Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
This PPT includes what role does Dosage form impart on absorption. Why it is important in absorption. what should be its nature and type of dosage form.
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
This PPT includes what role does Dosage form impart on absorption. Why it is important in absorption. what should be its nature and type of dosage form.
2.Sagar Goda Biological classification system (BCS); its significance on diss...Sagar Goda
This presentation provides a detailed information about Biopharmaceutics classification system(BCS) and its significance on dissolution study as well as its application in dosage form development.
Dissolution and In Vitro In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC)Jaspreet Guraya
This presentation gives a bird's eye view on Dissolution in context with IVIVC. It discusses various levels of Correlations currently in practice. IVIVC are explained in light of biowaivers It also touches upon IVIVR, IVIVM etc.
Rate limiting steps in drug absorption [autosaved]Nagaraju Ravouru
Rate limiting steps in drug absorption 1.Disintegration time
2.Dissolution and solubility
3.Physical and chemical nature of active drug substance
4.Nature of excipients
5.Method of granulation
6.Dissolution test conditions
7.Gastric emptying
2.Sagar Goda Biological classification system (BCS); its significance on diss...Sagar Goda
This presentation provides a detailed information about Biopharmaceutics classification system(BCS) and its significance on dissolution study as well as its application in dosage form development.
Dissolution and In Vitro In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC)Jaspreet Guraya
This presentation gives a bird's eye view on Dissolution in context with IVIVC. It discusses various levels of Correlations currently in practice. IVIVC are explained in light of biowaivers It also touches upon IVIVR, IVIVM etc.
Rate limiting steps in drug absorption [autosaved]Nagaraju Ravouru
Rate limiting steps in drug absorption 1.Disintegration time
2.Dissolution and solubility
3.Physical and chemical nature of active drug substance
4.Nature of excipients
5.Method of granulation
6.Dissolution test conditions
7.Gastric emptying
SMEDDS- Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System.pptxTanmai25
smedds is a lipid based drug delivery system , which uses a lipid as a carrier to deliver poorly soluble drug. Thereby increasing its dissolution and bioavailability.
The presentation provides a concise information regarding various methods or techniques for enhancing solubility of different drugs and will prove useful to students & researchers.
The term solid dispersion refers to a group of solid products consisting of a hydrophilic matrix and a hydrophobic drug frequently prepared by fusion solvent method. The matrix can be amorphous or crystalline in nature .
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Formulation design for poorly water-soluble drugs based on biopharmaceuticsclassification system
1. Formulation design for poorly water-
soluble drugs based on
biopharmaceutics
classification system
Submitted by
Siddhartha Mukherjee
M.Pharm(Pharmaceutics)
Semester-I
Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida
2. INTRODUCTION
• There are many problems arising from the poor solubility of drug
candidates in drug research and development.
• The aqueous solubility of a drug is a critical determinant of its dissolution
rate and bioavailability.
• In such cases, dose escalation would be required until the blood drug
concentration reaches the therapeutic drug concentration range which can be
toxic to the GIT upon oral administration and could lead to reduction in
patient compliance.
• Increasing drug load might result in poor powder properties, such as poor
powder flowability and sticking tendency during granulation and tableting
• The poor solubility of new drug candidates might also affect in vitro assay
performance in drug discovery stage.
3. • Various approaches to overcome the poor aqueous solubility of drug
candidates have been investigated in drug research and development.
• Changing the chemical structure in the lead optimization phase is
considered to be an option to increase the solubility of drug candidates.
Prodrug approaches might also enhance the aqueous solubility of drug
candidates by introducing a polar functional group into the structure of a
molecule.
BCS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
• A better understanding of the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical
properties of drugs would be of great help for developing pharmaceutical
products.
• Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) is a useful tool for decision-
making in formulation development from a biopharmaceutical point of view
(Amidon et al.,1995).
4. • The BCS categorizes drug substances into one of four categories based on their solubility
and intestinal permeability:-
CLASS I-BCS class I drugs are defined as being highly soluble and highly permeable
for instance, metoprolol, propranolol, and theophylline. For BCS class I drugs, there
would be no rate-limiting step for oral absorption.
CLASS II- The molecular characteristics of BCS class II drugs are identified as low
solubility and high permeability. Example cyclosporine, griseofulvin, and
itraconazole.
CLASS III-Drugs with high solubility and low permeability are classified as BCS
class III. Example atenolol, cimetidine, and metformin.
CLASS IV-BCS class IV drugs exhibit challenging molecular properties such as low
solubility and low permeability.
• Recently, the concept of the BCS has been used also for formulation design from early to
clinical stages (Cook et al., 2008; Ku, 2008). Classification of drug candidates based on
the BCS can provide an indication of the difficulty of the development works.
6. CRYSTAL MODIFICATIONS
Metastable polymorphs
• Polymorphism in crystalline solids is defined as materials with the same chemical
composition, but different lattice structures and/or different molecular
conformations (Rodriguez-Spong et al.,2004).
