Form and function
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The biology class agenda discusses form and function in organisms. The teacher will define evolution, form, function, comparative anatomy, homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. Students will learn about the relationship between an organism's form and its function, and how comparative anatomy is used to study this relationship across different species. The teacher will also explain how homologous structures have similar forms but different functions, while analogous structures have similar functions but different forms.
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Fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide evidence for evolution by showing homologous and analogous structures across species. Comparative anatomy involves comparing body structures of different species to understand adaptive changes from common ancestors, while homologous structures have a similar origin but different functions in different environments. Analogous structures have similar functions but different origins, like the wings of birds and bats. Embryos of related species also share more common features at earlier stages of development.
Evidence for evolution
The document provides evidence that supports the theory of evolution from four main points: 1) The fossil record shows evolutionary changes and intermediate forms over time. 2) Comparative anatomy finds that closely related species share homologous structures, such as mammals sharing the same basic bone structure in their forelimbs. 3) Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their primary function, providing evidence that structures once had a use. 4) Comparative embryology notes that in early stages, embryos of different animal species look similar, suggesting common ancestry.
Text Evidence Education Presentation Blue Green Abstract Shapes.pptx
Evidence of evolution includes the change in inherited traits over successive generations that allows organisms to adapt and survive in their environment. Fossils provide physical evidence of ancient organisms, ranging in size from bones, shells, and feathers. Body fossils are the preserved hard parts of organisms like bones and teeth, while trace fossils are preserved marks of activity like footprints or plant imprints. Comparative anatomy studies similarities and differences in organism structures, revealing homologous structures shared due to common ancestry even if the structures no longer serve the same function.
3 24 Evidence For Evolution
The document discusses several examples of evidence that support the theory of evolution in society and biology. It begins by asking the reader to think of an example of how evolution can be seen in society, then provides examples of fossil evidence, homologous and analogous structures in organisms, vestigial structures, similarities in DNA and embryological development between species, and how using antibacterial products could be an example of evolution in action by exposing bacteria to selection pressures. The document also lists vocabulary terms and provides a YouTube link as an example.
Homologous organs and analogous organs..
Homologous and analogous organs helpsbto study evolutionory relationship among different species. They are evidences of evolution.
Ontology Tutorial
This document discusses key concepts in ontology including:
- Ontology is the formal representation of objects, entities and their relationships in a domain. It includes a vocabulary and definitions of terms and how they are related.
- There are reference ontologies which provide rich theories of a domain and application ontologies which provide minimal structures for a specific community.
- Continuants have continuous existence while occurrents unfold over time. There are independent entities like organisms and dependent qualities that require independent entities.
- Classes represent general concepts while instances are particular entities. Relations connect classes and can also relate classes to instances.
1
All living things are made up of cells, and the appearance of each living thing is determined by the types and organization of cells. The human body functions similarly to a school, with different cell types performing specialized roles like various staff positions to ensure proper functioning. Living things organize cells into tissues and organs with similar structures and functions that work together as integrated systems.
Levels of biological organization
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function that make up tissues, organs, and organ systems, allowing organisms to carry out life processes. The levels of organization from smallest to largest are: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere. The document introduces these levels and explains that cells of plants and animals have similarities and differences at the cellular level.
Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
Physiological psychology
Physiological psychology connects behavior and mental processes to bodily processes and the functions of the brain. It is also known as biopsychology, psychobiology, physiological psychology, and behavioral neuroscience. There are four categories of biological explanations for behavior: physiological explanations relate behavior to brain and organ activity; ontogenetic explanations describe how behaviors develop based on genes, experiences, and their interactions; evolutionary explanations examine how behaviors evolved over time to enhance survival; and functional explanations appeal to the functions a structure or system has. The goal is to understand biology's relationship to psychological issues.
Anatomy & physiology
It gives general introduction to human body.It defines anatomy and physiology and also explains the different levels of structural complexity.
Evolution and Changes
Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
The essay should be a minimum of 750 words in length not counting th.docx
The essay should be a minimum of 750 words in length not counting the cover page and reference list.
The Complexity of Human Organs ( the liver)
Your organs are composed of the four tissue types; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Organs are wondrous things, each one with a different function vital to the homeostasis of your body. While it is easy for us to view a particular organ as a single item, it is in fact comprised of many different types of cells and structures, each one unique and yet each one working together to perform the functions of the organ.
In this Assignment, you will research an individual organ and its complexity. Your APA-formatted essay should:
Provide a general description of your assigned organ in the introduction. In the general description, you will include the following: a brief description of the primary functions of this organ, its general shape, and the location of this organ in the human body.
