Foreign aid can contribute to economic growth by increasing investment, imports of capital goods, and human capital development. However, aid can also fuel conflict by being stolen or appropriated by governments and militias to support warring factions. Pakistan is cited as an example - despite receiving over $100 billion in aid over decades, it has not experienced reduced conflict or improved development outcomes. The effectiveness of aid depends on factors like governance and policies in the receiving country.
RIR 106 Introduction to International Political Economy course outline.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This course provides the theoretical, historical, institutional and technical background for effective advocacy of international economic policy.
The focus is on the political economy of international trade, foreign direct investment, exchange rates, portfolio capital flows and the balance of payments, industrial policy and international labor migration.
It is not a course on economics and students are not expected to have any background in the study of economics though some economic concepts will be employed and discussed.
RIR 106 Introduction to International Political Economy course outline.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This course provides the theoretical, historical, institutional and technical background for effective advocacy of international economic policy.
The focus is on the political economy of international trade, foreign direct investment, exchange rates, portfolio capital flows and the balance of payments, industrial policy and international labor migration.
It is not a course on economics and students are not expected to have any background in the study of economics though some economic concepts will be employed and discussed.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
Venezuela's crisis and economic conditionAbir Hasan
This topic was given to us for presentation by the teacher of Macroeconomics course (Bus 201). We talked about crisis in Venezuela and their sufferings. It was great opportunity to know about the economic condition of the country.
Remittances - Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
Remittances are monies sent by people living and working overseas back to their country of origin – usually sent back to their families. To what extent are remittance inflows an important / significant contributor to economic growth and development in lower and middle income developing countries?
This is a presentation by Mr. Muluneh Ayalew, Director, Monetary and Financial Analysis Directorate, National Bank of
Ethiopia, at the 3rd Annual East Africa Finance Summit
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.
Financial contagion refers to “the spread of market disturbances -- mostly on the downside -- from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, sovereign spreads, and capital flows." Financial contagion can be a potential risk for countries who are trying to integrate their financial system with international financial markets and institutions. It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions.
Contemporary conflicts and geopolitics interestsFaris Kasim
Presentation given to a class of UMN alumni, as one lecture in a prospective class on contemporary global issues.
Please note that images and text used in this powerpoint were taken from the internet but have not been cited in this version.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
Venezuela's crisis and economic conditionAbir Hasan
This topic was given to us for presentation by the teacher of Macroeconomics course (Bus 201). We talked about crisis in Venezuela and their sufferings. It was great opportunity to know about the economic condition of the country.
Remittances - Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
Remittances are monies sent by people living and working overseas back to their country of origin – usually sent back to their families. To what extent are remittance inflows an important / significant contributor to economic growth and development in lower and middle income developing countries?
This is a presentation by Mr. Muluneh Ayalew, Director, Monetary and Financial Analysis Directorate, National Bank of
Ethiopia, at the 3rd Annual East Africa Finance Summit
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.
Financial contagion refers to “the spread of market disturbances -- mostly on the downside -- from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, sovereign spreads, and capital flows." Financial contagion can be a potential risk for countries who are trying to integrate their financial system with international financial markets and institutions. It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions.
Contemporary conflicts and geopolitics interestsFaris Kasim
Presentation given to a class of UMN alumni, as one lecture in a prospective class on contemporary global issues.
Please note that images and text used in this powerpoint were taken from the internet but have not been cited in this version.
A briefing I built and gave for my class on "The Politics of Aid." Looks at U.S. aid priorities and presents facts regarding which countries they go to and which objectives our aid supports.
What Influences U.S Official Development Aid to Nigeria? iosrjce
It is generally believed that aid is a charity from the rich to the poor countries to help the poor
overcome their development problems. As a result of this, a number of erroneous beliefs now surround the issue
of foreign aid from the donor countries (rich) to the developing countries. Despite these beliefs, U.S aid to
Nigeria has been significant especially since the country returned to democracy. Late 2014, U.S promised to
increase the aid to Nigeria to about $720m. It is on this that this study sought to investigate the factors
influencing the increase in U.S aid to Nigeria during the period of 1980-2013. The theoretical analysis rests on
two-gap model and combines several methods of econometrics. The findings shows that aid flow to the country
are influenced by the variables: unemployment, poverty rate, population growth rate, demographic factors
proxy by the number of people living with HIV as well as the growth rate of GDP per capita. Based on the
results, the author then suggests that aid flow to the country should be properly managed to achieve the
objectives at which aid is being allocated to the country.
