The authors investigated cyber security threats and vulnerabilities related to the Internet of Things. They aimed to classify threat types and analyze the characteristics of potential attackers or intruders. The paper reviewed key concepts in IoT like devices and services. It identified common security issues around data confidentiality, privacy, and trust. The authors concluded that understanding threats is important for developing robust security requirements to protect IoT infrastructure and ensure its safe development. However, more research is still needed to address open challenges from resource-constrained devices and evolving attack techniques.
ANALYZING AND IDENTIFYING FAKE NEWS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEIAEME Publication
The main reason behind the spread of fake news is because of many fake and hyperpartisan sites present on the Internet. These fake sites try to manipulate the truth which creates misunderstanding in society. Therefore, it is important to detect fake news and try to make people aware of the truth. This paper gives an insight into how to detect fake news using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques. On observing our data, we have categorized our data into five attributes namely Title, Text, Subject, Date, and Labels. In order to develop an efficient fake news detection system, the feature along with its degree of impact on the system must be taken into consideration. This paper attempts at providing a detailed analysis of detecting fake news using various models such as LSTM, ANN, Naïve Bayes, SVM, Logistic Regression, XGBoost, and Bert.
ACS EMERGING & DEEP TECH WEBINAR: THE RISE OF AI AND DATA SCIENCE AND ITS IMP...Kelvin Ross
In recent years Big Data, Data Science and AI has accelerated to point where technological systems are becoming more pervasive in our everyday lives. All aspects of society, work and industry are transforming in this 4th Industrial Revolution. Our personal data is now used to control our searches, news feeds and viewing recommendations. AI in healthcare is diagnosing disease, and proposing medical interventions. Facial recognition is granting us access, and monitoring our safety. Chat bots and automated agents are automatically handling our requests and vetting our applications.
With the increasing power of data and analytics comes responsibility. Our tech titans have gathered enormous power through collection of our personalised data. Recent failures have also highlighted how self-regulation has failed our data can be used weaponised against us, such as reflecting inherent racial biases or manipulating election outcomes. Community expectation is for government to regulate, and put in place appropriate governance and oversight structures.
In this talk Kelvin will explore the technological paradigm shift of AI and data science, review emerging ethical issues, and discuss regulatory and governance trends.
Extracted from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai as Follow Up for first power hour session with Mikael Eriksson on AI, October 30th in Stockholm
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has progressed rapidly in the past few years. AI systems are having a growing impact on society and concerns have been raised whether AI system can be trusted. A way to address these concerns is to employ ethically aligned design principles to the development of AI software. Yet these principles are still far away from practical application. This talk provides state-of-the-art empirical insight into what should researchers and professionals do today when the client wants ethics to be added to their system.
A Case Analysis on Involvement of Big Data during Natural Disaster and Pandem...YogeshIJTSRD
Big data is an upcoming technology and requires utmost care for an efficient and smooth implementation of the technology. In case of healthcare the most challenging part of big data is the privacy, data security, handling large volume of medical imaging data and data leakage. It can be useful to this sector when big data is made structured, relevant, smart and accessible and the managers should give importance to the strategic and business value of big data technology rather than only concentrating at the technological aspect of the implementation. The use of big data in natural disasters and pandemics helps to understand and make better decision with fast processing of the data that are collected through various sources such as social media, sensors and other internet activities. This paper tries to focus on effective involvement of Big Data in natural disaster and pandemic and also identify the current and future use of Big Data in health care sector. The paper identifies the critical aspects which are used for Big data implementation and describe ways to handle the challenges related to it. Mr. Bibin Mathew | Dr. Swati John "A Case Analysis on Involvement of Big Data during Natural Disaster and Pandemics and its Uses in the Health Care Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45049.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45049/a-case-analysis-on-involvement-of-big-data-during-natural-disaster-and-pandemics-and-its-uses-in-the-health-care-sector/mr-bibin-mathew
Trends in Network and Wireless Network Security in 2020IJNSA Journal
The International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the computer Network Security & its applications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of security and its applications for wired and wireless networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern security threats and countermeasures, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Uploaded as a courtesy by:
Dave Sweigert
DRAFT NIST Cloud Computing Security Reference Architecture
The NIST Cloud Computing Security Working Group (NCC-SWG) issued Draft SP 500-299, NIST Cloud Computing Security Reference Architecture, in May 2013. See the NCC-SWG homepage for additional details.
