The document discusses crime scene investigation procedures. It defines primary and secondary crime scenes. It describes the responsibilities of the first officer at the scene which include securing the area and evidence. It discusses documenting the scene through photography, sketching, and note taking. Evidence must be properly collected, packaged, labeled, and maintained in a chain of custody. The goals are to determine what happened, where, when, why, who was involved, and how the crime was committed.
5W & 1H In the crime scene
Crime Scene searching methods.
If you want to watch the explanation video, then click on the link- https://youtu.be/nWJAxe_66Eg
5W & 1H In the crime scene
Crime Scene searching methods.
If you want to watch the explanation video, then click on the link- https://youtu.be/nWJAxe_66Eg
Forensic Photography for the Crime Scene Technician
My Public Profiles:
Odesk: https://www.odesk.com/users/~0127b9e5...
Elance: https://www.elance.com/s/hasibnobin/
By: Capt. S B Tyagi, FISM, CSC
What makes a serial killer tick? How do forensic experts solve crimes using cutting-edge technology? Who are the men and women that risk their lives to put criminals behind bars?
These questions and more are related to the subject of Crime Investigation. Real crime, real people, real drama - Crime Investigation is the hard work by the true professionals who work meticulously and methodically to solve the mystery behind the crime – motive, the modus-operendai and men involved in crime! Crime Investigation opens the door to crime labs, police archives and courtrooms, providing a behind-the-scenes look at criminal investigations and probing unexplained mysteries.
Physical Evidence at a Crime Scene
Evidence used to resolve an issue can be split into 2 areas - testimonial evidence and physical evidence. The testimonial evidence would be any witnessed accounts of an incident. The physical evidence would refer to any material items that would be present on the crime scene. These items would be presented in an issue or incident to prove or disprove the facts of the issue. What will evidence collected at a scene do for the investigation -
• May prove that a crime has been committed.
• Establish any key elements of a crime.
• Link a suspect with a scene or a victim.
• Establish the identity of a victim or suspect.
• Corroborate verbal witness testimony.
• Exonerate the innocent.
The evidence that is located and recovered at a scene will give the detectives responsible for the investigation leads to work with in the case.
Forensic Photography for the Crime Scene Technician
My Public Profiles:
Odesk: https://www.odesk.com/users/~0127b9e5...
Elance: https://www.elance.com/s/hasibnobin/
By: Capt. S B Tyagi, FISM, CSC
What makes a serial killer tick? How do forensic experts solve crimes using cutting-edge technology? Who are the men and women that risk their lives to put criminals behind bars?
These questions and more are related to the subject of Crime Investigation. Real crime, real people, real drama - Crime Investigation is the hard work by the true professionals who work meticulously and methodically to solve the mystery behind the crime – motive, the modus-operendai and men involved in crime! Crime Investigation opens the door to crime labs, police archives and courtrooms, providing a behind-the-scenes look at criminal investigations and probing unexplained mysteries.
Physical Evidence at a Crime Scene
Evidence used to resolve an issue can be split into 2 areas - testimonial evidence and physical evidence. The testimonial evidence would be any witnessed accounts of an incident. The physical evidence would refer to any material items that would be present on the crime scene. These items would be presented in an issue or incident to prove or disprove the facts of the issue. What will evidence collected at a scene do for the investigation -
• May prove that a crime has been committed.
• Establish any key elements of a crime.
• Link a suspect with a scene or a victim.
• Establish the identity of a victim or suspect.
• Corroborate verbal witness testimony.
• Exonerate the innocent.
The evidence that is located and recovered at a scene will give the detectives responsible for the investigation leads to work with in the case.
This is second part of Crime scene management which includes Duties of forensic scientist ,role of investigating officers , inspection of crime scene ,general rules for search a crime scene ,Medico-legal officers in crime scene management.
This presentation helps to understand the concept of crime scene management
DEFINATION :
Crime scene management is a term used to define the action taken to ensure that all the available forensic evidence is recovered from a crime scene.
The aim of crime scene examination is to identify, gather evidence at the crime scene. Resolving the crime will depend on joining the evidences to form a image of what take place in crime scene.
CRIME SCENE TEAM includes
First police officer ; protects the scene of crime.
Medics
Investigators
Medical examiner (if necessary): Declare death, determine cause, manner, and time of death.
