linkages with climate change, stunting, nutrition, and gender and social inclusion. The presentation concludes that unsafely managed sanitation, especially in rural areas, remains a challenge in developing countries as a result of population growth, climate change and the lack of funding for on-site sanitation and faecal sludge removal. Systems strengthening (in particular access to financing) and strong public commitment are required to achieve universal access to sanitation by 2030. The presentation includes a list of 21 references.
Social accountability : civil society and the human rights to water and sanit...IRC
The Watershed programme supports civil society organisations (CSOs) both on normative content (and claiming their rights if not yet met) as well as supporting CSOs to engage in the procedural part/principles of human rights to water and sanitation. The social accountability approach used by Watershed is based on the principles of access to information, non-discrimination, accountability and participation. The role of CSOs includes holding government to account for their obligation to ensure that everyone’s human rights are fulfilled, protected and respected. For this Watershed uses the Social Accountability Model developed by Water Witness International. Conclusions and reflection are provided on how this model has been used in Kenya and Bangladesh. Presentation by Esther de Vreede, Simavi, at the WASH Debate “Dialogue and dissent: Looking at the role of civil society in achieving SDG 6 by 2030”, in The Hague, the Netherlands on 26 June 2019.
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What can civil society organisations do to advance progress towards SDG 6? What are the major obstacles that impede their efforts and more importantly, how can they be overcome?
Images from the IRC WASH Debates series, which took place 26 June 2019 in The Hague, the Netherlands.
The end of the poldermodel? : the role of dissent in Dutch international wate...IRC
The Dutch NGO Both Ends is involved in two Strategic Partnerships for Dialogue & Dissent funded by the Netherlands government. One of them, the Fair Green & Global (FGG) Alliance, support capacity building of civil society organisations (CSOs) to effectively voice their views and hold policymakers and companies to account. The role of dissent is seen to contribute towards equality, equity and justice. The lessons learned by the FGG Alliance to address the concerns of Indonesian CSOs regarding land reclamations in Jakarta Bay Masterplan will be taken up to support CSO involvement in the Manila Bay Sustainable Development Masterplan in the Philippines. The challenges and opportunities for CSO involvement in Dutch-funded interventions in developing countries are briefly outlined. Presentation by Giacomo Galli at the WASH Debate “Dialogue and dissent: Looking at the role of civil society in achieving SDG 6 by 2030”, in The Hague, the Netherlands on 26 June 2019.
Voice for Change Partnership : roles of CSOs in achieving SDG6IRC
The Voice for Change Partnership (V4CP) programme is a capacity development programme for civil society organizations (CSOs) in six countries across four areas including water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). VCP is a partnership between DGIS, SNV, IFPRI (International Food Policy and Research Institute) and CSOs. The capacity development activities focus on evidence creation and dissemination, and evidence-based advocacy. In Kenya, the V4CP WASH component supports CSO advocacy for improved stakeholder participation and coordination, increased budget allocation, and influencing policy review and development. CSOs used evidence from GIS mapping and the water testing to convince county governments to take action to improve sanitation. The data collected was also used to advocate for increased sanitation investment participatory budgeting. The presentation concludes with challenges and lessons learnt from the Kenya the V4CP WASH component. Presented at the WASH Debate “Dialogue and dissent: Looking at the role of civil society in achieving SDG 6 by 2030”, in The Hague, the Netherlands on 26 June 2019.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
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We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
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In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
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GlobalLogic Java Community Webinar #18 “How to Improve Web Application Perfor...GlobalLogic Ukraine
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Відео та деталі заходу: https://bit.ly/45tILxj
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Just like life, our code must adapt to the ever changing world we live in. From one day coding for the web, to the next for our tablets or APIs or for running serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future of coding, the future is to be dynamic. Let us introduce you to BoxLang.
Dynamic. Modular. Productive.
BoxLang redefines development with its dynamic nature, empowering developers to craft expressive and functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture prioritizes flexibility, allowing for seamless integration into existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at its Core
With 100% interoperability with Java, BoxLang seamlessly bridges the gap between traditional and modern development paradigms, unlocking new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime
From the tiny 2m operating system binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, Web Assembly, Android and more. BoxLang has been designed to enhance and adapt according to it's runnable runtime.
The Fusion of Modernity and Tradition
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Empowering Transition with Transpiler Support
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Unlocking Creativity with IDE Tools
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"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
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In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
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• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
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• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
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Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
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Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Participatory performance monitoring of WASH services at scale in BRAC WASH Programme
1. Participatory performance monitoring of WASH
services at scale in BRAC WASH Programme
1
Monitoring Sustainable WASH Service Delivery
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
9-11 April, 2013
Mahjabeen Ahmed
BRAC
2. An Introduction to BRAC
BRAC Coverage in Bangladesh:
Districts 64
Field Offices 2661
Pop. Covered 113 Million
2
BRAC‟s presence in the world
3. BRAC WASH Programme
The Programme started in 2006 with 150 sub-districts,
and has reached 248 sub-districts till date.
