Forensic Engineering Prof Bambang Suhendro.pdf

FORENSIC ENGINEERING
PRINSIP DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA
DI INDONESIA
Prof.Ir.Bambang Suhendro,M.Sc.,Ph.D.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada
2015

MATERI
o Pendahuluan
o Penyebab Degradasi dan Keruntuhan Infrastruktur
o Peralatan Investigasi
o Prinsip Dasar Forensic Engineering
o Kurikulum Pendidikan Forensic Engineer
o Berbagai Contoh Kasus Forensic Engineering
o Berbagai Contoh Kasus di Indonesia
o Penutup

PENDAHULUAN
Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam bidang Teknik Sipil :
perancangan (design) suatu struktur baru
pelaksanaan pembangunannya (construction),
pengelolaan, pengoperasian, dan perawatan
existing infrastructures,
evaluasi teknis untuk menilai kelayakan-pakai
suatu infrastruktur selama masa layannya
(useful life), dan
metode repair/strengthening apa bila diperlukan

Desgn Construction Operation (life time > 50
years)
Strength, Stiffness, Serviceability, Stability,
Durability
monitoring, evaluation, repair
Infrastructure Management System
Quality
of
existing
structures
 time
Minimum requirement
Infrastructure Management System

Berbagai peristiwa yang "tidak diinginkan" seperti:
kecelakaan,
kerusakan,
degradasi kekuatan, dan
keruntuhan
dapat terjadi pada masa :
pelaksanaan, atau
pengoperasian suatu infrastruktur,
yang dapat menimbulkan:
kerugian-kerugian materi,
korban jiwa,
terganggunya stabilitas ekonomi, sosial, dan politik.

Pada kondisi ini berbagai fihak seperti:
a) lembaga pengadilan,
b) kepolisian,
c) pemerintah-daerah setempat yang
terkait dengan perijinan bangunan,
d) asuransi,
e) pemilik bangunan, dan tidak ketinggalan
f) konsultan perencana/pengawas serta
g) kontraktor pada saat pembangunannya,

akan dapat dilibatkan untuk menetapkan
siapa yang "bersalah",
seberapa besar "ganti-rugi" yang
harus dibayarkan kepada fihak yang
dirugikan.

Situasi yang demikian sangat memerlukan
peran Forensic Engineering untuk memban-
tu mengungkapkan permasalahan yang
sebenarnya secara proporsional, yang
secara umum akan meliputi aspek-aspek:
Investigasi
Evaluasi
Kesaksian ahli di depan pengadilan

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) resmi
membentuk Committee on Forensic Engineering
pada tahun 1982,
Saat ini telah berganti nama menjadi
Technical Council of Forensic Engineering
(TCFE).
Konferensi Nasional pertama digelar oleh ASCE di
Seattle, Washington, pada tanggal 7 April 1986,
dengan tema:
“ Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures "

Jurnal ilmiah Forensic Engineering JPCF telah
diterbitkan rutin 3 bulanan sejak Februari 1987
dan mendapatkan respon yang sangat baik dari
berbagai kalangan profesi:
Engineering, lawyer, architects, government,
insurance executives, dan owners.
Konferensi berikutnya digelar oleh TCFE-ASCE
pada tanggal 5~8 Oktober 1997 di Minneapolis,
Minnesota,

Sejak itu beberapa Universitas di USA
telah mulai mengajarkan mata kuliah
Forensic Engineering dalam kurikulum
akademisnya.
Bagaimana dengan di Indonesia ?

Historic Example
1847
• One of the earliest in the modern period being the fall of the Dee bridge at Chester, England. It was built
using cast iron girders, each of which was made of three very large castings dovetailed together. Each
girder was strengthened by wrought iron bars along the length. It was finished in September 1846, and
opened for local traffic after approval by the first Railway Inspector, General Charles Pasley. However, on
24 May 1847, a local train to Ruabon fell through the bridge. The accident resulted in five deaths (three
passengers, the train guard, and the locomotive fireman) and nine serious injuries. The bridge had been
designed by Robert Stephenson, and he was accused of negligence by a local inquest.
• Although strong in compression, cast iron was known to be brittle in tension or bending, yet, on the day of
the accident, the bridge deck was covered with track ballast to prevent the oak beams supporting the track
from catching fire. Stephenson took this precaution because of a recent fire on the Great Western Railway
at Uxbridge, London, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel's bridge caught fire and collapsed. This act imposed
a heavy extra load on the girders supporting the bridge, and probably exacerbated the accident.

