This document discusses sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of gametes through fertilization, resulting in offspring with genetic variations. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and occurs through processes like budding, spore formation, or regeneration, where offspring are identical to the parent. The document also describes the male and female human reproductive systems and stages of the menstrual cycle. Different methods of human birth control like condoms, pills, and IUDs are explained. The process of pollination and conditions for seed germination are outlined.

1. HI EVERYONE

2. F O R M 3 C H A P T E R 4
S C I E N C E
BY T I M OT H Y

3. 4.1 ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• INVOLVES TWO PARENT
• INVOLVES GAMETS
• INVOLES FERTILISATION PROCESS
• OFFSPRING HAVE DIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICS
THAN THE PARENRTS
• PRODUCES OFFSPRING WITH VARIATIONS

4. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• INVOLES ONE PARENT
• DOES NOT INVOLVE GAMATES.
• DOES NOT INVOLVE FERTILISATION PROSESATION
AND THE PRODUCTION OF GROWTH OF NEW
INDIVIDUAL OCCURS THROUGH BUDDING ,
SPORE FORMATION ,BINARY FISSION OR
REGENATION FROM ONE MATURE INDIVIDUAL

5. ( A ) O F F S P R I N G H A V E S A M E
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S A S T H E P A R E N T S
( B ) N O V A R I AT I O N I N T H E
O F F S P R I N G

6. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION INCLUDES
•Binary fission (amoeba and bacteria)
•Budding (yeast, hydra)
•Spore information ( moss, ferns
•Vegetative reproduction (ginger , rose
•Regeneration ( tapeworm , starfish

7. 4.2 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

8. •Sperm duct
A tube that transport sperms from the testis
to the urethra .
Urethra
Carries urine and sperm out of the body

9. •Seminal vesicle
Stores sperms and secrets fluid that provides
energy to sperm .
Prostate gland
Secretes alkaline fluid that aids in the
movement and survival of sperm

10. •Testis
Produces sperms and male sex hormones
Penis
Transfer semen from testis into the vagina
during sexual intercourse.
Scrotum
A skin sac that products and holds the testes
outside the body,

11. THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

13. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPERM AND
OVUM

14. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

15. 4.6 RESEARCH IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(b) Birth control or contraception
Natural method – rhythm method to
prevent fertilization
Hormonal method contraceptive pills
to prevent ovulation

16. Physically method
•condom to prevent fertilization
•Intrauterine contraceptive device to
prevent implantation of the embryo in the
uterus wall.
• diaphragm to prevent fertilisation.
Chemical method
Spermicide to prevent fertilisation

17. Surgical method
Ligation to prevent fertilization
Vasectomy to prevent fertelisation

18. 4,9 POLLINATION
•pollination is the transfer of pollen gains from
the anther to the stigma of the same flower
(self-pollination ) or to the sigma of a different
flower of a different plant ( cross – pollination)
•After fertilisation , the ovules develop into the
seeds the ovary develops into the fruit and the
zygote becomes the embryo ( with radicle and
plumula)

19. •The conditions necessary for seed
germination are the presence of water air
and a suitable temperature.
•Vegetative reproduction is the growth of a
new plant of a plant .
Example ; stems ( rhizome , tuber , bulb,
corm )