Components Target
(in million people)
Achievements
till Dec 2012
(in million people)
Water 2.5 1.97
Sanitation 35 27.81
Hygiene 51 42
3
4. Key Programme Strategies
• Creating demands
• Establishing Village WASH Committees
• Strong interpersonal communication component to change
behaviours
• Tailored support to ensure that hardcore poor (grants) and
poor (soft loan) are reached.
• To meet the demand supporting Rural Sanitation Centres
(loans & orientation)
• Stimulate innovation through action research programme
4
5. Monitoring Methodology
• WASH I had MIS to monitor inputs and outputs
• Inputs: e.g., number of visits, trainings
• Outputs: e.g., no. of VWCs established, no. of toilets built, of
different types
• WASH II also needed performance monitoring: that is, how
well toilets are used; how well VWCs continue to perform; to
what extent women are integrated in planning and
management; etc.
Now: MIS + QIS (quantified Qualitative Information System)
5
6. History & Rationale
• Quantified qualitative assessment methodology
• First developed by IRC and WSP in 1998
• Aim: to replace surveys, because they are extractive and
inform only central management and donors, not the users,
the VWCs and field workers
• QIS:
1. visualises to all participants where they perform well and
where they can improve („climb the ladder‟)
2. produces statistics that inform management and donors on
progress of the whole programme
3. allows to compare results over time and between locations
6
7. Scoring methodology
• QIS uses Likert scales: Participants score on a scale from
1-5, in which 1 is lowest and 5 is highest.
• Two differences:
Each scale consist of “progressive mini-scenarios”
Each scale starts at 0, not at 1
• Participants can see their level and can climb from 0
(“nothing to show”) to 4 (“the ideal of 4 key measurable
criteria”). The scores can be analysed statistically.
• A scale consists of “no x, x+1, x+1+1, x+1+1+1 and
x+1+1+1+1” in which each 1 is a criterion for the indicator.
7
8. Example of a QIS scale
8
Indicator 1: PERFORMANCE OF VWC SCORE
IDEAL: (1) Committee (male and female members) meets every 2
months + (2) maintains list of decisions and meeting minutes + (3)
identifies gaps and takes action + (4) mobilizes ADP funds for hard core
poor
4
(1) Committee (male and female members) meets every 2 months + (2)
maintains list of decisions and meeting minutes + (3) identifies gaps and
takes action
3
BENCHMARK: (1) Committee (male and female members) meets every
2 months + (2) maintains list of decisions and meeting minutes
2
(1) Committee (male and female members) meets every 2 months 1
No full VWC, OR, VWC exists but does not meet 0
Reason for high/low score:
9. QIS development process (1)
• Workshop 1 (Jan 2012, 1 week) with WASH
staff from HQ, all regional program
managers(20) & IRC advisors:
Set indicators
Formulate & review scales
Define terms
Design scoring process
Finalize scales & work plan
• Workshop 2 (March 2012, 1 week)
First pilot training & field testing of QIS
9
10. QIS development process (2)
• Adjustment of scales, process and manual (April 2012)
• Full-scale pilot (August-Sept 2012) with 432 households
(144 UP/P/NP, 36 VWCs, 12 schools and 12 RSCs in 4
upazilas in 4 geographical zones
• Workshop 3 (Oct 2012, 1 week):
Analysis of data & experiences and report
Adjustment of scales and manual
Selection of independent monitoring teams
Sample design: sample frame, size, sampling
methods
10
11. QIS development process (3)
• Training of 30 independent monitoring teams (Dec, 2012):
1 male and 1 female in each team, 3 batches for 6 days
• 3-stage sample: (1) Random choice of 50 Sub districts from WASH I and
50 new unions from WASH II with probability proportional to size
(2) Minimally three or 3 VWCs/ sub-district
(3) 27 HHs per VWC (3x9 HH for UP/P/NP)
11
8100 HHs
400 schools
300 VWCs
300 RSCs
12. The QIS indicators for BRAC WASH
Village WASH Committee 1. Safe and protected drinking water source
2. Performance of VWC
3. Women‟s participation
Households 4. Safe and protected main drinking water source
5. Drinking water management from source to cup
6. Sanitary and hygienic household latrine
7. Who uses the latrine
8. When are latrines used
9. Hand-washing provisions after defecation
10. Sludge management when latrine pit is full
Schools 11. Sanitary and hygienic school toilets
12. Student brigade
13. Menstrual hygiene management
14. Performance of school WASH committee
Rural sanitation centers 15. Performance of RSCs
12
13. Data collection and analysis
• 1 male & 1 female staff collected data
• Data directly entered into a smart phone
• Data sent by smart phones to the QIS
data base
• No data entry persons needed in Dhaka
• ICT and WASH staff cleaned the
database
• BRAC‟s QIS manager and IRC‟s QIS
advisors did a first analysis of the data
using Epi-info open source software
13
15. • Scientific sampling methods
• Unique bar code avoids duplication when data is
submitted more than once, and allows re-visit if
needed
• Greater reliability through:
No manual data entry (high error rate)
Double data entry in smart phone and
on paper
Team compared scores on internal consistency
before sending/uploading