Historic Example
1847
• One of theOne of the first major inquiries conducted by the newly formed Railway Inspectorate was
conducted by Captain Simmons of the Royal Engineers, and his report suggested that repeated flexing of
the girder weakened it substantially. He examined the broken parts of the main girder, and confirmed that
the girder had broken in two places, the first break occurring at the center. He tested the remaining girders
by driving a locomotive across them, and found that they deflected by several inches under the moving
load. He concluded that the design was flawed, and that the wrought iron trusses fixed to the girders did not
reinforce the girders at all, which was a conclusion also reached by the jury at the inquest. Stephenson's
design had depended on the wrought iron trusses to strengthen the final structures, but they were anchored
on the cast iron girders themselves, and so deformed with any load on the bridge. Others (especially
Stephenson) argued that the train had derailed and hit the girder, the impact force causing it to fracture.
However, eye witnesses maintained that the girder broke first and the fact that the locomotive remained on
the track showed otherwise.

Forensic Engineer
• The forensic engineer applies the art and science of
engineering to the purpose of the law. Most requests for
services involve civil suits. However, the forensic
engineer may also assist in the prosecution or defense
of criminal or regulatory matters.
• Typical subjects include: failure analysis, accident
reconstruction, causes and origins of fires or explosions,
design review, quality evaluation of construction or
manufacturing, maintenance procedures, and
environment definition.

Jurisprudence
• Attorneys for the prosecution and the defense,
as well as the judge, are lawyers. They are the
main players in the drama of the courtroom. The
lawyer who uses expert testimony in criminal
and civil cases must be knowledgeable of the
law that governs the admissibility of forensic
evidence, and qualified to apply this law to
present and challenge forensic evidence in
depositions and court proceedings. The judge
must understand all the issues and make sure of
the legality of the entire process.

Menurut Webster dictionary, secara umum forensic
diartikan sebagai “.. that which is presented in a
public forum”.
Secara khusus, ketika seorang professional engineer
memberikan kesaksian sebagai saksi ahli (expert
witness) di depan pengadilan atas suatu masalah
engineering yang menyangkut kepentingan
masyarakat dan terkait erat dengan keahliannya
maka engineer tersebut sedang bertugas sebagai
forensic engineer.
PENGERTIAN FORENSIC

Pada kesempatan itu forensic engineer tersebut
haruslah dapat menjelaskan permasalahan
secara obyektif, logis, faktual, netral, tidak bias
dan menggunakan bahasa yang mudah
dimengerti orang awam tentang cara melakukan
investigasi untuk mendapatkan temuan-temuan,
teknik evaluasi dan analisis, hasil evaluasi/
analisis, kesimpulan, pendapat dan rekomendasi.

GAMBARAN UMUM FORENSIC ENGINEERING
Ruang lingkup yang ditangani forensic engineering,
sangat luas dan berikut ini disajikan beberapa hal yang
terkait:
The most prominent elements are:
• investigation,
• evaluation and
• service as an expert witness
Involving :
• court – insurance – owner – contractor –
consultant – police – public – government

Possible unexpected cases that result in accident
or structural collapse:
(1) During design stage
Misinterpretation of codes, design criteria, or
design concept
Misuse of Computer Softwares (input
preparation, assumptions, model used, and
result interpretation)
Miscalculation

(2) During construction
Accidents due to inappropriate construction
method
Poor quality of resulted works
Collapse
(3) During operation (in service)
Accidents, Failure or Collapse due to mis-
operation/management, poor maintenance or
structural degradation
Overloading.
Corrosive or aggressive env.
Earthquake , wind loading
Fire , high/low temperature
Vibration, repetitive load, blast
Fatigue / fracture
Weathering
Flood & Scouring
Function change

CAUSES OF DEGRADATION
In general there are at least 8 causes that
makes a bridge experiences degradation:
(a) dynamic nature of traffic & wind loadings,
(b) fatigue/fracture,
(c) overloads,
(d) thermal cyclic loading,
(e) aggressive and/or corrosive environment,
(f) earthquake induced forces,
(g) ageing, and
(h) flood and scouring.

Overloading & Corrosive/aggressive env.

Repetitive, blast loading,
fatigue/fracture

Ageing
Outdoor environment
• Wet & dry
• Humidity
• UV - radiation
• Weather
Material
deteriora
tes
naturally

Marine
CORROTION IN MARINE
ENVIRONMENT

Guidelines for forensic engineers
• Avoid conflict of interest
• Only take assignments you are competent to
perform
• Consider the opinions of others before you render
your own
• Get all the information, don’t rely on assumptions
• Establish the standard of care for the appropriate
time and place

• Respect the confidentiality of your client
• Be dispassionate and objective at all times
• Terminate the assignment if you are not allowed
to conduct the full inquiry
• Terminate the assignment if the fee is being
used to bias your opinion

Lingkup kasus yang ditangani sangat luas, sejak tinjauan
aspek investigasi, evaluasi, dan menjadi saksi-ahli, sampai
tinjauan aspek penyebab accident/failure/collapse yang
dapat terjadi pada masa perancangan, masa konstruksi,
maupun masa operasi sesuai fungsinya yang mencakup
rentang waktu sangat panjang (selama masa layan renca-
na struktur, yang lazimnya diambil lebih dari 50 tahun).
Obyek yang ditangani forensic engineering selalu terkait
dengan infrastruktur yang sudah jadi (existing
infrastructures) atau yang sedang dalam masa konstruksi.

