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Bioavailablity indicates the rate and extent of drug release at the site of action Absolute and Relative F
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In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
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Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Abstract Objective: The genus fumaria includes more than 40 species in the world. The aim of this study was to quantify the phytochemical constituents of Fumaria vaillantii L. aerial parts and compare the different methods of extraction. Total phenol, total flavonoid, total alkaloid, ascorbic and organic acids (oxalic, maleic, citric, succinic and fumaric acids) yields were evaluated in terms of the temperature effect, type of solvent and maceration time. Methods: Dried plant samples were extracted by different procedures. Total phenolic, total flavonoid, total alkaloid and ascorbic acid yields were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Also, the organic acid yields were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography method. Results: With the same extraction method, the natural flora extract was showed more yields of oxalic, maleic and citric acids than the commercial one, while the commercial extract was showed more yields of total phenol, ascorbic, succinic and fumaric acids than the natural flora one. The water-boiled extract was showed more yields of total phenol and total flavonoid. The macerated in ethanol 80% extract was also demonstrated more amounts of total alkaloid and ascorbic acid. Among different aqueous macerated extracts of the commercial sample, as the maceration time increased, total phenol, total flavonoid, oxalic, maleic, succinic, fumaric and ascorbic acids yields decreased. Macerated commercial dried fumitory in double-distilled water for 24 hrs resulted in an extract with the highest possible fumaric acid yield. Conclusion: It can be concluded that both water-boiled and macerated in ethanol 80% extracts can be used as rich sources of total phenolic and total flavonoid, which are considered as the important antioxidants.
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Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
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The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
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2. Specific plants discussed in detail include clove, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, onion, and nutmeg. For each plant, it provides the scientific name, parts used, geographical source, key chemical constituents, antimicrobial uses, and proposed mechanisms of action.
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Study of the antibacterial activities of soursop (annona muricata l.) leaves
Study of the antibacterial activities of soursop (annona muricata l.) leaves
Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities in aloe vera
Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities in aloe vera
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...
Quantitation of phytochemical constituents of Fumaria vaillantii L. with diff...
Quantitation of phytochemical constituents of Fumaria vaillantii L. with diff...
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT FROM Pong...
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Dispersion system
Dispersed systems consist of particulate matter,
known as the dispersed phase, distributed throughout
a continuous or dispersion medium.
Chemical kinetics review
1. The document discusses kinetics and factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions such as concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts.
2. It explains concepts such as the rate of reaction, instantaneous rate, rate laws, reaction order, molecularity, activation energy, and the Arrhenius equation.
3. Examples of zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions are provided along with explanations of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order reactions that can occur when one reactant is in excess.
Milling Pharmaceutical Industry
Milling is a mechanical process that reduces the particle size of solids. It has several pharmaceutical applications such as increasing the surface area and dissolution rate of low soluble drugs. The size distribution of milled particles can be measured using microscopy, sieving, or sedimentation methods. There are different types of mills that operate via cutting, attrition, impact, or compression and produce varying degrees of particle size reduction from coarse to fine to microfine. Factors like the starting particle size, desired final size, material properties, and amount must be considered when selecting the appropriate mill for pharmaceutical processing.
Mixing in Pharmaceutical Industry
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
6 Factors affecting drug absorption 4th
Factors affecting drug absorption 3 factors ,Physicochemical
factors ,Formulation factors and Physiological ,
factors Solubility
1 Biopharmaceutics 4th
Biopharmaceutic
• It is the science that examined the interrelationship between
physicochemical properties and the dosage form in which the drug is given , route of administration and its affect on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption , metabolism and excretion
Lec 6 isotonic solutions
1) Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids like blood and tears. A 0.9% solution of sodium chloride is isotonic with these fluids.
2) Solutions meant for the body should be isotonic to prevent tissue swelling or shrinkage. Isotonic solutions do not cause discomfort upon application.
3) The tonicity of solutions can be measured using the haemolytic or colligative methods. The haemolytic method observes red blood cell changes in test solutions, while the colligative method measures properties like freezing point depression.
Lec 4 ionic
1. CLASSICAL ACID-BASE DEFINITION
(ARRHENIUS)
2. THE BRONSTEDLOWERY ACID –BASE
3. THE LEWIS ACID-BASE
4. THE IONIZATION OF WATER , ACID AND BASE
Lec 1 state of matter p2
1) The document discusses states of matter and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like phase, component, and degree of freedom.
2) The phase rule establishes the relationship between the number of phases (P), components (C), and degrees of freedom (F) in a system. F = C - P + 2.
3) Examples of one- and two-component phase diagrams are presented, including the phase diagram for water and carbon dioxide. Phenol-water diagrams demonstrate tie lines and lever rule calculations.
Lec 1 state of matter p1
Binding Forces Between Molecules , Solids and the Crystalline State , Phase Equilibria and the Phase
Rule
Kinetics 4 physical pharmacy lab
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is to be contrasted with thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a process occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.
Solubility of aspirin 2 Physical Pharmacy Lab
Aspirin is only slightly soluble in water so if you add it to the reaction mixture the product would rather clump together than be in the water phase.
Solubility 1 physical pharmacy Lab
Solubility is a property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution
Partition coefficient 7 (Physical Pharmacy Lab)
In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient or distribution coefficient is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids.
Surface active agent 5 Physical Pharmacy Lab
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. The word surfactant is a blend of surface-active agent
Supercritical Fluid
Supercritical fluids are substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. They have densities nearer to liquids and diffusivities nearer to gases. Their properties can be tuned by adjusting pressure and temperature. Supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide are replacing organic solvents in industrial purification due to their environmental benefits. They are used in extraction, particle formation, and drug delivery due to their ability to dissolve materials like liquids while diffusing through solids like gases.
Formulation and development of garcinia indica nano suspension
Nanosuspensions accelerate drug substance dissolution rates by increasing surface area and reducing particle size. The key to nanosuspension development is the identification of a suitable delivery system, such that nano-technology.
Food and beverage biotechnology 2020
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product)
New methods of solubility
Determination of solubility by using new methods and techniques
μSOL Solubility Systems
USP Apparatus 4
Hybrid Liposomes
LPHNPs presentation is an illustration about the hybrid liposomes , types , methods and application , that gives a good idea about nanoparticles technology , the information has been collected from different references .
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Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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