ANALYZING AND IDENTIFYING FAKE NEWS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEIAEME Publication
The main reason behind the spread of fake news is because of many fake and hyperpartisan sites present on the Internet. These fake sites try to manipulate the truth which creates misunderstanding in society. Therefore, it is important to detect fake news and try to make people aware of the truth. This paper gives an insight into how to detect fake news using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques. On observing our data, we have categorized our data into five attributes namely Title, Text, Subject, Date, and Labels. In order to develop an efficient fake news detection system, the feature along with its degree of impact on the system must be taken into consideration. This paper attempts at providing a detailed analysis of detecting fake news using various models such as LSTM, ANN, Naïve Bayes, SVM, Logistic Regression, XGBoost, and Bert.
ACS EMERGING & DEEP TECH WEBINAR: THE RISE OF AI AND DATA SCIENCE AND ITS IMP...Kelvin Ross
In recent years Big Data, Data Science and AI has accelerated to point where technological systems are becoming more pervasive in our everyday lives. All aspects of society, work and industry are transforming in this 4th Industrial Revolution. Our personal data is now used to control our searches, news feeds and viewing recommendations. AI in healthcare is diagnosing disease, and proposing medical interventions. Facial recognition is granting us access, and monitoring our safety. Chat bots and automated agents are automatically handling our requests and vetting our applications.
With the increasing power of data and analytics comes responsibility. Our tech titans have gathered enormous power through collection of our personalised data. Recent failures have also highlighted how self-regulation has failed our data can be used weaponised against us, such as reflecting inherent racial biases or manipulating election outcomes. Community expectation is for government to regulate, and put in place appropriate governance and oversight structures.
In this talk Kelvin will explore the technological paradigm shift of AI and data science, review emerging ethical issues, and discuss regulatory and governance trends.
Extracted from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai as Follow Up for first power hour session with Mikael Eriksson on AI, October 30th in Stockholm
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has progressed rapidly in the past few years. AI systems are having a growing impact on society and concerns have been raised whether AI system can be trusted. A way to address these concerns is to employ ethically aligned design principles to the development of AI software. Yet these principles are still far away from practical application. This talk provides state-of-the-art empirical insight into what should researchers and professionals do today when the client wants ethics to be added to their system.
A Case Analysis on Involvement of Big Data during Natural Disaster and Pandem...YogeshIJTSRD
Big data is an upcoming technology and requires utmost care for an efficient and smooth implementation of the technology. In case of healthcare the most challenging part of big data is the privacy, data security, handling large volume of medical imaging data and data leakage. It can be useful to this sector when big data is made structured, relevant, smart and accessible and the managers should give importance to the strategic and business value of big data technology rather than only concentrating at the technological aspect of the implementation. The use of big data in natural disasters and pandemics helps to understand and make better decision with fast processing of the data that are collected through various sources such as social media, sensors and other internet activities. This paper tries to focus on effective involvement of Big Data in natural disaster and pandemic and also identify the current and future use of Big Data in health care sector. The paper identifies the critical aspects which are used for Big data implementation and describe ways to handle the challenges related to it. Mr. Bibin Mathew | Dr. Swati John "A Case Analysis on Involvement of Big Data during Natural Disaster and Pandemics and its Uses in the Health Care Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45049.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45049/a-case-analysis-on-involvement-of-big-data-during-natural-disaster-and-pandemics-and-its-uses-in-the-health-care-sector/mr-bibin-mathew
Trends in Network and Wireless Network Security in 2020IJNSA Journal
The International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the computer Network Security & its applications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of security and its applications for wired and wireless networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern security threats and countermeasures, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Uploaded as a courtesy by:
Dave Sweigert
DRAFT NIST Cloud Computing Security Reference Architecture
The NIST Cloud Computing Security Working Group (NCC-SWG) issued Draft SP 500-299, NIST Cloud Computing Security Reference Architecture, in May 2013. See the NCC-SWG homepage for additional details.
