Nanosuspensions accelerate drug substance dissolution rates by increasing surface area and reducing particle size. The key to nanosuspension development is the identification of a suitable delivery system, such that nano-technology.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Abstract:
The purpose of present research work was to
optimize the formulation of fast dissolving tablet
of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine is one the most
prescribed antiepileptic drug. Fast dissolving
tablets of carbamazepine were prepared by using
different types of superdisintegrants like
croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch
glycolate. Fast dissolving tablet is prepared by
direct compression method. The formulations
were evaluated for wetting time, hardness,
friability, content uniformity, invitro
disintegration time, release profile. The result
revealed that the formulation F5 which containing
the 5% croscarmellose sodium as a
superdisintegrant have good dissolution profile
with shortest Disintegration time. It can be
concluded that the tablet of carbamazepine with
better pharmaceutical properties than conventional
tablets could be obtained using formulation F5.
Development and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Herbal Drug Delivery System for ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Cubosomal nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system of fluconazoleSidharth Mehta
The optimized cubosomal dispersion exhibited spherical nanosized particles and reasonable EE% along with higher
FCZ corneal permeation (twofold) as compared to that of FCZ solution.
Moreover, the in vivo study proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded
cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis
in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular
application.
Based on the previous results, the use of
cubosomal dispersion as an ocular drug delivery system is
expected to improve antifungal activity of FCZ in treatment
of fungal keratitis.
Applications of Modified Release during the Preclinical Stage - Weijia Zheng,...Simon Curtis
Dr. Wejia Zheng from AstraZeneca delivered a talk on Applications of Modified Release during the Preclinical Stage, this past May at the Controlled & Modified Drug Release Conference in Philadelphia, PA. The talk focused on the importance of modified release at the preclinical stage, common challenges, approaches to achieve modified release (routes of administration, formulation approaches, devices etc) and conclusions as well as examples.
formulation and evaluation of microbeadsgurleen kaur
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Formulation and evaluation ofmetformin HCl micro beads by ionotropic gelation...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Micro Beads is formulated by the Ionotropic Gelation Method. The CMC is a Swellable
polymer is responsible for the Sustained release action or activity. A combination of CMC (Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose) and Sodium Alginate shows better sustained release activity. The PreparedSustained released Micro
Beadsis Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index, Swelling Index, Drug
Content, % Encapsulation Efficiency and vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The Drug Content and % Encapsulation Efficiency values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug
(71.15) with in end of 4 Hours.
The objective of this study was to develope an ophthalmic insitu gel of diclofenac potassium and to carry out evaluation tests to identify the most ideal formulation.
Insitu gels for ocular drug delivery
- Liquid upon instillation ( solution/suspension)
-Visco-elastic gel in cul-de-sac
- Increased precorneal residence time
Diclofenac potassium
-Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
-Treatment of miosis, post operative inflammation in cataract surgery.
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tabletsSURYAKANTVERMA2
The concept of mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) or fast dissolving tablets emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance.
These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate and/or dissolve to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, thus obviating the need for water during administration, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinateijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate. Metoprolol Succinate is a BCS class I drug used in the treatment of Angina pectoric, Heart attack, Hypertension and has short half life 3 7hours. In the present study it was planned to prepare sustained release floating tablets of Metoprolol succinate by using HPMC E5 and Gum Karaya excipients. The procured sample of drug was authenticated by pre formulation study like melting point, IR spectra, UV analysis were done. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Prior to compression, the powder blend were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausners ratio. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Formulations were evaluated for various evaluation parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, floating lag time, floating time, swelling index and in vitro drug release. From the results of evaluation parameters it was observed that formulation F6 shows best results for floating lag time 4min floating time up to 12 hours and consistent drug release 96.15 as compared to other formulations. So formulation F6 was finalized as a optimized formulation for further study. On the basic of above finding it was concluded that sustained release floating drug delivery system was successfully achieved. Neeta. V. Jadhav | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50409/formulation-and-evaluation-of-floating-tablet-of-metoprolol-succinate/neeta-v-jadhav
Abstract:
The purpose of present research work was to
optimize the formulation of fast dissolving tablet
of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine is one the most
prescribed antiepileptic drug. Fast dissolving
tablets of carbamazepine were prepared by using
different types of superdisintegrants like
croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch
glycolate. Fast dissolving tablet is prepared by
direct compression method. The formulations
were evaluated for wetting time, hardness,
friability, content uniformity, invitro
disintegration time, release profile. The result
revealed that the formulation F5 which containing
the 5% croscarmellose sodium as a
superdisintegrant have good dissolution profile
with shortest Disintegration time. It can be
concluded that the tablet of carbamazepine with
better pharmaceutical properties than conventional
tablets could be obtained using formulation F5.