Tidak seperti civil engineer pada umumnya, dimana
perencanaan (planning), perancangan (design) dan
analisis struktur-baru berikut metode konstruksi dan
manajemen proyek merupakan bekal utama yang
harus dikuasainya, pada forensic engineering selain
bekal yang telah disebut sebelumnya juga dituntut
untuk menguasai:
a) penggunaan berbagai instrumentasi dan
peralatan tes distruktif maupun non-distruktif,
b) teknik-teknik evaluasi kinerja existing structures
di lapangan,

c) metode analisis-ulang existing structures
dengan data saat itu (berupa material
properties yang sudah mengalami degradasi
karena berbagai sebab),
d) metode perawatan,
e) metode repair/strengthening existing structures
beserta repair materials yang digunakan, dan
f) pengetahuan yang cukup tentang berbagai
peristiwa penyebab keruntuhan struktur di
masa lalu dan pengalaman dalam menangani
kasus sejenis.

Dalam lingkup yang lebih sederhana (tidak
terkait dengan pengadilan), seorang forensic
engineer juga mampu menangani permasalah-
an yang muncul dalam masa pengelolaan,
pengoperasian, dan perawatan existing infra-
structures, maupun masalah evaluasi teknis un-
tuk menilai kelayakan-pakai suatu infrastruktur
selama masa layannya dan metode perbaikan/
perkuatan (repair/strengthening) bila perlu.

Elective Courses & Practical
Experiences

Table 1 : CE 5806:
Syllabus Forensic Analysis & Condition Assessment of Civil &
Mechanical Infrastructure
NO TOPIC
1 Course Overview and Introductions (video)
2 Infrastructure inspections (video) (Chapter 1: NDE)
3 Introduction to investigation of failures due to soil
Expansion and Assignment No. 1: Paper on Expansive Soils and/or
Structural collapse. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 1
4 NDE Presentaions (video) & Dye Penetrant NDE (Chapter 2: NDE)
5 Expansive soil failure examples and procedures. Read: Failures:
Foundation and Building Failures.
6 Dye Penetrant NDE (Chapter 2: NDE)
7 Hyatt Regency, Newport Centre Mall, the promenade, and ethics
Questions Raised. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 5.
8 Ultrasound (Chapter 5: NDE)

9 Product failure Investigation
10 Oral and Written Presentations-Structures/Soil Failures
11 Oral and Written Presentations- Structures/Soil Failures
12 Ultrasound
13 Introduction to Vehicular Accident Reconstruction and Assignment
No. 2: Paper on VAR. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 3
14 Ultrasound
15 Accident Reconstruction Methods and Examples
16 Ultrasound
17 Magnetic Particle Methods (Chapter 3: NDE)
18 Magnetic Particle Methods
19 Var and Ethics Questions Raised
20 NDE of Timber Structures

21 Computer Programs in Accident Reconstruction
22 Oral and Written Presentations-VAR
23 Oral and Written Presentations-VAR
24 NDE of Steel Structures
25 Deposition Testimony and Assignment No. 3: Paper Engineering
Etics Read: Guidelines Chapter 6
26 NDE of Masonry Structures
27 Court Testimony. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 7.
28 NDE of Concrete Structures
29 Contruction Law and Building Failures
30 Product Law and Product Failures
31 Ethics in Engineering Practice and Submittal of Paper on Ethics
32 Course wrap up

Table 2: Texts for CE 5806
** Required texts for CE 5806 – other texts optional
Guidelines**: Guidelines for Failure Investigation, Task Committee on
Guidelines for Failure Investigation of the Technical Council on Forensic
Engineering, 1989, ASCE, 345 East 47th Street NY, NY 10017-2398
Failures: Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation and
Geoenvironmental Case Studies, Education Committee of the Technical
Council on Forensic Engineering, 1995, ASCE, 345 East 47th Street NY,
NY 10017-2398
Forensic: Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures, Symposium
Proceedings, ASCE Technical Council on Forensic Engineering and the
Performance of Structures Research Council of the Technical Council on
Research, ASCE National Convention, Seattle, Washington, April 7, 1986,
Street NY, NY 10017-2398
NDE**: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, Barry Hull & Vernon John 1988.
The MacMillan Press. Reprint 1994.
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS FOR CIVIL
INFRASTRUCTURES, Edited by Hota V.S. Ganga Rao, Structural
Division, ASCE, 345 East 47th Street, NY, NY, 1993.