Describe in detail the importance of this organ to the function of the body as a whole. What are the functions of this organ and how is it critical for survival?
Identify and describe which of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and/or nervous tissues) are present in the organ.
Describe any organ-specific cell types that are present and if these cell types have any special structures (e.g., presence of microvilli and/or abundance of particular organelle such as mitochondria).
Discuss in detail how these different cell-types work together to provide the overall function of the organ.
Include a discussion of why each organ requires the different tissue types as well as unique cell types to function. Why can the organs not be comprised of just one cell type? What is the advantage of having so many different types of cells?
.
Biology Unit 7 Notes: Evidence for Evolution & Phylogenetic Trees
The document provides evidence for evolution from several sources: fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics. It discusses how comparative anatomy of skeletal structures between animals can show homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, indicating connections to common ancestors. Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships and order of evolution between organisms, informed by fossils, anatomy, DNA, and geology. They illustrate the progression from a common ancestor to more recently evolved organisms and the traits associated with different branches in their development.
Logic in philosophical reasoning.pdf
This document outlines an assignment to write a personal philosophy paper. It discusses 7 competencies the paper should demonstrate, including employing sound logic, classifying approaches to knowledge, interpreting human behavior philosophically, and communicating effectively. It provides requirements for the paper such as being 1,200-1,600 words, using at least 5 sources, and following APA style. The document also includes an example philosophy paper discussing the relationships between the mind and body, free will, and perceptions of beauty.
Mizaj and its understanding
What is Mizaj? What was the need of Mizaj in USM? lets know about mizaj and understand this concept in general way......
BiologyB_Invertabrates_upload.pptx
This document discusses the evolution of body plans in invertebrates. The key developments were the evolution of tissues, followed by different types of symmetry - asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry. Animals then evolved different types of body cavities - acoelomates lack a body cavity, while pseudocoelomates and coelomates have a partially or fully lined body cavity, respectively. Coelomates are further divided into protostomes, which form their mouth first, and deuterostomes, which form their anus first. Overall the document traces the major transitions in early animal evolution from single-celled to multi-cellular organisms with increasingly complex body structures.
1.7b-Organ-systems-PP.ppt
This document contains information about organ systems in multicellular organisms. It includes learning outcomes for students to describe the main functions of organ systems in the body at different levels. Activities include matching cells, tissues and organs to body systems, researching organ systems, and comparing unicellular and multicellular organisms. The document provides context and instructions for lessons on cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
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Morphological concepts in evolution involve the study of the physical forms a...
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Text Evidence Education Presentation Blue Green Abstract Shapes.pptx
Text Evidence Education Presentation Blue Green Abstract Shapes.pptx
The essay should be a minimum of 750 words in length not counting th.docx
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Biology Unit 7 Notes: Evidence for Evolution & Phylogenetic Trees
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Evolution
The document outlines key concepts around evolution, including natural selection, adaptation, and resistance. It discusses how Charles Darwin observed that organisms differ slightly and those with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits. Over time, this leads to evolution as populations change. It also discusses how humans have directed evolution through artificial selection of crops and livestock.
Ecosystems
1. Students in an Ecology class will create PowerPoint presentations on the four major systems of the Earth.
2. All presentations must be given on Thursday and any late submissions will result in point deductions.
3. Today is the final class day for working on projects, with some additional time given tomorrow after lecture.
The Geosphere (ecology jan.30 - feb. 3)
The document provides information about a Geosphere Ecology class taught by Mr. Nettles. It includes the class agenda for several days, learning objectives about the composition and structure of the Earth, and discussions of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, and erosion. Students are assigned to create labeled diagrams of the Earth's layers and complete worksheets. A quiz on the material is scheduled for the following week.
Understanding Our Environment
The document defines key terms in environmental science and ecology, outlines the major fields of study that contribute to environmental science, and describes how hunter-gatherers, the agricultural revolution, and the industrial revolution impacted the environment. It identifies the goals of environmental science as understanding and solving environmental problems by studying human use of natural resources and how human actions change the environment. The document also classifies the three major environmental problems as resource depletion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
Intro to ecology and the scientific method
This document contains the agenda and notes for an ecology class taught by Mr. Nettles. The class covers topics like biomes, the scientific method, variables in experiments, and forming hypotheses. Students are asked to apply what they've learned to explore a topic of their choice using the scientific method. The class motto emphasizes how discipline, character and hope are important for students' futures.
Mendelian genetics
The document is a biology class agenda and lesson plan covering Mendelian genetics and Gregor Mendel. It introduces Mendel's work with pea plants and key genetics concepts like alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotype vs. phenotype, monohybrid crosses, and using Punnett squares to predict offspring traits. The lesson plan includes warm-up questions, learning objectives, vocabulary definitions, examples of dominant/recessive traits and Punnett squares, and a reminder of a quiz the next day.