Development and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Herbal Drug Delivery System for ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Cubosomal nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system of fluconazoleSidharth Mehta
The optimized cubosomal dispersion exhibited spherical nanosized particles and reasonable EE% along with higher
FCZ corneal permeation (twofold) as compared to that of FCZ solution.
Moreover, the in vivo study proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded
cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis
in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular
application.
Based on the previous results, the use of
cubosomal dispersion as an ocular drug delivery system is
expected to improve antifungal activity of FCZ in treatment
of fungal keratitis.
Applications of Modified Release during the Preclinical Stage - Weijia Zheng,...Simon Curtis
Dr. Wejia Zheng from AstraZeneca delivered a talk on Applications of Modified Release during the Preclinical Stage, this past May at the Controlled & Modified Drug Release Conference in Philadelphia, PA. The talk focused on the importance of modified release at the preclinical stage, common challenges, approaches to achieve modified release (routes of administration, formulation approaches, devices etc) and conclusions as well as examples.
formulation and evaluation of microbeadsgurleen kaur
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Formulation and evaluation ofmetformin HCl micro beads by ionotropic gelation...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Micro Beads is formulated by the Ionotropic Gelation Method. The CMC is a Swellable
polymer is responsible for the Sustained release action or activity. A combination of CMC (Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose) and Sodium Alginate shows better sustained release activity. The PreparedSustained released Micro
Beadsis Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index, Swelling Index, Drug
Content, % Encapsulation Efficiency and vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The Drug Content and % Encapsulation Efficiency values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug
(71.15) with in end of 4 Hours.
The objective of this study was to develope an ophthalmic insitu gel of diclofenac potassium and to carry out evaluation tests to identify the most ideal formulation.
Insitu gels for ocular drug delivery
- Liquid upon instillation ( solution/suspension)
-Visco-elastic gel in cul-de-sac
- Increased precorneal residence time
Diclofenac potassium
-Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
-Treatment of miosis, post operative inflammation in cataract surgery.
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tabletsSURYAKANTVERMA2
The concept of mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) or fast dissolving tablets emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance.
