The document summarizes the human reproductive system and process of reproduction. It describes that males have testes that produce sperm and a penis, while females have ovaries that produce eggs and a uterus. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg in the female's ovaries or fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then implants in the uterus and develops into a fetus over 9 months of pregnancy before birth. Key parts of both the male and female reproductive systems and stages of fertilization, pregnancy, and birth are outlined.

1. REPRODUCTION
Reproductive Parts and Fertilisation

2. QUESTIONS
 How do you think a baby is formed?
 What do you think are the important things both
parents will pass on to their child during the
formation of a baby?

3. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
Well, before a human can
reproduction sexually,
How does sexual the body
certain organs in
reproduction
must develop and
occur in
mature.
humans?

4. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Which part of the human body are involved in
sexual reproduction?

5. MALE SEX ORGAN
 In the male, the male sex
organ plays an important
role in sexual
reproduction.
 The testes produce
millions of sperms which
can only be seen under a
microscope.
penis
testes
parts of the male sex organ
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

6. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - MALE

7. THE RIBENA ANALOGY
 In animals, the male gametes are known as
 sperms
 The female gametes are known as
 ova
 ovum
 eggs

8. HUMAN
SPERM
Contains mitochondria
which provides energy
for the sperm’s activity
8
Enables the sperm to
swim towards egg

9. FEMALE SEX ORGAN
• In the female, the female
sex organ plays an
important role in sexual womb
reproduction.
• The ovaries produce
eggs.
• Usually, only one egg is
released from the ovary ovaries
vagina
each month.
parts of the female sex organ
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

10. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – FEMALE

11. HUMAN EGG
11

12. HOW DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
 The sperms in the testes of a male are transferred through
the penis into the female’s vagina.
 The sperms find their way to meet the egg inside the
female’s body.
 If a sperm meets an egg, they fuse.
 This is known as fertilisation.
 Only one sperm can fertilise the egg.
 The male and female are now the father and mother of the
fertilised egg.
+
sperm egg fertilised egg
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

14. OVULATION >> FERTILIZATION >>
IMPLANTATION

15. HOW DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
 The fertilised egg divides to form more
and more cells.
 These cells will eventually form the
organs in the body of the developing baby.
fertilised egg
many cells
developing baby
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

16. HOW DOES FERTILIZATION OCCUR?
1. There is mating
2. Sperms are introduced into the female through
the vagina.
3. The sperms swim through the uterus to the
oviduct towards the egg.
4. A sperm bumps into the egg.
5. The sperm penetrates the egg membrane.
6. The tail drops.
7. The egg membrane thickens to prevent other
sperms from entering.
8. The sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus.

17. HOW DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN?
 As the baby develops inside the mother’s
womb, the mother’s belly gets bigger.
 After about 9 months, the baby is born.
umbilical cord
newborn baby
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

18. PARENTS AND THEIR YOUNG
 The fusion of the sperm and egg results in
a fully developed baby.
 These two reproductive cells contain
information about the characteristics of
the father and the mother.
 Through the reproductive cells, the
characteristics of the parents are passed
on to their young.
 Thus, the characteristics of plants and
animals are preserved in future
generations, hence ensuring that their
kind continues to exist.
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

19. PUBERTY

20. HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
 Puberty - specific changes in the male
 Boys usually reach puberty at an average age
of 13 years.
 Sex organ starts to produce sperms
 Shoulder and chest become broader
 Voice breaks and deepens
 Moustache and beard start to grow

21. HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
 Puberty - Specific changes in the female
 When a baby girl is born, the ovaries already contain
around 400 000 ova or eggs.
 Girls tend to mature two years earlier than boys
(average age of 11)
 When she matures, a small fraction of these eggs
mature (approx. 450) and is released from alternate
ovaries each month.
 Breasts develop
 Hips widen
 Undergoes the menstrual cycle

22. PERIOD – START OF
PUBERTY
 It is a cycle that all
mature girls go
through.
 One cycle takes
approximately 28
days.
 Menstruation >>
Repair >> Ovulation
>> Prepare for
Implantation.

23. SANITARY PADS

24. THE UTERUS

25. THE UTERINE WALL

26. FACTS ABOUT MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 What is the mean duration of the
MC?
 Mean 28 days (only 15% of ♀)
 Range 21-35
 What is the average duration of
menses?
 3-8 days
 What is the normal estimated blood
loss?
 Approximately 30 ml

27. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

28. PHASES IN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
1)Menstrual
phase
2)Repair phase
3)Fertile phase
4)Premenstrual
phase

29. MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
No Period

30. TREATING MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS
Medication
Exercise
Proper Diet