Photographers
Lab experts
CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT : stages
Securing the crime scene
Scanning the scene
Sketching the scene
Searching for evidence
Documentation of crime scene
Securing, Collection & Packaging of evidence
Chain of custody
Crime scene Reconstruction
Securing the crime scene:
The scene of crime should be secured and isolated from surrounding people who can tamper the potential evidence.
The first officer should protect the scene by barriacation tapes.
The first priority of investigating officer is to provide the medical assistance to individual and arresting the perpetrators.
Ask the following questions:
When did the crime occur ?
Who called in the crime?
Can the perpetrator be identified?
What did you see happen?
Rough sketch is the first pencil-drawn outline of the scene and location of evidence within this outline.
Usually not drawn to the scale.
Sketching materials are pencil, paper, measuring tape, ruler, eraser, compass.
Finished Sketch —A precise rendering of the crime.
Drawn to scale.
Not normally completed at the crime scene.
Drawn with care and concern for aesthetic appearance.
The final sketch should be submitted in court.
Searching of crime scene:
Searching of the crime scene and collection of the evidences are backbone of a criminal investigation.
The primary aim of searching the crime scene is to link the suspect, victim and the scene of crime.
A walk through should be done from entry point to exit point.
Once walk through is done , the crime scene should be searched systematically.
There are different search patterns:
Grid Method- It is basically a double line search method. It is a very operational method but time consuming.
Line or Strip Method— this method is best in large and outdoor crime scenes.
Quadrant or Zone Method— this method is most effective in houses or buildings.
Wheel or Ray Method—Wheel or ray method is best on small and circular crime scenes.
Spiral Method— it can go internal or external. It is best used when there is no physical barricades are present. The given pictures may help in understanding crime search patterns more effectively
Berkeley College Cyber CrimeLecture Notes Chapter 11Searching .docxAASTHA76
Berkeley College Cyber Crime
Lecture Notes Chapter 11
Searching and Seizing Computer-Related Evidence
I. TRADITIONAL PROBLEMS WITH FINDING DIGITAL EVIDENCE
Unlike traditional investigations in which forensic experts are tasked with analysis of criminal evidence, computer-related investigations often require role multiplicity on the part of investigators.
Computer crime investigators are often forced to act as case supervisors, investigators, crime-scene technicians, and forensic scientists. Such duality is further exacerbated by characteristics unique to digital evidence.
· Digital evidence is especially volatile and voluminous, susceptible to climatic or environmental factors as well as human error.
· It may be vulnerable to power surges, electro- magnetic fields, or extreme temperatures.
· Unlike traditional evidence in which analysis of small samples is utilized to preserve the totality of the evidence, assessment of digital evidence requires evaluation of the whole, making investigative mistakes quite costly.
· Digital evidence is also unique in its level of camouflage possibilities, lending itself to concealment by individuals desiring to hide information. Cyber criminals may hide incriminating evidence in plain sight without damaging its utility.
· Cyber criminals also use encryption and steganography programs which has made the process of recovering data increasingly complex.
· Cyber criminals use self-destructive programs to sabotage their own systems upon unauthorized access.
II. PRE-SEARCH ACTIVITIES
a. Intelligence gathering: determine location, size, type, and numbers of computers at a suspect scene.
Dumpster diving: processing trash of suspect may provide information of passwords or personal information on the suspect.
Social engineering and informants: gain information about suspects and personnel at the scene, types of computers and storage devices as well as operating systems.
b. Warrant preparation and application:
1. Determine the role of the computer in the crime.
2. Specifications of operating systems, storage devices and hardware.
3. Structure the application according to the unique court environments in the area of service. Find a judge that supports law enforcement versus one that doesn’t.
4. Have the application reviewed by other specialists, computer investigators and legal experts, before submitting to the judge or magistrate.
5. Clearly substantiate any requests for seizure of equipment found at the scene.
6. If exigent circumstances exist, a request for a “no-knock” warrant should be included in the application.
c. Probable cause: three elements are necessary in warrant.
1. Probable cause that a crime has been committed.
2. Probable cause that evidence of a crime exists.
3. Probable cause that extant evidence resides in a particular location.
d. Preparing a Toolkit: include all traditional equipment law enforcement uses plus computer specific equipment and materials (some listed below):
1. ...
Crime Scene Documentation:-
In this presentation, we will explore the purpose, techniques, and importance of crime scene Photography and Documentation.
Introduction :- Crime Scene Photography and Documentation are the crucial component of the Forensic investigation process. They involve the systematic recording and preservation of evidence at a crime scene to aid in the investigation and provide a reliable record for legal purposes. It also help us in reconstruction of the crime scene events.