These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate and/or dissolve to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, thus obviating the need for water during administration, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinateijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate. Metoprolol Succinate is a BCS class I drug used in the treatment of Angina pectoric, Heart attack, Hypertension and has short half life 3 7hours. In the present study it was planned to prepare sustained release floating tablets of Metoprolol succinate by using HPMC E5 and Gum Karaya excipients. The procured sample of drug was authenticated by pre formulation study like melting point, IR spectra, UV analysis were done. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Prior to compression, the powder blend were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausners ratio. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Formulations were evaluated for various evaluation parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, floating lag time, floating time, swelling index and in vitro drug release. From the results of evaluation parameters it was observed that formulation F6 shows best results for floating lag time 4min floating time up to 12 hours and consistent drug release 96.15 as compared to other formulations. So formulation F6 was finalized as a optimized formulation for further study. On the basic of above finding it was concluded that sustained release floating drug delivery system was successfully achieved. Neeta. V. Jadhav | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50409/formulation-and-evaluation-of-floating-tablet-of-metoprolol-succinate/neeta-v-jadhav
Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets of carvedilol using natura...Nausheen Fatima
Present work describes formulation and evaluation mucoadhesive tablets of Carvedilol using natural binders such as Chitosan and Guar Gum to reduce the first pass metabolism and frequency of administration.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker antihypertensive drug, is a poorly water soluble drug and belongs to BCS class II. The objective of the research work was to formulate and optimize solid dispersions (SDs) of a poorly water soluble drug, nifedipine, with sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation techniques in different weight ratios of polymers. The results indicated that homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions during the preparation methods employed governed the internal structures of the polymer matrices while retaining the drug in an amorphous form. The physical mixtures and solid dispersions were subjected to drug content and dissolution test. The best formulation, nifedipine with croscarmellose sodium in 1:7 ratio, among all was further adsorbed on neusilin US2 to form ternary mixture. The increased dissolution was achieved by more than 70percent and 30percent comparatively to the nifedipine API and marketed product respectively. The tablet dosage form prepared from ternary mixture was stable at stressed conditions 40±2°C and 75±5% RH. The release kinetics of drug from formulation and marketed product follows peppas model. The similar factor f2 was within limit for the product at stressed conditions with the product at room temperature at the same time.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence studyMcpl Moshi
BCS is a scientific framework for classifying drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.
It is a drug development tool that allows estimation of solubility, dissolution and intestinal permeability affect that oral drug absorption.
Kashikar V S
PES Modern College of Pharmacy ( for ladies), Moshi Pune
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studyMcpl Moshi
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence study, BCS is a scientific framework for classifying drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.
It is a drug development tool that allows estimation of solubility, dissolution and intestinal permeability affect that oral drug absorption.
Formulation and evaluation of Gastroretentive Bosentan monohydrate tablets us...mamatha jirra
The presentation is about the preparation and evaluation of Bosentan monohydrate tablets using raft technology, which is used to treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). Raft technology is a novel approach to formulate Gastroretentive tablets. Raft is formed on the surface of gastric contents when the tablet comes in contact with the gastric fluid. The drug is released from the raft slowly and continuously resulting in controlled drug release.
Polysaccharide Based Drug Delivery System for Periodontitis-PPT.pptxVasundharaPatil12
Project aimed to develop a biocompatible In-situ gel for reducing inflammation caused due to Periodontitis and enhancing bioavailability of drug. Developed a biocompatible in-situ gel utilizing Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (TSP) as the primary material and natural polymer.
Focused on enhancing gel adhesion to Periodontal tissues, reducing inflammation, and swelling associated with Periodontitis.
Conducted in-vitro studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug delivery system.
Demonstrated a 65% improvement in targeted drug delivery, indicating the efficacy of the developed formulation.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.23
ABSTRACT- Atorvastatin calcium is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. It has
oral bioavailability of ≤12 %. It also undergoes high first pass metabolism. It is highly soluble in acidic pH and absorbed
more in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. In order, to improve the absorption and its oral bioavailability,
niosomes of Atorvastatin calcium have been formulated and evaluated on different parameters. Four niosomes
formulations of Atorvastatin calcium were successfully developed by modified ether injection technique using nonionic
surfactant i.e. Span 20, Span 40, Tween 20, Tween 40 and cholesterol at different concentrations. Key-words- Atorvastatin calcium, Niosomes, Surfactants, Cholesterol, Modified ether injection method, in-vitro release,
Stability studies
PREPARATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ITRACONAZOLE LOADED NANOSPONGES FOR T...Mahewash Sana Pathan
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. The oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility and drug release
Healing Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaf on ...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium
Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced
OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption.
Similar to Formulation and development of garcinia indica nano suspension (20)
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is to be contrasted with thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a process occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate
Milling is mechanical process of reducing the particle size of
solids.