Sketch of DNA
DNA is composed of two strands coiled around each other in a double helix shape. Each strand is made up of repeating units called nucleotides, which contain either the base adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases, with adenine always bonding to thymine and cytosine always bonding to guanine.
Dna structure and function (notes)
The document provides information about DNA structure and function:
- DNA is a large molecule located in the nucleus that directs protein production and controls cell activities.
- DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
- DNA replicates itself during cell division through a process where the DNA strands separate and each strand is used as a template to create a new complementary strand.
Week 9 energy, metabolism, and atp (oct 10-13)
This biology class covers energy, metabolism, and ATP. The lesson defines key terms like energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and ATP. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, and the second law is that energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy. Metabolism includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, providing energy for cellular work.
Nov. 2 (aerobic vs. anaerobic)
The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (An Introduction)
The document provides an agenda and objectives for a biology lesson on photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It will compare and contrast the two metabolic processes, define them, and classify them as types of metabolism. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into glucose in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in mitochondria. Both processes involve the reactants of carbon dioxide and water and the products of carbon dioxide and water but differ in whether energy is absorbed from sunlight or released as ATP.
Ecosystem energy flow (part 2)
The document discusses key concepts about energy flow within ecosystems, including food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids. It defines producers as organisms at the first trophic level that convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Consumers are organisms at higher trophic levels that get energy by eating other organisms, including herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and cycle nutrients. Food chains show a single path of energy transfer, while food webs illustrate the many interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. Energy pyramids demonstrate that the amount of available energy decreases at each trophic level as heat is lost during energy transfers between organisms.
Ecosystem energy flow (part 1)
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It defines producers as organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants and algae. Consumers are organisms that cannot produce their own food and obtain energy by eating other organisms. There are three types of consumers: primary consumers that eat producers, secondary consumers that eat primary consumers, and tertiary consumers that eat secondary consumers. Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, obtain energy by breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients.
Cell reproduction (part 2)
The document defines key terms related to the cell cycle such as chromosomes, sister chromatids, and centromere. It then explains the main stages of the cell cycle as interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is further broken down into the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and prepares for division. Mitosis is described as having four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the cell nucleus divides to produce two daughter cells each with a full set of chromosomes.
Cell reproduction (part 1)
The document discusses cell growth and reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It defines key terms like growth, reproduction, asexual reproduction, and sexual reproduction. It provides examples of asexual reproduction through binary fission in prokaryotes like bacteria. It also discusses examples of sexual reproduction through mitosis in eukaryotic cells like plants, animals and humans. The document explains the process of binary fission and mitosis at a high level.
Intro to lab safety
The document outlines Mr. Nettles' biology class agenda and top 10 lab safety rules. It defines osmosis and diffusion, and discusses what would happen if a cell in a 20% salt solution was placed in a 50% salt solution. The top 10 lab safety rules include preparing for each lab, following directions, wearing proper protective equipment, being careful with chemicals and fire, cleaning up, and reporting any accidents to the instructor.
Homeostasis and transport (part 2)
The document summarizes a biology lesson on homeostasis and transport. It discusses three types of passive transport - osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. It defines osmosis as the movement of water across a membrane towards an area of higher water concentration without needing energy. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion uses protein carriers. Active transport uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium out of cells and potassium in. The lesson defines key terms and provides examples to distinguish the different transport mechanisms.
Homeostasis and transport (part 1)
The document outlines the agenda and objectives for a biology class lesson on homeostasis and transport. The lesson will define homeostasis, semi-permeable membranes, concentration, and equilibrium. It will describe the three types of passive transport that allow materials to move across the cell membrane without using energy: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. The class will review key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Sept 7 (biomolecules lipids proteins)
The biology class covered the four major groups of biomolecules - lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The teacher discussed lipids and proteins in detail, explaining that lipids are made up of fatty acid monomers and form cell boundaries, while proteins are composed of amino acid monomers and perform many functions in the cell such as enzyme activity. Students were assigned a cell project due the following Friday and had warm-up questions about biomolecule monomers and organelles related to carbohydrates.
Sept 6 (biomolecules carbs nuc-acid)
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It defines monomers and polymers, noting that biomolecules are polymers made of repeating monomer units. Carbohydrates are introduced, with monosaccharides as monomers, and examples including starch and glucose. Nucleic acids are then covered, with nucleotides as monomers, and DNA and RNA as examples. The key points about each biomolecule are outlined.
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