15
Quality Assurance
16. Implementation and support
• The teams started the data collection just after the training
• Each team could always call Managers or ICT to solve any
problems with data collection or smart phones
• Real time data
• The hard copies were checked rigorously to detect errors & for
improvements next time
• One person was called back for retraining when consistent
data errors detected
• For gender equality, team members alternated roles of
process facilitator and data entry
16
18. • All but 1 VWC are functional and
meet regularly
• 99% VWCs at or above bench
mark
• Almost 1 in 3 VWCs meet all 4
criteria (meet 1x/2mnth, record
decisions and minutes, identify
gaps and take action, mobilise
govt. funds for ultra poor)
BUT
• Almost 70% can still improve
performance further by mobilizing
government funds meant for the
ultra poor
• 26% can also improve by noting
gaps and taking actions
QIS Findings on VWC performance
PERFORMANCE OF VWC %
IDEAL: (1) M+F members meet every 2
months + (2) record decisions & minutes
+ (3) identify gaps & takes action + (4)
mobilizes ADP funds for HCP
31
(1) M+F members meet every 2 months +
(2) record decisions & minutes + (3)
identify gaps & takes action
42
BENCHMARK: (1) M+F members meet
every 2 months + (2) Record decisions
and minutes
26
(1) M+F members meet every 2 months 0
No full VWC, OR, VWC exists but does
not meet
1
TOTAL 100
18
19. Safe management of
drinking water in homes
• Above benchmark, P and
NP perform better than
HCP (43%, 52%, 35%)
• 22% HCP, 27% P and 33%
NP meet all 4 criteria on
safe drinking water from
source to cup
• Others (67% HCP, 67% P
and 64% NP) still 1-4 risky
DW management practices
5% 4% 5%
19% 19% 19%
30%
28%
21%
13%
16%
19%
22%
27% 33%
11%
5%
4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
HCP POOR NON-POOR
Na
level 4
level 3
level 2
level 1
level 0
BM
19
20. Hand Washing
Provisions at toilet
IDEAL: (1) Enough water to wash
hands carried or available in or near
latrine + (2) soap/soap solution in
plastic bottle at latrine + (3) water for
hand-washing is from safe source +
(4) there is a special hand-washing
station
(1) Enough water to wash hands
carried or available in or near latrine
+ (2) soap/soap solution in plastic
bottle at latrine + (3) water for hand-
washing is from safe source
BENCHMARK: (1) Enough water to
wash hands carried or available in or
near latrine + (2) soap/soap solution
in plastic bottle at latrine
(1) Enough water to wash hands
carried or available in or near latrine
(0) No provisions for hand-washing
carried or available in or near latrine.
• Presence of hand wash
facility as proxy for hand
washing behaviour.
• Majority of scores at or
above BM. HW
provisions at toilets is
still a focus area: 10%
are still at the score 0.
20
21. QIS findings from the School
21
Toilets for girls Student brigade
Menstrual
hygiene
management
Above BM 80% 68% 68%
At BM 12% 20% 5%
Below BM 8% 12% 26%
Total 100% 100% 100%
22. Experiences
• Performance monitoring concept was new: VWCs,
householders and field staff initially experienced it as
evaluation/judgemental
• Once understood, the „climbing the ladder‟ approach is
much appreciated by all
• Small details could be easily captured
• Comparing written and phoned data showed need for some
correction and is good learning for next round (Dec. 2013)
22
With annual QIS, everyone can learn to manage change and improve their performance scores, from households to VWCs, schools and Rural Sanitation entreprises to program managers at Upazilla, region and country level.
.
Likert scales are the well-known scales in which participants score on a scale of e.g. 1 to 5 in which 1 is the lowest score and 5 the highest.
This is an example of a QIS scale. It is for the first performance indicator: the quality of performance of the VWC. The scores are agreed on first in separate subgroups: the male VWC members sit and score with the male member of the monitoring team and the female VWC members sit and score with the female monitoring team member. This is called triangulation (the same data collected from two sources) and gives more reliable data. Because the QIS is a learning tool, the two sub-groups then meet and compare their scores and agree on where they are now as a VWC, where they can improve, and how they will do so. Each scale comes also with two rows for qualitative information: why is your score low or high? And: what action will you take? Thus, monitoring also becomes learning and planning instrument. Other performance indicators for VWCs for which there are separate scales (not shown here) are: gender equality or degree of integration of women VWC members into the WASH management, and quality of cooperation of VWC and LGI.
The male team members came from ….. The female team members were ….
The male team members came from ….. The female team members were ….
The result is a very good geographic spread thanks to the sampling frame and method.
The NA category now includes no reply (few) as well as not applicable without specification of the reasons for non-applicability. This must be improved in round 2.
The male team members came from ….. The female team members were ….