Various terms has been used cursing,
disintegration, dispersion, grinding, and pulverization
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
Biopharmaceutic
• It is the science that examined the interrelationship between
physicochemical properties and the dosage form in which the drug is given , route of administration and its affect on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption , metabolism and excretion
ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS
"When two solutions have same osmotic pressure and salt
concentration are said to be isotonic solutions”. Iso (same)
and tonic (concentration.
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is to be contrasted with thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a process occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.
Solubility is a property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution
In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient or distribution coefficient is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids.
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. The word surfactant is a blend of surface-active agent
A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. It can effuse through solids like a gas, and dissolve materials like a liquid.
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product)
LPHNPs presentation is an illustration about the hybrid liposomes , types , methods and application , that gives a good idea about nanoparticles technology , the information has been collected from different references .
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Formulation and development of garcinia indica nano suspension
1. Formulation and Development of
Garcinia indica Nano-suspension
By :Ahmad Abdulhusiaan Yosef Kinani
Co-guide
Prajakta C. Jagtap
Guide -
Dr. Kiran S. Bhise
M.C.E. Society’s
Allana college of pharmacy
Azam campus
Pune-411001
2011-2013
1
2. 1) Introduction
2) Challenges , Hypothesis , Justifications , Objectives , Plan of work
3) Drug and Excipient profile
4) Experimental
5) Results and Discussion
6) Summary and Conclusion
7) Publication
8) References
Content
2
3. Garcinia indica
Garcinia species are distributed widely throughout the tropical Asian
and African countries and have tremendous potential, both as spice
and medicinal plants
Useful products
1. HCA regulate obesity( Anti-hyperlipidemia )
2. Benzophenone Derivatives of dried fruit rind contains 2-3%
Garcinol, a poly benzophenone derivative has some anti-biotic
activities and has been found a potent inhibitor of histone
acetyltransferase so it is considered as a potential anti-cancer agent ,
anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity
Introduction
3
4. Nano-suspension can be defined as a biphasic system consisting of pure
drug particles dispersed in a aqueous vehicle in which the diameter of
the suspended particle is less than 1μm in size. Nano-suspension consist
of the poorly water soluble compound without any matrix material
suspended in dispersion
Need for Nano-suspension
Most of the drugs coming from high-screening are poorly water
soluble
Formulation of poorly water soluble drug is always being a
challenge.
One of the major problem associated with them is low bioavailability
due to less absorption
This problem can be overcome by using Nano-suspension
Introduction
4
5. The particle size distribution of the solid particles in nanosuspensions
is usually less than one micron with an average particle size ranging
between 200 and 600 nm
Nanosuspensions differ from nanoparticles .
Nanoparticles are commonly polymeric colloidal carriers of
drugs whereas solid lipid nanoparticles are lipidic carriers of
drugs. In nanosuspension technology, the drug is maintained
in the required crystalline state with reduced particle size,
leading to an increased dissolution rate and therefore
improved bioavailability
Introduction
5
7. Application of Nano-suspension
Bioavailability enhancement
Ocular administration
Intravenous administration
Pulmonary administration
Targeted drug deliver
Topical formulations
Introduction
7
8. Pharmaceutical Suspension
A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in
which internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout the external
phase.
The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles having a
specific range of size which is maintained uniformly throughout the
suspending vehicle with aid of single or combination of suspending
agent.
The external phase (suspending medium) is generally
aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily liquid for non
oral use.
Introduction
8
9. Classification
1.Based On General Classes
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
2. Based On Proportion Of Solid Particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid)
3. Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
4. Based On Size Of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ŋg)
Introduction
9
10. Advantages
Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug. E.g.
Procaine penicillin G
Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other
dosage forms. bioavailability is in following order,
Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet > Coated tablet
Duration and onset of action can be controlled. E.g. Protamine Zinc-
Insulin suspension
Suspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug. E.g.