Modelling turn away intention of information technology professionals in Bang...IJECEIAES
Despite, Bangladesh produces many IT graduates each year but only one tenth of total graduates contribute in IT development sector. In order to keep the contribution to economy through IT development, it is crucial for IT industry to know the factors that influence turn away of IT graduates. In this paper, building upon role stress theory, we develop a research model to explore the influence of workplace exhaustion and threat of professional obsolescence (TPO). Data were gathered from 185 IT professionals from 15 different IT companies through survey questionnaire. The structural equation modelling technique was used to test the paths. The results suggests that strong influence of TPO on turn-away intentions. Result also suggests significant roles of work overload, family-career conflict and control over career and workplace exhaustion on turn away intention. This paper contributes to the body of work dedicated to helping us better understand the turn away behaviour from the workplace exhaustion and TPO perspectives. From the viewpoint of practice, this research sheds light on some of the challenges that the IT industry might face when making strategy and policy to control turn away from IT profession in Bangladesh.
Measuring Information Security: Understanding And Selecting Appropriate MetricsCSCJournals
Thanks to numerous information in newspapers about data leaks, advocacy for information security is no more that difficult. But on the practical side, it is usually tough time for information security professionals when they have to demonstrate the value of information security to their organizations; they have so much metrics available on hand that making the right selection is far from obvious. This paper is about understanding the metrics that are available and discussing how to use them in some specific less developed economies.
HAI Industry Brief: AI & the Future of Work Post Covid
Stanford University, Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence:
Researchers studying how AI can be used to help teams collaborate, improve workplace culture, promote employee well-being, assist humans in dangerous environments, and more.
Source: https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-AI-Index-Report_Master.pdf
This is a brief a brief review of current multi-disciplinary and collaborative projects at Kno.e.sis led by Prof. Amit Sheth. They cover research in big social data, IoT, semantic web, semantic sensor web, health informatics, personalized digital health, social data for social good, smart city, crisis informatics, digital data for material genome initiative, etc. Dec 2015 edition.
What are Cognitive Applications? What is exciting about them? They represent a whole new way of human computer interaction and acting on data insights. Introducing IBM Watson and how to develop Cognitive applications. AI, Machine Learning compared and contrasted.
I have framed this talk to encourage Pharmacy students to embrace computing in general, and data science and artificial intelligence techniques in particular. The reason is that data-driven science has overtaken traditional lab science; chemistry and biology that underlie pharmacy have become data-driven sciences, and a significant majority of the new jobs in pharma industries demand data analysis skills. Increasingly, traditional bioinformatics approaches are being complemented or replaced by machine learning or deep learning algorithms, especially for cases that have large data sets. I will provide a few examples (e.g., drug discovery, finding adverse drug reactions and broadly pharmacovigilance, and selecting patients for clinical trials) to demonstrate how big data and/or AI are indispensable to pharma research and industry today.
The recent series of innovations in deep learning have shown enormous potential to impact individuals and society, both positively and negatively. The deep learning models utilizing massive computing power and enormous datasets have significantly outperformed prior historical benchmarks on increasingly difficult, well-defined research tasks across technology domains such as computer vision, natural language processing, signal processing, and human-computer interactions. However, the Black-Box nature of deep learning models and their over-reliance on massive amounts of data condensed into labels and dense representations pose challenges for the system’s interpretability and explainability. Furthermore, deep learning methods have not yet been proven in their ability to effectively utilize relevant domain knowledge and experience critical to human understanding. This aspect is missing in early data-focused approaches and necessitated knowledge-infused learning and other strategies to incorporate computational knowledge. Rapid advances in our ability to create and reuse structured knowledge as knowledge graphs make this task viable. In this talk, we will outline how knowledge, provided as a knowledge graph, is incorporated into the deep learning methods using knowledge-infused learning. We then discuss how this makes a fundamental difference in the interpretability and explainability of current approaches and illustrate it with examples relevant to a few domains.
Video at: https://www.linkedin.com/video/live/urn:li:ugcPost:6705141260845412352/
In this talk, we will review some of the challenges related to Industry 4.0 or Factory of Future, and how can Artificial Intelligence help address them.