There is a new Aid paradigm shift that emerged on the verge of the 20th century. Donor agencies are now grappled with the issue of poverty reduction. The core subject of growth, sustainable development, governance and social progress informs the very agenda of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) mirrors the desires of the donor society to attain extreme poverty reduction by 2015. Check with academiceagles.com for a comprehensive report
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The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
2. QUESTIONS ASKED!
What is foreign aid?
How can foreign aid develop the world and
Contribute to economic growth?
Who receives foreign aid?
Who gives foreign aid?
3. WHAT IS FOREIGN AID?
Foreign aid is the transfer of resources from one country
to another; aid can be given by individuals,
organizations and the government of a country in many
forms.
Aid may serve one or more functions, Countries may
provide aid for further diplomatic reasons, Humanitarian
and selfless purposes are at least partly responsible for
the giving of aid. The most widely used measure of aid is
"Official Development Assistance" (ODA). It is widely
used as an indicator of international aid flow.
4. • Chenery and Strout (1966) claimed that foreign aid
promotes development by adding to domestic savings
as well as to foreign exchange availability, this
helping to close either the savings-investment gap or
the export-import gap. (Isse 129)
• Carol Lancaster defines foreign aid as "a voluntary
transfer of public resources, from a government to
another independent government, to an NGO, or to an
international organization (such as the World Bank)
with at least a 25 percent grant element, one goal of
which is to better the human condition in the country
receiving the aid."
5. HOW CAN FOREIGN AID
DEVELOP THE WORLD
AND CONTRIBUTE TO
ECONOMIC GROWTH
6. Rich countries gave more than $130 billion to Official
Development Assistance (ODA) in 2014.
Over the last five decades, western donors spent US
$4.14 trillion, the equivalent of more than seven times
the 2014 GDP of Nigeria.
These flows are topped up by support from non-
governmental organizations and other private charities,
and so-called new donor countries for example the
United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Yet, in many of the developing countries receiving the
aid, poverty still looms large and underdevelopment
persists.
7. The main role of foreign aid in stimulating economic
growth is to supplement domestic sources of finance
such as savings, thus increasing the amount of
investment and capital stock.
• (a) Aid increases investment, in physical and human
capital;
• (b) Aid increases the capacity to import capital goods
or technology;
• (c) Aid does not have indirect effects that reduce
investment or savings rates.
8. AID EFFECTIVENESS
Aid and Growth literature, Hansen and Tarp (2001)
1st Generation: being influenced by the Harrod-Domar
model, mainly focused on the aid-savings link.
2nd Generation: investigated the aid-investment-
growth link more directly without focusing on
savings.
3rd Generation: investigated institutional polices in the
economy affecting aid.
9. • Burnside and Dollar (2000), found support for the
basic idea that an increase in aid flows strengthens
economic growth in poor countries when the policy
environment is favorable. In the presence of poor
policies, aid was not found to have any positive effect
on growth.
• Collier and Hoeffler (2004) found that aid works
particularly well in good policy environments a few
years after a conflict has ended.
11. Rank Country Categories Foreign Aid Received (1,000s of USD)
1 Egypt North Africa/ Middle East 5,505,650
2 Afghanistan South Asia 5,265,950
3 Vietnam South East Asia 4,084,770
4 Myanmar South East Asia 3,934,810
5 Ethiopia East Africa 3,826,250
6 Syria Middle East 3,626,750
7 Tanzania East Africa 3,430,280
8 Kenya East Africa 3,236,280
9 Turkey Asia/Europe 2,740,590
10 Bangladesh South Asia 2,669,110
11 Congo, Dem. Rep. Central Africa 2,572,220
12 Nigeria West Arica 2,529,480
13 India South Asia 2,435,680
14 Mozambique East Africa 2,314,140
15 Pakistan South Asia 2,174,110
16 Morocco North Africa 1,966,140
17 Uganda East Africa 1,692,560
18 Iraq Middle East 1,541,400
19 South Sudan North Africa 1,447,460
20 Jordan Middle East 1,407,900
21 Mali West Africa 1,391,300
22 Ghana West Africa 1,330,510
23 South Africa Africa 1,292,950
24 Cote d'Ivoire West Africa 1,262,000
25 Haiti Caribbean 1,170,550
14. FOREIGN AID CONFLICT
At the Millennium Summit of 2000, the international
community agreed on certain Millennium Development
Goals (MDG) to be reached by 2015.
World leaders have acknowledged that objective
attainment depends on increased resource transfers as
well as improved aid effectiveness through donor co-
ordination.
Aid increase has been suggested in the Monterrey
Consensus (UN 2004) and (UN 2005).