Chloramphenicol palmitate
10
Introduction
11. Disadvantages
Physical stability, sedimentation and compaction can causes
problems.
It is bulky sufficient care must be taken during handling and
transport.
It is difficult to formulate
Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless
suspension are packed in unit dosage form
11
Introduction
12. Features Desired In Pharmaceutical Suspensions
The suspended particles should not settle rapidly and sediment
produced, must be easily re-suspended by the use of moderate
amount of shaking.
It should be easy to pour yet not watery and no grittiness.
It should have pleasing odor, color and palatability.
Good syringeability.
It should be physically, chemically and microbiologically stable.
Parenteral/ophthalmic suspension should be sterilizable.
12
Introduction
13. C Jacobs 2001 Production and characterization of Nano suspensions for the
formulation of bupravaquone; to overcome the problem of the high elimination rate
caused by diarrhea, bupravaquone was formulated as a Nano suspension. In this
study different polymers/hydro gels were employed to create a prolonged retention
time for the drug in the infected gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
Min Sun, Yan 2006 Formulation and Development of Nano suspension for oral
delivery of Quercetin to enhance dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of a poorly
water-soluble drug, Quercetin loaded Nano suspension (QT-NS) was fabricated by
Nano-precipitation (NP) and high pressure homogenization (HPH) method. The
formulation of Nano suspension was optimized by screening different stabilizers to
enhance the bioavailability
P Kocbek 2006 Preparation and evaluation of ibuprofen Nano-suspensions for
enhancing the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs by melt emulsification method
without using of organic solvent
A Koeberlein2009 , Identification of 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin
E2 synthase-1 as functional targets of the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic of
Garcinol preparation .
13
Literature survey
14. Robert Becker 2009 Pharmaceutical Nano suspensions for medicament
administration as systems with increased saturation solubility and rate of solution
Rockville Pike2001 An aqueous intravenous Nano suspension with reduced adverse
effects.
Chavhan SS2011 Nano suspensions in drug delivery: recent advances, patent
scenarios, and commercialization aspects.
Wang Y2013 Effects of Nano-suspension Formulations on Pharmacokinetics, In
Vivo Targeting and Efficacy for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs.
Mark I. ,Hongtao Zhang2013 Garcinol Nano-suspension oral control release
capsule induces lysosome-dependent degradation and limits Treg cell functions to
enhance targeting therapy against cancers.
Bassil,Nicholas,Charles2002Method for the preparation of pharmaceutical Nano
suspensions using supersonic fluid flow.
14
Literature survey
16. Challenges
The aim of current research is to enhance the aqueous solubility of
Garcinia indica.
Hypothesis
The aqueous solubility of Garcinia indica powder in water would be
enhanced due to the complexation with β-Cyclodextrine by inclusion
complexation method.
Formulation of Garcinia indica powder Nano-suspension would
improve the bio- acceptability of the drug
16
Challenges & Hypothesis
17. Justification
The literature survey reveals that the limited work has been reported
in improving aqueous solubility of Garcinia indica in other delivery
systems as well as Nano-suspension.
Furthermore there was no significant work reported in the area of
formulation of Garcinia indica powder / β-CD complex as an oral
suspension
Hence, the presence work focuses on the formulation and design of
Garcinia indica Nano-suspension as an oral dosage form.
Objectives
The objectives of the present paper are
Formulation and development of Garcinia indica Nano-suspension
Evaluation the safety of Garcinia indica
17
Justification & Objectives
22. Sr.no. API & POLYMERS NAME OF THE INDUSTRY BATCH NO.
1. Garcinia indica ( Kokum ) Hadapsar, Magarpatta, Pune - 411011,
Maharashtra
2486
2. β-Cyclodextrin Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai. 1633281210
3. HPMC Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai. 33060305
4. Sodium Alginate Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai. 13912681
5. DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl –2-
picrylhydrazyl)
Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai 43751001
6. Ascorbic acid Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai 666091145C
7. Aluminium chloride Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai 110044321AD
8. Potassium acetate Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai 165439001P
9. Tween 80 Research lab fine chem industries, Mumbai 70043889 T
22
Materials
23. 23
Instruments
Sr.no Name of instrument Manufactured by Model no.