MANUAL OF FORENSIC ENGINEERING
PRACTICE - A SYNOPSIS
The practice of Forensic Engineering involves the
investigation of performance difficulties of buildings
and structures in the broad field of civil engineering.
Investigation of failures usually involves an interface
with the legal system, most often in the form of expert
testimony. The overall purpose of the Manual is to
commit to writing the current state of forensic
engineering practice. As such, this document will not
be a standard or code but will address the acceptable
behavior of civil engineers engaged in the analysis of
failures.

The manual is organized into general
areas of interest.
They are Qualifications, Investigations,
Ethics, Business and Legal.
The chapter on Qualifications basically
addreses the minimum education and
experience requirements for forensic
engineers.

 The term expert will be dicussed as
defined both by the Courts and by the
profession. Various aspects of federal and
state law will be cited as they apply to the
engineers offering expert testimony.
 Disqualification will also be discussed.
 The chapter on Ethics in the primary focus
of the Manus.

• Defining ethical behavior of the forensic
engineer is the goal of the effort.
• The ASCE’s Code of Ethics is applied to
the forensic engineer
• Both the conflict of interest and the
appearance of such are defined and
discussed in detail

 Sanctioning processes by the regilatory
bodies and the ASCE are presented.
 The Legal Forum chapter gives a brief
overview of the court system as it applies
to the construction industry.

Failure Investgation (examples)
2015 Failure Investigation at a Collapsed Deep Excavation in Very Sensitive Organic Soft
Clay
2014 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse and Failure Analysis in Giles County, Virginia
2013 Failure Analysis of a Highway Dip Slope Slide
2013 Soil Slope Failure Investigation Management System
2012 Failure Case Studies in Civil Engineering, Structures, Foundations, and the
Geoenvironment
2012 Forensic Engineering 2012, Gateway to a Safer Tomorrow
2012 True Cost of Hurricanes: Comprehensive Understanding of Multihazard Building
Damage
2011 Investigation and Repair of a Four-Story Building Damaged by Yazoo Clay
2011 Investigation of Bridge Expansion Joint Failure Using Field Strain Measurement
2008 Collapse of Suspended Portland Cement Plaster Stucco Soffit
2006 Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 1907
2006 Failure Investigation of a Foamed-Asphalt Highway Project
2006 Roof Collapse: Forensic Uplift Failure Analysis
2005 Failure Analysis of Modular-Block Reinforced-Soil Walls during Earthquakes
2005 Investigation of Flood Induced Pipeline Failures on Lower San Jacinto River
2005 Lessons from the Kinzua
2005 Lessons Learned: Failure of a Hydroelectric Power Project Dam
2005 Probability-Based Diagnosis of Defective Geotechnical Engineering Structures
2003 Anatomy of a Disaster: A Structural Investigation of the World Trade Center Collapses
2003 Failure Analysis of 100-Year Old Timber Roof Truss
2003 Fatigue Performance of Modular Bridge Expansion Joints
2003 Forensic Evaluation of Premature Failures of Texas Specific Pavement Study-1
Sections
2003 Investigation of a Sheffield Structural Tile Floor

2003 Investigation on Failure Behavior of Mixed-Species Glued Laminated Timber
Beams
2003 Lessons from the Collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge
2003 Lessons from the Failure of the Teton Dam
2003 Numerical Evaluation of Load Capacity of Corroded Pipes
2003 Service Learning and Forensic Engineering in Soil Mechanics
2003 The St. Francis Dam Failure
2002 Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shell Structures
2002 Failure Analysis of Welded Steel Moment-Resisting Frame Connections
2002 American Society of Civil Engineers: A Case Study in Successful Failure
Analysis
2002 World Trade Center Collapse—Civil Engineering Considerations
2001 Another Look at Hartford Civic Center Coliseum Collapse
2000 Another Look at the L’Ambiance Plaza Collapse
2000 Chronology and Context of the Hyatt Regency Collapse
2000 Engineering Process Failure—Hyatt Walkway Collapse
2000 Facade Failures: The Second Time
2000 Failure Analysis Case Study Information Disseminator
2000 Investigating the Cause of Rotted Wood Piles
2000 Investigation of Construction Collapse of Steel Structure of The Post Office
Building in
Chicago, Illinois