Examples include the use of semantic interoperability and integration to support the use of sensor collected data in decision making, the use of computer vision to identify deviations in the process and manage quality, and the use of predictive algorithms for device maintenance.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY OF BANGLADESHijcisjournal
Technology is an endless evolving expression in modern era, which increased security concerns and pushed
us to create cyber environment. A National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS) of a country reflects the state of
that country’s cyber strength which represents the aim and vision of the cyber security of a country.
Formerly, researchers have worked on NCSS by comparing NCSS between different nations for
international collaboration and harmonization and some researchers worked on policy framework for their
respective governments. However very insignificant attempts had been made to assess the strategic strength
of NCSS of Bangladesh by performing cross comparisons on NCSS of different Nations. Therefore, the
motive of this research is to evaluate the robustness of the existing cyber security strategy of Bangladesh in
comparison with some of the most technologically advanced countries in Asian continent and others like
USA, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and India in order to keep the NCSS of Bangladesh up-to-date.
Information security risk assessment under uncertainty using dynamic bayesian...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cloud computing is revolutionising the way software services are procured and used by Government organizations and SMEs. Quantitative risk assessment of Cloud services is complex and undermined by specific security concerns regarding data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This study explores how the gap between the quantitative risk assessment and the perception of the risk can produce a bias in the decision-making process about Cloud computing adoption.
The risk perception of experts in Cloud computing (N=37) and laypeople (N=81) about ten Cloud computing services was investigated using the psychometric paradigm. Results suggest that the risk
perception of Cloud services can be represented by two components, called “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, which may explain up to 46% of the variance. Other factors influencing the risk perception were “perceived benefits”, “trust in regulatory authorities” and “technology attitude”.
This study suggests some implications that could support Government and non-Government organizations
in their strategies for Cloud computing adoption.
Finely Chair talk: Every company is an AI company - and why Universities sho...Amit Sheth
Video: https://youtu.be/ZS8rGSzb_9I
The context of this talk is this statement from the host institution's provost: "We are trying to mobilize our campus activities around AI.” I connect academic initiatives in Interdisciplinary AI with industry needs.
--- Original abstract -----
Every company now is an AI company: Now, Near Future, or Distant Future?
Amit Sheth, AI Institute, University of South Carolina
“Every company now is an AI company. The industrial companies are changing, the supply chain…every single sector, it’s not only tech.” said Steven Pagliuca, CEO of Bain Capital at the 2019 World Economic Forum. With this statement as the context, I will provide an overview of AI landscape -- what AI capabilities are for real, what is being oversold, what is nonexistent, what is unlikely in our lifetime. I will also provide an anecdote-supported review through a broad variety of current and eminent applications of AI that rely on some of the well-developed and emerging AI capabilities. The objective is to help those considering AI applications start thinking of new business opportunities, new products and services, and new revenue/business models in the context of rapid penetration of AI technologies everywhere. I will seek to answer: Is AI just hype or something already happening? If it has not happened in your industry, is it impending? Do bad impacts of AI outweigh the good?
http://iwma.lnmiit.ac.in/speakers.html
Third International Workshop on Multimedia Applications ( IWMA ), March 02-06, 2021.
The Holy Grail of machine intelligence is the ability to mimic the human brain. In computing, we have created silos in dealing with each modality (text/language processing, speech processing, image processing, video processing, etc.). However, the human brain’s cognitive and perceptual capability to seamlessly consume (listen and see) and communicate (writing/typing, voice, gesture) multimodal (text, image, video, etc.) information challenges machine intelligence research. Emerging chatbots for demanding health applications present the requirements for these capabilities. To support the corresponding data analysis and reasoning needs, we have explored a pedagogical framework consisting of semantic computing, cognitive computing, and perceptual computing. In particular, we have been motivated by the brain’s amazing perceptive power that abstracts massive amounts of multimodal data by filtering and processing them into a few concepts (representable by a few bits) to act upon. From the information processing perspective, this requires moving from syntactic and semantic big data processing to actionable information that can be weaved naturally into human activities and experience.