1. Double Beam UV Spectrophotometer Jasco Corporation,Tokyo, Japan V-630
2. FTIR Spectrophotometer Jasco Corporation, Tokyo, Japan 4100
3. Magnetic Stirrer Spectra lab Whirlmatic, India TH 100
4. Dissolution Test Apparatus ELECTROLAB TDT- 08L
5. Melting Point Apparatus Veego VMP-I
6. Electronic Weighing balance METTLER TOLEDO AB54-S Switze
7. Scanning Electron Microscope Jeol, Japan JSM-6360A
8. Stability Chamber Thermo lab Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai TH 90S
9. Differential Scanning Calorimeter METTLER TOLEDO 821 E
10. Soxhlet apparatus Whirlmatic, India TH120
11. Rotary evaporator Equitron MFG.CO 9075.CRP.AJJ.0
34
12. Cooling centrifuge C24 DL Remi
13. Probe sonicator EN-30US Enertech, fast
clean, India
25. Preformulation studies:
Prior to the development of the dosage forms, it is essential that certain
fundamental physical and chemical of the drug molecule and other
excipients are determined. This information is necessary for subsequent
events and approaches in the formulation development.
Organoleptic Properties:
The colour, odour and appearance of each material were studied
Analytical studies
Including UV spectroscopy , FT-IR ,Electronic microscopy and DSC ,
these studies were required to study the properties of drug and excipient
and the compatibility between them during experimental work
25
Results & Discussion
26. Calibration curve of Garcinia indica
in Methanoal at 253nm
FT-IR Spectrophotometry of Garcinia indica
26
Results & Discussion
Wave no. cm-1 Functional group
683.64 C-O, C-C
823.455 C-C
1060.66 C-C , Ring
1159.01 C-C
1381.75 C=C
1629.55 C=O
2357.66 C≡C
2848.35 C-H
3426.89 O-H , ≡C-H
27. TLC study:
DSC :
Differential scanning calorimeters
Is a process of measuring the
heat of chemical reactions or
Physical changes as well as heat
capacity due to the presence of
different functional groups
in a given sample
27
Results & Discussion
Mobile phase chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid(10:8:2)
Rf value for extract 0.6
Rf value reported 0.63
28. FT-IR Drug-Excipients Compatibility Study
28
Results & Discussion
The Drug/β-CD complex and
drug-Excipients compatibility
at the initial time and after
1 week .FT-IR analysis shown
that the wavenumber peaks
in the graph ; there was no
possibility of interaction
and form undesirable reactions
during experimental work.
29. Phytochemical evaluation
The Methanolic extract of Garcinia indica fruit was studied to their
various active constituents found in the Garcinia indica powder
29
Results & Discussion
Sr. No. constituent result
1 Carbohydrate +ve
2 Alkaloids +ve
3 Steroids +ve
4 Glycosides +ve
5 Saponins -ve
6 Favonoids +ve
7 Tannic and phenolic
compound
+ve
8 Proteins and amino acid +ve
9 Fixed oils. +ve
10 Anthraquinone -ve
Sr.no Evaluation
parameter
Value (%)
1 Ash value 20
2 Acid insoluble ash
value
2.5
Concentration
(μg/ml)
Ascorbic acid
Inhibition %
Garcinia indica
Inhibition %
10 15 12
100 70 68
500 95 91
Type of extract Total flavonoids content
Equivalent to Catechin
Conc. (μg/g)
Methanolic extract of
Garcinia indica
134.32
Type of extract Total phenolic Conc. equivalent
to Gallic acid (mg/gm)
Ethanolic extract of
Garcinia indica
0.34
30. Acute Oral Toxicity (LD 50)
Organization for economic co-operation & development.