2000 Stone Cladding Failure: The Cause and Consequences
2000 Temporary Bracing Failures during Construction (Fact or Fiction): Case Studies
2000 ―The Hyatt Horror‖: Failure and Responsibility in American Engineering
1999 Investigation into Cause of Failure of Lift Control Panel
1998 A 1995 Bank Erosion Survey Along the Illinois Waterway
1998 Civil Engineering Education Through Case Studies of Failures
1998 Effects of Lateral Ground Movements on Failure Patterns of Piles in the 1995
Hyogoken-Nambu
Earthquake
1998 Lessons from the Failure of the LS Hydroelectric Power Project Dam
1998 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Large Diameter Pile Foundations for the Bay Bridge
1998 The Oklahoma City Bombing: Structure and Mechanisms of the Murrah Building
1998 Shaking Table Tests on Seismic Behavior of Quay Walls Subjected to Backfill
Liquefaction
1997 Education Begins Responding to the Needs of our Deteriorating and Failing
Infrastructure
1997 Failure Mechanisms in Building Construction
1997 Glossary of Forensic Engineering Practice
1997 The Hartford Coliseum Space Truss Failure—A Retrospective
2000 The John Hancock Tower Glass Failure: Debunking the Myths
2000 Preventing Failures of Precast Concrete Facade Panels and Their Connections
2000 Slope Failure in Weathered Claystone and Siltstone

Contoh : Forensic Engineering Consultant
PAUL ZAMROWSKI ASSOCIATES, INC.
FORENSIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS
Engineering Investigation & Analysis
Failure Reconstruction
Civil * Structural * Mechanical * Electrical * Chemical * Metallurgical
GENERAL INFORMATION
Forensic Engineering: Engineering applied to matters of losses, claims and law.
* * * * *
Experience and integrity are the keys to our success in this esoteric field. Since 1972, forensic
engineering has been our sole practice.
* * * * *
Paul Zamrowski Associates, Inc. is an association of engineers specializing in technical
investigation of accidents, failures and disasters.
We determine how and why an accident or damage occurred, explore the extent of damage,
and ascertain whether a design, manufacturing, construction or service defect was at fault.
Plaintiff or defendant, our findings are impartial.
Each investigation involves compiling background information, gathering physical evidence,
and reconstructing the incident based on sound scientific and engineering principles.
Conclusive, supportable opinions focus on theory of liability.
Results are presented in clear, concise reports, fully illustrated with diagrams and
photographs.
All of our associates are courtroom qualified.
We pride ourselves in being able to respond to emergencies immediately.
As of January of 2009, our experience exceeds 26,000 cases.

Contoh kasus : Civil Engineering
Structural Engineering
• Structural failures and analysis; extent of damage; structural integrity
• Settlement, deflection and creep
• Earthquake, fire and tornado damage
• Corrosion
• Hydrostatic soil pressure; frost heave
• Lightning damage
• Roof failures
• Sink holes
• Collapses
• Temporary support structures
• Evaluation of pre-engineered metal buildings
• Blasting and vibrations
• Weather damage: snow, ice, rain, wind and flood

Contoh kasus : Civil
Engineering
Hydrology & Hydraulics
• Floods, wells, groundwater, surface water runoff
• Sewerage and drainage systems
• Stormwater detention
Highway Design, Construction and Maintenance
Industrial Engineering and Accidents
Metallurgical and Material Analysis:
Metals, timber, plastics, masonry, concrete, composites, earth,
asphalt, rock and soil

Berbagai kasus Civil
Engineering
• Accident Reconstruction
• Bridge Design, Construction,
Rehabilitation and Maintenance
• Building Codes and Standards
Conformance
• Chemical Engineering
• Environmental Control Systems
• Explosions
• Temporary Support Structures:
• Scaffolding, platforms, shoring,
bracing, underpinning, hoists
and cranes
• Welding Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Computers
• Construction
• Construction Equipment
Accidents:
• Corrosion
• Cost Evaluation
• Crane Accidents
• Electrical Engineering:
• Fires - All Types:
• Fuel Tank Ruptures
• Glass Failures
• Human Factors - Investigation
and Analysis
• Hydrology & Hydraulics

