A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Forces Balanced and Unbalanced.pptx
1.
2. Learning Objectives
• I can recognize forces that affect the motion of
matter.
• I can compare balanced and unbalanced forces.
• I can determine the net force on an object.
3. What is a force?
• A force is a push or pull that causes an object to move, stop, or
change direction
• In physics a force is anything that makes an object accelerate
• If an object is stationary, it won’t start moving without a force.
4. Force
• Forces come in pairs
• Forces have a magnitude and a direction
• Force is a vector quantity
5N, north (up)
Magnitude: 5N
Direction: north (up)
5. Force Measurement and Units
• SI unit for force is the Newton
• A Newton is a force that causes a 1kg mass to accelerate
at a rate of 1m/s/s.
• 1 N (Newton) = 1 kg * m/s/s
• We use a spring scale to measure force.
6. Combining Forces
• Net Force – The overall force acting on an object after all
forces are combined.
- Forces in the same direction we add them.
- Forces in opposite directions you subtract them.
10N 10N
=
+
Net Force = 10N
10N 7N
- =
Net Force = 3N
7. Forces in the Same Direction
• When forces are applied in the
same direction, they are added to
determine the size of the net force.
8. • When two forces act in opposite directions, you
subtract the smaller force from the larger force to
determine the net force.
• The net force will be in the same direction as the
larger force.
Forces in Different Directions
9. Combining Forces at Right Angles
• Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
- a2 + b2 = c2.
- Can only use if adding only 2 vectors that make a
right angle.
a
b
c
10. Combining Forces at Right Angles
• Use the Pythagorean Theorem - a2 + b2 = c2.
- ex. What is the resultant force if you have a force 3N
South and another force 4N West and show the diagram.
5N
South
West
4N West
3N
South
a2 + b2 = c2
c2 = 42 + 32
c2 = 16 + 9
c2 = 25
c2 = 25
c = 5 N SW
11. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
• Forces occur in pairs and they can be either balanced or
unbalanced
12. Balanced Forces: The forces in each direction are
“equal”.
If more than one force is present, it does not
have to cause an acceleration on an object.
If another force “balances” the first out, there
will be no acceleration at all.
Think: If both guys (who weight the same)
pull on a rope in opposite directions, with
an equal amount of force, how much will they move?
13. Balanced Forces
• Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion
• They are equal in size and opposite in direction
• The net force is 0
14. Example:
Gravity pulls down on you…
The ground pushes back up…
THIS KEEPS YOU WHERE YOU ARE!
If these football players push
on each other equally as hard,
will either one move?
Gravity pulls down
Ground pushes up
15. Forces may cancel each other and
produce no movement
=No Acceleration!
More Balanced Forces…
5 N
5 N
5 N 5 N
16. “Unbalanced” Forces
If the multiple forces
acting at one time are
not balanced out
(equal), then
acceleration can/will
occur on the object!
Kicking the ball causes it to move
quickly in a different direction
If one side of the scale has more mass,
then gravity will accelerate it down!
17. Unbalanced Forces
• An unbalanced force always causes a change in motion
• The net force is greater than 0
• When unbalanced forces act in opposite directions you can find
the net force
– Net force
• Magnitude
–The difference between the two forces
• Direction
–Direction of the largest force
21. Unbalanced Forces
Cause Acceleration
Adding Forces:
5 N
Random Object
5 N
Notice that all the new forces are pointed in the
same direction, and they add together! So,
instead of only 5N of force pushing the object;
now there are 10 N of force pushing!
Multiple forces can combine to move an object that
has too much inertia for one force alone. The forces
“add together”!
All by himself, one person might not be able to
push a car. But with extra friends pushing, it
becomes much easier! The forces add together.
What you just
saw was like
two people
pushing on the
same box.
22. Unbalanced Forces
Cause Acceleration
Subtracting Forces:
5 N
5 N
Object
5 N
Notice that the forces are “unequal” and
pointed in the opposite direction. So they are
“unbalanced” and work against each other –
or one partially cancels the other.
The end result is that the forces on the left
are slowed down by the single force on the right
If forces are not equal and are acting in opposite directions, a
negative acceleration can/will occur. The forces will subtract
from each other!
23. Review Balanced Forces
Balanced
Push
i.e. Pushing a
Car
No Acceleration
or change in
motion
Net Force = 0
Balanced
Pull
i.e. Tug-o-war
No Acceleration
or change in
motion
Net Force = 0
10N
10N
10N
10N
24. Review Un-Balanced Forces
Add Together
Un-Balanced
Same Direction
Faster
Acceleration
Net Force > 0
Subtract from each
other
Un-Balanced
Opposite
Direction
Slower
Acceleration
Net Force > 0
10N
10N
10N
10N
10N
25. 1. The forces shown above are PUSHING / PULLING forces.
2. The forces shown above are WORKING TOGETHER /
OPPOSITE FORCES.
3. The forces are EQUAL / NOT EQUAL.
26. 4. The forces DO / DO NOT balance each other.
5. The resultant force is 1000 N TO THE RIGHT / 1000 N
TO THE LEFT /ZERO.
6. There IS / IS NO motion.