Dose preparation: Garcinia indica powder suspension is prepared in honey and
sterile water (1:2:2) to make final concentration of Garcinia indica powder
200mg/ml., and oral dose is given according to adjust 2000m – 5000mg/kg.
Control animals are given honey & water solution accordingly (i.e. 0.2ml and
0.5ml/animal)
Evaluation of Garcinia indica –(β-Cyclodextrin) complex
Dissolution study revealed that
the dissolution of 1:2 complex
has a high profile than 1:1 complex
as shown in Figure using Dissolution
apparatus which determined the
absorbance by UV spectroscopy
30
Results & Discussion
31. Evaluation of batches (suspension)
The formulation of batches
required to evaluate the samples
for their sedimentation volume,
Viscosity, Re- dispersibility
and % Drug release for the
suspension
31
Results & Discussion
Drug/β-CD
(6gm)of
each F
HPMC
( mg )
Na-
Alginate
( mg )
Tween80
( ml )
PG
( ml )
Ph-
Buffer
( ml )
DW
( ml )
F1 60 600 1 0.5 1 Qs 50
F2 60 400 1 0.5 1 50
F3 60 200 1 0.5 1 50
F4 40 600 1 0.5 1 50
F5 40 400 1 0.5 1 50
F6 40 200 1 0.5 1 50
F7 20 600 1 0.5 1 50
F8 20 400 1 0.5 1 50
F9 20 200 1 0.5 1 50
Formulation F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
Vis. (cP) 60 83 121 152 91 69 85 130 181
SV (24 h) 0.23 0.74 0.76 0.75 0.84 0.95 0.90 0.95 0.92
Re-dispersibility (%) 90 85 85 90 90 95 80 80 85
32. In vitro release kinetics of batches
The study of drug release from the suspension
in vitro by using Dialysis bag to evaluate the
% Drug release from each sample vs. time in
Minutes to obtain the highest % release , F6 was
the highest %Release profile after 600 min.
Evaluation of Nano-suspensions:
Particle Size Analysis
Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is a technique used to determine the mean
particle size diameter and found that nanometre range should be (<100nm) and the
result was (93.4nm)
Zeta potential Analysis
In colloidal systems according to electric double layer theory, there is net balance of
attractive as well as repulsive forces. Zeta potential imparts positive or negative charge
on surface of particle and should be > +20 mV or > -20 mV ; the result was 23.11 mV.
32
Results & Discussion
34. Regression analysis:
Effect of formulation variables on % Drug release. The factorial equation for percentage
drug where X1 (HPMC) and X2 (Sodium Alginate) As Sodium Alginate increased and
HPMC deceased, it caused more hindrance of drug diffusion from the complex and %
drug release decreased. The combined effect of X1 and X2 has been shown in Figure
Response surface plot. Both in a specific concentration (HPMC40mg factor X1) And
(Sodium Alginate 200mg factor X2) exerted a positive effect on the %Drug Release (Y),
magnitude of these factors increased cumulative drug release. The Counter plot gave an
idea about the effect of formulation variables on % Drug release (Y) which located at
84.41% of the plot(the intercept of 40mg X1 and200mg X2)
34
Results & Discussion
35. Optimized formulation
Using the polynomial equations, the optimized formulation was obtained for the response
parameter. In the trial runs the optimized formulations were arrived Using numerical
optimization in DESIGN EXPERT 8.0.5VERSION. The data for the formulation
variables, the response parameter and the constraints placed on them utilizing this system
to select the best batch which represented by higher % drug release over time
35
Results & Discussion
Dependent variables
Optimized formulation
Experimental
value
Predicted value
(%) Drug release at 11
hrs.