Exploration of the above research agenda, including powerful use cases, is afforded in a growing number of emerging technologies and their applications - such as chatbots and robotics for healthcare. In this talk, I will provide these examples and share the early progress we have made towards building health chatbots that consume contextually relevant multimodal data and support different forms/modalities of interactions to achieve various alternatives for digital health. I will also demonstrate the strong role of domain knowledge and personalization using domain and personalized knowledge graphs as part of various reasoning and learning techniques.
Running Head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHYANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Annotated Bibliography on Emerging Cyber Threats
[Name of Institution]
[Name of Writer]
Annotated Bibliography on Emerging Cyber Threats
Source#1
Reference: Kettani, H., & Wainwright, P. (2019, March). On the Top Threats to Cyber Systems. In 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT) (pp. 175-179). IEEE.
Summary: This article reveals the threats to the cyber systems even some of them are not known to the common people. The article defines that the latest technology has advanced the cyber systems and these advancements are attractive and beneficial in comparison to the previous systems. However, due to this sophisticated and attractive advancement the individuals, societies, and nations had become dependent on the cyber systems. These systems result in the higher gain and ease of handling since people had relying on the cyber systems. Moreover, the author argues that for the adoption of the proper defense and mitigations to the threats it is necessary to understand cyber threats. The top threats with a brief discussion of threat agents and attack vectors along with the countermeasures are mentioned so that the readers can find knowledge in this regard.
Relevance: This article is of paramount importance because it defines the importance of the topic of research. As the aim of the research is to expose the emerging cyber-attacks and the author of the article “On the Top Threats to Cyber Systems” reveals the importance of the cyber systems which is important for understanding the dependence over the cyber systems. In addition to this, the article is found worth reading because it reveals the emerging cybercrimes and ways of protection too. The study is found relevant because it reveals that cyber systems are important nowadays because they are used in the business systems, control systems, and for accessing the control systems. In other words, the articles provide an overview of the emerging threats and latest trends in the cyber systems.
Source#2
Reference: Parn, E. A., & Edwards, D. (2019). Cyber threats confronting the digital built environment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
Summary: This article determines the cyber systems attack in the sector of the digital built environment. The study gives the idea of emerging crimes that are made to threat the digital and physical assets that are used to form the digital economies. These threats are often made to affect the critical infrastructure of the smart cities. These smart cities are comprised of the cyber systems which also increase the national wealth, preserve health, and provide safety and welfare to the nation. In this regard, it is important to protect the cyber systems from the critical and emerging threats. Additionally, the article reveals the safe an ...
Modelling turn away intention of information technology professionals in Bang...IJECEIAES
Despite, Bangladesh produces many IT graduates each year but only one tenth of total graduates contribute in IT development sector. In order to keep the contribution to economy through IT development, it is crucial for IT industry to know the factors that influence turn away of IT graduates. In this paper, building upon role stress theory, we develop a research model to explore the influence of workplace exhaustion and threat of professional obsolescence (TPO). Data were gathered from 185 IT professionals from 15 different IT companies through survey questionnaire. The structural equation modelling technique was used to test the paths. The results suggests that strong influence of TPO on turn-away intentions. Result also suggests significant roles of work overload, family-career conflict and control over career and workplace exhaustion on turn away intention. This paper contributes to the body of work dedicated to helping us better understand the turn away behaviour from the workplace exhaustion and TPO perspectives. From the viewpoint of practice, this research sheds light on some of the challenges that the IT industry might face when making strategy and policy to control turn away from IT profession in Bangladesh.
Measuring Information Security: Understanding And Selecting Appropriate MetricsCSCJournals
Thanks to numerous information in newspapers about data leaks, advocacy for information security is no more that difficult. But on the practical side, it is usually tough time for information security professionals when they have to demonstrate the value of information security to their organizations; they have so much metrics available on hand that making the right selection is far from obvious. This paper is about understanding the metrics that are available and discussing how to use them in some specific less developed economies.
HAI Industry Brief: AI & the Future of Work Post Covid
Stanford University, Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence:
Researchers studying how AI can be used to help teams collaborate, improve workplace culture, promote employee well-being, assist humans in dangerous environments, and more.