• The vast majority of drugs can crystallize into several polymorphs, each
polymorph has a different energy, showing different physicochemical properties,
such as melting point, density, solubility, and stability.
Salt formation
• In the pharmaceutical industry, salt formation approach is commonly used for an
ionizable drug to increase solubility and dissolution rate. Salts are formed via
proton transfer from an acid to a base.
7. • The solubility and dissolution rate of salt are influenced by the counter ion
containing the salt. The solubility of haloperidol mesylate was significantly higher
than that of its hydrochloride salt at a lower pH range (Li et al., 2005). The
aqueous solubility of a moderately soluble hydrochloride salt for a basic drug is
sometimes reduced in solution containing chloride ion, such as gastric fluids
(common-ion effects). An appropriate salt form should be developed from the
viewpoints of both physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties.
Co-crystal formation
• In recent years, much attention has been drawn to co-crystal for improving the
dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Co-crystal is broadly defined as
crystalline materials comprised of at least two different components (Schultheiss
and Newman, 2009). Pharmaceutical co-crystal is typically composed of an API
and a nontoxic guest molecule (co-crystal former) in a stoichiometric ratio.
• Unlike salt formation, proton transfer between the API and co-crystal former does
not take place in co-crystal formation.
8. PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION
Micronization
• Particle size reduction approach is widely used to increase dissolution rate as well
as salt formation. The dissolution rate of a drug proportionally increases with
increasing surface area of drug particles. Micronization approach successfully
enhanced the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as griseofulvin,
digoxin and felodipine.
Nanocrystals
• Particle size reduction to nano-meter range (<1 m) is an attractive approach for
poorly water-soluble drugs.
• Nanocrystal formulations have been found to show 1.7–60-fold and 2–30-fold
enhancement in C-max and AUC compared with crystalline formulations with
micro-meter particle size.
• nanocrystal oral formulations using Nano-Crystal® (Elan Drug Technologies) and
IDD-P® (Skye-Pharma) technologies are available on the market
9. Amorphization
• Amorphous solids have higher energy than crystalline solids. Typically, the
solubility of an amorphous drug is higher than that of the corresponding
crystalline drug.
• The Amorphous formulations were found to show 1.5–82-fold and 1.6–113.5-fold
enhancements in Cmax and AUC compared with crystalline formulation.
Cyclodextrin complexation
• Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides containing a relatively hydrophobic central
cavity and hydrophilic outer surface (Loftsson and Brewster, 1996). Cyclodextrins
and their derivatives increase the apparent solubility of poorly water-soluble
drugs by forming inclusion complexes.
10. Self-emulsification
• self-emulsification drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been utilized to enhance
the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, especially for highly
lipophilic.
• Self-emulsification formulations are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactant, co-
solvent, and solubilized drug.
• SEDDS are additionally classified into self-micro-emulsification drug delivery
systems (SMEDDS) and self-nano-emulsification drug delivery systems
(SNEDDS) according to the size range of their oil droplets .SMEDDS form micro-
emulsions ranging in droplet size from 100 to 250 nm. Finer micro-emulsions of
less than 100 nm can be obtained using SNEDDS
pH modification
• The pH change significantly influences the saturation solubility of an ionizable
drug by dissociation. The incorporation of pH modifiers in the dosage form can
alter the microenvironmental pH.
• The microenvironmental pH would affect the performance of the solid dosage
form, such as the chemical stability of the drug substance and the dissolution
profile
11. CONCLUSION
• In the preformulation research phase, approaches for improving dissolution
behaviour of drug candidates would include salt formation, co-crystal formation,
and utilization of metastable crystalline forms. In the pharmaceutical industry, it
is generally preferable to select the most thermodynamically stable crystalline
form to avoid the polymorphic transformation from metastable form to more
stable forms during manufacturing and storage.
• In the phase of formulation design, particle size reduction, amorphization,
emulsification, cyclodextrin complexation, and pH modification would be viable
formulation options to improve the dissolution behaviour of poorly water-soluble
drugs.
• effect the strategic selection of delivery options. In general, saltformation,
micronization, and pH modification in dosage forms are categorized into
conventional technologies, and other technologies, such as nanocrystal
formation, amorphization, and SEDDS, can be identified as non-conventional
technologies. These non-conventional formulations can be prepared in
laboratory-scale experiments; however, scale-up manufacturing might be
problematic.
12. • In conclusion, a number of delivery options have been developed for
improving the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic behaviours of
poorly water-soluble drugs in academic and industrial research. A
better understanding of the physicochemical properties of drug
substances and the limitations of each delivery option would lead to
efficient formulation development for poorly water-soluble drugs.
13. References
• Yohei Kawabataa, Koichi Wada, Manabu Nakatani,ShizuoYamadaa,Satomi
Onouea,‘Formulation design for poorly water-soluble drugs based on
biopharmaceutics classification system: Basic approaches and practical
applications’, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 420 (2011) 1– 10.
• Amidon, G.L., Lennernas, H., Shah, V.P., Crison, J.R., 1995. A theoretical basis
for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product
dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharmaceutical Research 12, 413–420.