84.41 83.41
36. Evaluation of factorial batches
The evaluation of factorial batches by determining the sedimentation volume (0.88 for
F4) , viscosity (69 pc for F4) and %re-dispersibility(95% for F4) that confirmed the best
batch among the nine formula (F4 was optimize one)
36
Results & Discussion
Formulation F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
Vis. (cP) 60 83 121 69 91 75 85 130 181
SV (24 h) 0.23 0.74 0.76 0.88 0.84 0.60 0.90 0.95 0.92
Re-dispersibility (%) 90 85 85 95 90 90 80 80 85
37. Cumulative % Drug release of factorial batches
Where F4 was the highest % Drug release by using
Dialysis bag (84.41%) to be selected as an Optimize
Batch. The figure below shown the % release Vs. Time
For the F4 (Optimize batch)
37
Results & Discussion
Batches Cumulative %drug release
F1 77.68±0.91
F2 79.44±0.54
F3 75.92±0.46
F4 84.41±0.53
F5 78.50±0.87
F6 70.84±0.21
F7 81.90±0.42
F8 76.14±0.56
F9 79.41±0.98
38. The aim of this research is to enhance the solubility of poor aqueous drug
The use of Nano-suspension technique was the best solution for this
problem as the drug powder was prepared as a complex with β-Cyclodextrin
by inclusion method ;then by using of Sonicator Probe Apparatus to prepare
Nano-suspension
The suspension was evaluated for (Sedimentation volume, Viscosity , Re-
dispersibilty and in vitro % Drug release)
The Nano-suspension was evaluated for its particle size and charge (the
results confirmed that both were within the range)
The various concentration of X1(20,40 and 60mg) and X2(200,400 and
600mg) used to prepare the factorial batches(9 F)
Evaluation of these batches (Sedimentation volume, Viscosity , Re-
dispersibilty and in vitro % Drug release)
Selection the best formula that has best % Drug release and good ( viscosity
and Sedimentation Vo) values.
The optimize batch represented by the highest cumulative % drug release
with time 38
Summary & Conclusion
39. By selection a specific ratio of combined action ( X1 40mg and X2 200mg)
Hence , the solubility of poor aqueous Garcinia indica powder was enhanced
by two factors as shown previously in Response Surface Plot and Counter
Plot ;First by complexation of the powder with β-Cyclodextrin which is
considered as carrying agent ; Second by formulation of the complex as
Nano-suspension to increase the solubility
For future work to develop this dosage form to be more global in science
view to enter the clinical trials, and to be used in treatment of different
disorders which are difficult to be cured by classic treatment . This step was
the beginning of a new formula that includes Herbal Drug using Nano-
suspension Technique , so work can be progressed to establish the
therapeutic utility of these systems by pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamics studies.
The different Novel Technology can be adopted in the formulation which
requires a study in different areas such as (Pre-clinical and Clinical Trials) to
confirm that its action with lowest adverse reactions and high Efficacy.
39
Summary & Conclusion
40. Publication
Communicate to Inventi Journals 2013
Full title: Formulation and Development of Garcinia indica Nano-
suspension
Authors: Ahmad AB kinani ,Prajakta C.Jagtap, Kiran S.Bhise
40
Publication
41. I would like to express my obligation to Shri P.A.Inamdar, President
of M.C.E. Society , Mr. Irfan Shaikh, Joint Secretary of M.C.E.
Society for providing excellent research facilities.
Words seem insufficient to express my deep sense of gratitude, to
beloved and respected Principal and my guide Prof. Dr. Kiran S.
Bhise mam for her excellent guidance, critical supervision, keen
interest and continuous encouragement throughout this study and co-
guide Prajakta Jagtap mam.
I am thankful to the teaching staff and the non teaching staff.
I sincerely thank to Baader Schulz Laboratories- Pharma Division
for providing me the help in the Analysis tests and Evaluation
technique.
I extend a deep expression of gratitude to my Parents.
Last but not the least, I am indebted to him for the love and blessings,
he has showered on me. Thank You GOD.
Besides this, I am thankful to all those who have knowingly and
unknowingly helped me in the successful completion of this
project……. 41
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