15. • Humanitarian aid is one of the key policy tools used
by the international community to help alleviate
hunger and suffering in the developing world. The
main component of humanitarian aid is food aid.
In recent years, the usefulness of humanitarian aid
and food aid in particular, has received increasing
criticism, especially in the context of conflict-prone
regions. Aid workers, human rights observers, and
journalists have accused humanitarian aid of being
not only ineffective, but of actually promoting
conflict (Anderson 1999; deWaal 1997; and Polman
2010).
16. The question is what is triggering countries receiving aid
to be susceptible to conflicts?
--Sudden aid shortfalls make governments relatively less
able to make enough side-payments or military
investment to preserve the peaceful status quo in the
future. However when the payments aren’t being made
the peacefulness in the economy is not kept, it gets rather
contradictory.
17. WHAT CAUSES FOREIGN AID
CONFLICT?
1. Aid stealing is one of the key ways in which
humanitarian aid fuels conflict. They highlight the
ease with which armed groups and oppositions
appropriate humanitarian aid, which is often
physically transported over long distances through
territories only weakly controlled by the recipient
government. Reports indicate that up to 80 percent of
aid can be stolen en route (Polman 2010, p. 121).
18. WHAT CAUSES FOREIGN AID
CONFLICT?
2. Political Reason for Aid Conflict: Aid is not only
stolen by rebel militias, but is also appropriated by
the ruling government, its military, and government
supporters. In other words, both sides of civil
conflicts can benefit from food aid. Governments
that receive aid often target it to specific populations,
excluding opposition groups or populations in
potentially rebellious regions.
19. WHAT CAUSES FOREIGN AID
CONFLICT?
3. However, aid can still fuel conflict even if it is
successfully delivered to the intended populations.
This is because the recipient populations are “taxed”
after receiving the aid.
They can be taxed from the goods and services being
imported to them for consumption and production
purposes.
20. FOREIGN AID AND PAKISTAN
• Pakistan is struggling with its poor development
outcomes. Its HDI position was 146 out of 187
countries in 2013 (UNDP 2014).
In general, these are considered sufficient conditions
for a society to be in conflict. Pakistan received a net
ODA of USD 117.6 billion in 1970–2012, but spent
almost the same amount on security and defense.
Huge inflows of ODA have neither reduced the
intensity and occurrence of conflict nor improved the
HDI.
21. FOREIGN AID AND PAKISTAN
Why is the country in a state of continuing conflict? Is
aid a reward for combating conflict in Pakistan or the
prize money for rent seeking and rebels to capture the
state?
22. • Foreign aid creates conflict in an economy
receiving it, as for Pakistan, it has created a great
number of problems. US President Donald
Trump's administration suspended at least US
$900 million in security assistance to Pakistan,
beginning from January 2018. The country
although receiving a great amount of aid, shows
no development in recent times, all the aid given
is being diverted into military and terrorism
needs.
23. CONCLUSION
So whether or not Pakistan receives aid, it
somehow remains the same, as well as many
countries around the world including Haiti as
mentioned in Esther Duflo’s TedTalk
seminar. There is no silver bulletin as to
whether aid helps or aid doesn’t help, maybe
for some but not for all.
24. • Burton, J. (2017, December 1). Countries That Receive The Most Foreign Aid In The World.
Retrieved from World Atlas: DataBank: World Development Indicators .(n.d.). Retrieved from
World Bank:
• Dreher, A. (2015, Oct 25). World Economic Forum . Retrieved from Does foreign aid boost
growth?:
• Ekanayake, E., & Chatrna, D. (2010). The effect of foreign aid on economic growth in developing
countries.
• Gallego, F. A., Rubini, L., & Batlle, J. I. (n.d.). Aid, Growth and Conflict.
• Nielsen , R. A., Findley, M. G., Davis, Z., Candland, T., & Nielson, D. (2011). Foreign Aid Shocks
as a cause of Violent Armed Coflict. American Journal of Political Science, 219-232.
• Nunn, N., & Qian, N. (2014). US Food Aid and Civil Conflict. In American Economic Review (pp.
1630-1666).
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development . (n.d.). Retrieved from Offical
Development Assisstance:
• Tahir, N. (2017). Does aid cause conflict in Pakistan? Defence and Peace Economics, 112-135.
• Veiderpass, A., & Andersson, P.-Å. (2007). Foreign Aid, Economic Growth and Efficiency
Development. Sweden: Swedish Agency for Development Evaluation .
• Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from Aid:
Editor's Notes
15th country receiving aid out of top 25. aid being 2,174,110.