The Association of Consulting Forensic
Engineers
• The Association of Consulting Forensic Engineers (then Association of Litigation Engineers) was
founded in December 1982 by a group of seven Consulting Engineers who practiced as Expert
Witnesses in Ireland. The Memorandum of Association defines the role of a Consulting Forensic
Engineer as a person who undertakes evidential engineering investigations.
• Members of the Association are Chartered Engineers (or equivalent status) who practise as
Consulting Engineers either individually or as Partner in a Practice of Consulting Engineers.
• The Association of Consulting Forensic Engineers (ACFE) is a company limited by guarantee.
It is registered in Dublin No 93152
• There are currently about 50 Members throughout the island of Ireland who practise in a wide range
of areas. The common thread is that they prepare Expert Engineering Reports and give Expert
Engineering Evidence to the Courts and similar tribunals. Most members work in Personal Injury
litigation. Some work in the Criminal Courts and some are Professional Arbitrators. Some members
specialise in narrow areas whilst others cover a wide range of work.
• The Association of Consulting Forensic Engineers fulfils an educational role in that it organises an
annual seminar on a topical subject or area of Practice. Some of these seminars are restricted to
members whilst others are open and are attended by Practitioners in Law, Insurance and related
disciplines.
• In 2006 the Association introduced the 2006 ACFE Bursary Scheme as part of the commitment of
its members to promoting the profession of Engineering to school leavers from less advantaged
backgrounds. This is an exciting and unique development in the National STEPS Programme to
encourage school leavers to study engineering and science of which the ACFE is justifiably proud.

SEMINARS / SHORT COURSES
• Sudden Damage vs. Maintenance Issues in Buildings
• Sudden Damage vs. Maintenance Issues in Buildings helps students distinguish between distress
caused by "sudden" movements of a structure (settlement, strong wind, earthquakes, etc.) vs. normal
material deterioration or shrinkage. This course specifically discusses hurricane/tornado sudden
damage. Case studies illustrate field inspections and ultimate classification of distress. This course
addresses residential and light commercial structures.
• CE Credit: 4 Hours
• Wind vs. Wave Damage Assessment
• Wind vs. Wave Damage Assessment course expands on our "Sudden Damage" and "Wind Effects"
courses, but focuses on hurricanes. We discuss the hurricane formation, types of hurricane-caused
damage, and how to differentiate between damage caused by hurricane-induced waves and wind. We
use recent case studies like Hurricane Katrina to illustrate inspection techniques and challenges. This
is an invaluable educational tool for those working in hurricane affected areas, or seeking to prepare
for next hurricane season.
• Commercial Roofs Damage Assessment
• Commercial Roofs Damage Assessment provides students with a comprehensive look at the most
common types of commercial roofing materials. We take a detailed look at weathering, specifically hail
and wind, as applied to commercial roofs. We examine manufacturing, installation, and natural
weathering for the primary commercial roofing types: Built-up, Modified bitumen, EPDM, and Other
major flat roof systems.
• Learn how to differentiate between aging and hail, wind, or mechanical damage. Color photos depict
the various types of commercial roofing systems and common damage/problems.

Pulse Ultrasonic Non Destructive Test
(PUNDIT)

Environmental Testing
• Provides a wide variety of equipment and structures designed to duplicate and test in-use
conditions.
• Unlike typical materials testing laboratories, ours often incorporates special test methods and
procedures to replicate operational situations, after which our engineers compile and analyze
test data to evaluate causes of failure or potential problems.
• Much of our test equipment is portable, permitting accurate tests in the field.
• Environmental Test Chamber. This 27 cubic foot temperature/humidity test chamber is
designed specifically for product development, quality assurance, research and other
applications to determine product resistance to various temperatures from -20° to + 100° C and
humidity exposure from 20% to 98%.
• QUV Testing. Haag can simulate the effects of temperature, moisture and UV exposure on
various building elements.
• Moisture Detection Testing. Used primarily in roof assembly studies, portable equipment is
available to determine the presence and extent of moisture.
• High-Pressure Hydrostatic Testing. Pressures up to 10,000 psi can be generated for hydrostatic
testing of pressure vessels, valves and hose assemblies.
• High-Current Electrical Testing. Equipment is available to test circuit breaker functions and to
load-test electrical cables at ratings of up to 1000 amperes.
• Mechanical Testing. Tensile testing up to 5,000 lbs. for small specimens is available. Haag also
is equipped with portable laboratory equipment for metal hardness field testing.
• Fire and Explosion Testing. Haag utilizes flammable gas detectors, carbon monoxide monitors
and pipe leak test equipment for fire and explosion analyses.

KONTROL KUALITAS BETON
1. Bahan susun (air, agregat halus, agregat
kasar, semen, aditif, tulangan)  pengujian
bahan
2. Proses pelaksanaan (sebelum mengeras)
campuran beton, proses pencampuran,
bekisting, pengecoran, pemadatan, perawatan
3. Hasil akhir (setelah beton mengeras)
sampel benda uji, finishing, defect (retak,
keropos), repair.