Major Task of Crime Scene :- Photography : It provides visual and permanent record of crime scene.
Forensic Photography was introduced in Belgium, 1851
Judicial Principles of Photography : Must be performed by police photographer or a person having diploma or degree of photography.
Evidences and crime scene shouldn’t be moved or touched before taking the photographs.
Clear record of sequence of photographs , Directions , Date , time must be presented.
Techniques Used : Crime Scene Photography Kit should be available to the crime scene photographer in order to photograph most scenes and evidence:
Camera :- Use a high quality digital camera preferably a SLR camera. It has at least ten megapixel and manual exposure.
Normal lens :- A 50mm lens is considered a normal lens for a 35mm format SLR camera.
Wide Angle / Close-Up Lens :- Used in small rooms or other compact areas. A 28 to 35 mm lens is considered a wide–angle lens for a 35mm camera.
4. Electronic Flash :- Electronic flash, especially with TTL exposure measurement provides additional light that is often needed when photographing indoors, outdoors at night, filling in shadows in bright daylight scenes and for lighting evidence.
5. Scale and Tape Measure :- Different scales, containing 6 inch and 36 inch sizes should be taken for snapping diverse kinds of objects.
Videography :- It is the routine process of crime scene Documentation: Its acceptance is widespread due to its ability to provide a virtual image of the scene and the increased availability of affordable equipment with user-friendly features such as DVD recording, built-in stability, digital zoom lenses, and compact size.
Document the recording by using a placard that include the case number Date, Time , Location and Videographer name.
Begin with the scene surrounding , Use four compass for the direction guide.
The original videos are evidence and shouldn’t be changed or edited. Make a copy if required.
Sketching :- Sketching is the crime scene assigns units of measurement and provides a proper perspective of the overall scene and the relevant physical evidence identified within the scene.
Two basic types of sketches as part of crime scene investigations are the rough sketch and the final or finished sketch.
Methods of sketching :- Coordinate Method :- It is uses as the practice of measuring an object from two fixed point of reference.
Triangulation Method :- The Triangulation method is a bird’s eye view of the scene.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. - By,
( Student of M.A. in Police
Administration, Sem.-1 in Raksha
Shakti University)
2. introduction
Crime scene:- any place where the crime has
occurred or the possibility that the crime might
have occurred at that place is called as crime
scene .
The crime scene is basically divided in two
types according to the place.
1)primary crime scene:-the actual place where
the crime has taken place
3. Cont.
2)Secondary crime scene :-any optional or other
place where there are chances of finding some
evidences related to the crime.
4. Two type of crime scenes
indoor
-70% of all crime scenes
-normally located within a residence
-can occur within a commercial building
Outdoor
-may be a very large area
-parks or residential backyards
5. Major functions of forensics
scientist
To prove the existence of crime in the court of
law
To identify the victim and the suspect and
criminal
To reconstruct the events of a crime
6. The crime scene
The first officer at the crime scene is
responsible for securing and protecting the
area
- must first make sure that if the victim is alive,
medics are on their way
- must secure that the evidence does not get
compromised
- must make sure that witness do not leave the
crime scene
7. Crime scene investigation
To protect the crime scene :-
the crime scene should be protected with the
help of police line tape
What is the first function of the investigation officer
after reaching the crime scene
-To contact the officer in charge
-To gather information regarding the persons
having access or have had access to the crime
scene e.g. any protection officer of ambulance fire
brigade etc.
To decide the physical boundaries of the crime
scene
8. Cont.
Establish the perpetrator's of entry and exit.
Do not initial walk through
Develop a strategy for systematically.
a)examining the crime scene
b)documenting the crime scene investigation
9. Cont.
Crime scene investigation has based on
scientific method and “Locard exchange
principle “, logic forensic techniques involved
1)recognition- scene survey ,documentation,
collection
2)identification –comparison testing
3)reconstruction-evaluation and interpretation
4)reconstruction-reporting and presenting.
10. Goals are to determine the
following
- what happen
-where did it happen
-when did it happen
-why did happen
-who may have perpetrated these action
-how was the incident carried out
11. Processing a crime scene
8 universal rules exist
- safety first
- secure and protect the scene
- fulfill the basic legal requirement
- photograph the scene
- identify and mark evidence
- collect label and package evidence
- diagram the scene
- write a report
12. The crime scene investigator has only a
limited amount of time to work a crime scene
- must photograph the crime scene
- must sketch the crime scene
- must take notes
- must collect ,document , and package
evidence
13. Crime scene recording
Record the crime scene :– the investigator
must move purposely and record the using a
combination of method including.