Homogeneity of the concrete
• Measurement of pulse velocities at points on a regular grid
on the surface of a concrete structure provides a reliable
method of assessing the homogeneity of the concrete.
• It is useful to plot a diagram of pulse velocity contours from
the results obtained since this gives a clear picture of the
extent of variations.
• It should be appreciated that the path length can influence
the extent of the variations recorded because the pulse
velocity measurements correspond to the average quality of
the concrete along the line of the pulse path and the size of
concrete sample tested at each measurement is directly
related to the path length.

Concrete Testing
Transducer Arrangement
The diagrams show three alternative arrangements for the transducers when testing
concrete. Whenever possible, the direct transmission arrangement should be used.
This will give maximum sensitivity and provide a well defined path length. It is,
however, sometimes required to examine the concrete by using diagonal paths and
semi-direct arrangements are suitable for these.

Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Pulse Velocity (km/sec)

Detection of defects (cracks)
• When an ultrasonic pulse travelling through concrete meets
a concrete-air interface, there is a negligible transmission of
energy across this interface so that any air-filled crack or
void lying directly between the transducers will obstruct the
direct beam of ultrasound when the void has a projected
area larger than the area of the transducer faces.
• The first pulse to arrive at the receiving transducer will have
been diffracted around the periphery of the defect and the
transit time will be longer than in similar concrete with no
defect.
• It is sometimes possible to make use of this effect far
locating flaws, etc. but it should be appreciated that small
defects often have little or no effect on transmission times.

Estimating the depth of surface
cracks
If the first value of x chosen is X1 and the second value X2 and the transit times
corresponding to these are T1 and T2 respectively, then
Crack Depth = X1√(4T1
2 – T 2
2)/(T2
2-T1
2)
The equation given above is derived by assuming that the plane of the crack is
perpendicular to the concrete surface and that the concrete in the vicinity of the
crack is of reasonably uniform quality.

Crack depth (h) = (L/2)(T2/T1-T1/T2)

Detection of large voids or
cavities
• A large cavity may be detected by measuring the transit
times of pulses passing between the transducers when they
are placed in suitable positions so that the cavity lies in the
direct path between them.
• The size and position of such cavities may be estimated by
assuming that the pulses pass along the shortest path
between the transducers and around the cavity.
• Such estimates are more reliable if the cavity has a well
defined boundary surrounded by uniformly dense concrete.
• If the projected area of the cavity is smaller than the
diameter of the transducer the cavity cannot be detected.

This facility is particularly useful for following the hardening process
during the first two days after casting and it is sometimes possible to
take measu-rements through formwork before it is removed at very early
ages.
This has a useful application for determining when formwork can be
removed or when prestressing operations can proceed.
Monitoring
hardening process
Accurately
determine when
formwork could be
removed
In prestressed
concrete, when
prestressing
operation can
proceed

10/2/1980 103
 Alat uji bahan :
a. Alat uji tidak merusak (non-destructive
apparatus) – mekanik, optik, kimia, elektronik,
dinamik, termik, suara
b. Alat uji merusak (destructive apparatus) -
mekanik, optik, kimia, elektronik, dinamik, termik
 Alat uji Struktur :
a. Alat uji statik
b. Alat uji siklik (kuasi statik)
c. Alat uji dinamik
PERALATAN INVESTIGASI

10/2/1980 104
A. Alat Uji Bahan
Non Destructive
Apparatus –
Elektronik/ Mekanik
1. Caliper (mengukur di-
mensi elemen struktur)
2. Schmidt hammer
(mengukur kuat-tekan
beton, fc’)
3. Ultra Sonic Pulse
Velocity meter /UPV
mengukur modulus
elastisitas (Ec), kuat-
tekan (fc’), kedalaman
retak, ada/ tidaknya
keropos beton
4. Crack Microscope
(mengukur lebar retak
dengan ketelitian 0,01
mm)
5. Rebar Locator
(mengukur tebal selimut
beton, posisi dan
diameter tulangan)
1
2
3
4
5

10/2/1980 105
Non
Destructive
Apparatus –
Elektronik/
Mekanik
 Permeability
meter (alat
ukur permeabi-
litas beton dan
kekedapan
udara )
1. Pompa hisap
udara
2. Jarum suntik air
3. Selang air/
udara
4. Pipet tiup udara
5. Penyumbat
udara/ air
A. Alat Uji Bahan
1
2
3
4
5

10/2/1980 106
Non Destructive
Apparatus -
Elektronik
 Chloride Test
1. Probe (berupa
bahan sensitif
terhadap aliran
listrik
2. Indicator (penunjuk
tegangan listrik
yang mengalir di
antara permukaan
beton dan baja di
dalamnya
3. Stick (tongkat
penggerak probe
dan indicator) B. Alat Uji Struktur
1 2
3

10/2/1980 107
Half Cell Test Kits
Deteksi
korosi
tulangan
baja
dalam
beton
Potential Level (µ V) p-korosi
< -200 95%
-200 ~ -350 50%
-350 ~ -500 5%

10/2/1980 108
B. Alat Uji Struktur
Non-destructive
Apparatus -
Elektronik
 Probes/ sensor &
Indicator
1. Inclinometer
(mengukur kemiringan
 5o)
2. Accelerometer
(mengukur
percepatan)
3. Velocity meter
(mengukur kecepatan)
4. Conditioner/
Indicator (penguat
sinyal)
5. Digital Ph Meter &
Thermometer
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
2

10/2/1980 109
Load-
displacement
Apparatus -
Elektronik
1. Load cell (Control
- 200 ton)
2. LVDT (50 - 200
mm stroke)
3. Indicator (TC 31K
 manual/
automatic
recording system)
4. Thermocouple
and digital
indicator (tipe K
 1200 C)
A. Alat Uji Struktur
1 2
3
4

10/2/1980 110
Non Destructive
Apparatus –
Elektrik/
Elektronik
1. Mechanical
Exciter
(penggetar,
mengukur
frekuensi alami
struktur)
2. Speed controller
(perubah
frekuensi getaran
untuk mendapat-
kan frekuensi
alami dan
redaman)
3. Balok Uji
1
2
3

10/2/1980 111
Non Destructive
Apparatus -
Elektronik
 Sound and Ground
Vibration
1. Microphone
(mendeteksi
intensitas suara
dalam desibel)
2. Conditioner
(penguat getaran
dan menyimpan /
meneruskan ke
peralatan lain spt
komputer/ perekam)
3. Printer (mencetak
data hasil
perekaman)
4. Accelerometers
(dalam arah x, y dan
z)
5. Pelengkap lainnya
1
2
3
4
5

10/2/1980 112
Static & Dynamic
Apparatus -
Elektronik
 Loadcell &
Indicator
1. Loadcell (25 –
200 ton)
2. Low temperature
gauge (mengukur
temperatur s/d
100o C)
3. Data logger
(penyimpan data
 500 kanal)
4. Strain indicator
(pengukur
regangan digital)
1
2
3
4

10/2/1980 113
A. Alat Uji Bahan
Semi Distructive
Apparatus – Mekanik/
Elektrik
 Corecase
1. Core stand
(pemegang posisi dan
penekan corebit)
2. Core bit (mata bor
berbentuk pipa untuk
mengambil contoh
silinder beton,
diameter 3,5 / 5 / 8 cm)
3. Water pump (pompa
air pendingin)
4. Hand drill (pemutar
core bit)
5. Pliers (penjepit /
pengambil silinder)
1
2
3
5
4

10/2/1980 115
Semi
Destructive
Apparatus -
Mekanik
 Coredrill
1. Rotating
machine (mesin
pemutar core bit)
2. Adjuster (roda
penekan core
bit)
3. Core bit
(diameter 100 –
150 mm)
4. Flexible cooling
water hose
(pipa air
pendingin)
A. Alat Uji Bahan
1
2
3
4

10/2/1980 117
Falling Weight
Deflectometer
(FWD) 14 tf
Mengukur
bearing capacity
rigid/flexible
pavement

10/2/1980 118
Heavy Weight
Deflectometer
(HWD) 24 tf
Mengukur
bearing capacity
rigid/flexible
pavement

References
Guidelines**: Guidelines for Failure Investigation, Task Committee on
Guidelines for Failure Investigation of the Technical Council on Forensic
Engineering, 1989, ASCE, 345 East 47th Street NY, NY 10017-2398
Failures: Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation and
Geoenvironmental Case Studies, Education Committee of the Technical
Council on Forensic Engineering, 1995, ASCE, 345 East 47th Street NY,
NY 10017-2398
Forensic: Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures, Symposium
Proceedings, ASCE Technical Council on Forensic Engineering and the
Performance of Structures Research Council of the Technical Council on
Research, ASCE National Convention, Seattle, Washington, April 7, 1986,
Street NY, NY 10017-2398
NDE**: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, Barry Hull & Vernon John 1988.
The MacMillan Press. Reprint 1994.
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS FOR CIVIL
INFRASTRUCTURES, Edited by Hota V.S. Ganga Rao, Structural
Division, ASCE, 345 East 47th Street, NY, NY, 1993.

References
• Krishnamurthy, N. (2007). Forensic Engineering in
Structural Design and Construction. Structural
Engineers World Congress. Bangalore, India.
• Specter, M.M. (2002). Forensic Engineering Curriculum
Committee Summary Report l. National Academy of
Forensic Engineers (NAFE).

Forensic Engineering Prof Bambang Suhendro.pdf

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