1)photograph :-crime photography is very
important .especially for established physical
relationship items interest like weapons ,
bodies ,stains e.t.c
14. Photography (a picture is worth of thousand words)
1)Establish overall shots of the scene – this
includes:-
- a) the entire scene
- b) surrounds areas
- c) points of exist and entry
2) area shots showing the general relationship
of items
3) medium ranges shots showing the aspects
and positioning
15. Cont.
4)close –ups showing details of interest on
evidence items
5)Make sure to keep a running of all photos
taken
6)videotape – the use of videotape is being
implemented on a widespread basis in crime
scene investigation recently.
20. Cardinal rules for crime scene
photography
There are three cardinal rules for photography
1) to fill the frame
2) maximum depth off filled
3) to keep the film plain parallel
21. sketches( an annotated picture is worth a ten thousand
words)
There are two type sketches for crime scene
investigation
1)rough sketches :- a rough sketch should be
made at the time of the investigation and should
include a simple depiction of all items of interest
in the scene being sketch.
A sketch will be a small part of an overall part of
crime scene
It is not drawn to scale .
22. Cont.
Finished sketch :-the finished sketch is drawn
by a skilled person in drawing in ink ,using
exact measurement.
The finished sketch need not to be made at
crime scene but can be completed in police
station
It should be the actual distance , evidence and
objects contained in the rough sketch.
23. Methods of sketching a crime
scene
There are four methods of drawing sketchs
1) coordinate method :- this method is
frequently used for indoor crime scene .
In this method ,focal point is selected and lines
crossing each other at right angle are drawn .
One line represent the length and width of the
scene to be covered.
24. Cont.
Base line coordinate method :-in this method,
mark a straight line from one fixed point to
another and call it as baseline, from which
measurements are taken at right angle.
Take measurements alone either side of the
baseline to a point at a right angle to the object
to be located.
25. Cont.
Polar method :-this method is used for
sketching large outdoor scenes.
In this method the distances and the directions
of the objects are noted with reference to a
central focal point.
26. Cont.
Triangular method :- this method is mainly
used for out door scene but can also applied in
indoor scene.
in this method , a straight line is drawn from
two fixed objects to the evidence to create a
triangle .
The angle formed at the location of object can
be measure
27. notes
Note taking at the scene must be a constant
activity and should be include:-
A) scene – a detailed written description of the
scene with the location of items of physical
evidence recovered. They should include –
1)Time of discovery and date
2)Who discovered it
3)How it was discovered
4)Who handled the items before packaging
5)Who packaged and marked the item
6)Disposition of item
28. Cont.
B) details :- this may be the only record of the
scene that exists after a period of time.
The note taker should put down as many
details as possible at the time the notes are
taken
29. Searching of crime scene
1)Grid pattern :- the crime scene is divided
into grid .
The search starts at the beginning of the first
lane , goes to the end and then begins at the
end of second lane
Best used in large outdoor scene
Provides a double check of the area.
30. Cont.
2)spiral search method :- in this method , the
search is started from the focal point of the
crime scene and carried out in a spiral manner.
used best in outdoor scenes by one searcher.
Start on outside edge, make smaller
concentric circles as you search.
31. Cont.
3)zone pattern method :- in this method , the
total area divided into equal squares and each
square area is numbered.
Best used when there are multiple people
available to search.
Each searcher is assigned a zone.
32. Collecting and packaging physical
evidence
1) proper packaging :- the crime scene
investigator should bring several different
types of packaging with them to the scene.
Small packages to contains hairs , fibers ,
bullets , glass or other items should be
available typical types of small packaging
includes –
A)screw-cap or pressure- lid plastic bottles
B) small pill boxes
C) “druggist fold” paper bindles
33. Cont.
Proper labeling :- once items have been properly
packaged, they must be properly labeling.
Proper labeling includes the following :-
1) the investigating agency’s case number .
2) the scene site
3) a brief description of evidence
4) the location where the evidence was obtained
within the scene
5) the collector’s name
6) the date and time collected
34. Cont.
3) chain of custody :- a complete and correct
chain of custody must be maintained for all.
These include :-
a) the collecting officer.
b)the transportation officer
c) the laboratory evidence collection person
35. references
1) Dr. m.s dahiya , book ,crime scene
management. page number :- 35
www.wikipedia. Com
m.veryshortintroductions.com