Source: https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-AI-Index-Report_Master.pdf
This is a brief a brief review of current multi-disciplinary and collaborative projects at Kno.e.sis led by Prof. Amit Sheth. They cover research in big social data, IoT, semantic web, semantic sensor web, health informatics, personalized digital health, social data for social good, smart city, crisis informatics, digital data for material genome initiative, etc. Dec 2015 edition.
What are Cognitive Applications? What is exciting about them? They represent a whole new way of human computer interaction and acting on data insights. Introducing IBM Watson and how to develop Cognitive applications. AI, Machine Learning compared and contrasted.
I have framed this talk to encourage Pharmacy students to embrace computing in general, and data science and artificial intelligence techniques in particular. The reason is that data-driven science has overtaken traditional lab science; chemistry and biology that underlie pharmacy have become data-driven sciences, and a significant majority of the new jobs in pharma industries demand data analysis skills. Increasingly, traditional bioinformatics approaches are being complemented or replaced by machine learning or deep learning algorithms, especially for cases that have large data sets. I will provide a few examples (e.g., drug discovery, finding adverse drug reactions and broadly pharmacovigilance, and selecting patients for clinical trials) to demonstrate how big data and/or AI are indispensable to pharma research and industry today.
The recent series of innovations in deep learning have shown enormous potential to impact individuals and society, both positively and negatively. The deep learning models utilizing massive computing power and enormous datasets have significantly outperformed prior historical benchmarks on increasingly difficult, well-defined research tasks across technology domains such as computer vision, natural language processing, signal processing, and human-computer interactions. However, the Black-Box nature of deep learning models and their over-reliance on massive amounts of data condensed into labels and dense representations pose challenges for the system’s interpretability and explainability. Furthermore, deep learning methods have not yet been proven in their ability to effectively utilize relevant domain knowledge and experience critical to human understanding. This aspect is missing in early data-focused approaches and necessitated knowledge-infused learning and other strategies to incorporate computational knowledge. Rapid advances in our ability to create and reuse structured knowledge as knowledge graphs make this task viable. In this talk, we will outline how knowledge, provided as a knowledge graph, is incorporated into the deep learning methods using knowledge-infused learning. We then discuss how this makes a fundamental difference in the interpretability and explainability of current approaches and illustrate it with examples relevant to a few domains.
Video at: https://www.linkedin.com/video/live/urn:li:ugcPost:6705141260845412352/
In this talk, we will review some of the challenges related to Industry 4.0 or Factory of Future, and how can Artificial Intelligence help address them.
Examples include the use of semantic interoperability and integration to support the use of sensor collected data in decision making, the use of computer vision to identify deviations in the process and manage quality, and the use of predictive algorithms for device maintenance.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY OF BANGLADESHijcisjournal
Technology is an endless evolving expression in modern era, which increased security concerns and pushed
us to create cyber environment. A National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS) of a country reflects the state of
that country’s cyber strength which represents the aim and vision of the cyber security of a country.
Formerly, researchers have worked on NCSS by comparing NCSS between different nations for
international collaboration and harmonization and some researchers worked on policy framework for their
respective governments. However very insignificant attempts had been made to assess the strategic strength
of NCSS of Bangladesh by performing cross comparisons on NCSS of different Nations. Therefore, the
motive of this research is to evaluate the robustness of the existing cyber security strategy of Bangladesh in
comparison with some of the most technologically advanced countries in Asian continent and others like
USA, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and India in order to keep the NCSS of Bangladesh up-to-date.
Information security risk assessment under uncertainty using dynamic bayesian...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cloud computing is revolutionising the way software services are procured and used by Government organizations and SMEs. Quantitative risk assessment of Cloud services is complex and undermined by specific security concerns regarding data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This study explores how the gap between the quantitative risk assessment and the perception of the risk can produce a bias in the decision-making process about Cloud computing adoption.
The risk perception of experts in Cloud computing (N=37) and laypeople (N=81) about ten Cloud computing services was investigated using the psychometric paradigm. Results suggest that the risk
perception of Cloud services can be represented by two components, called “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, which may explain up to 46% of the variance. Other factors influencing the risk perception were “perceived benefits”, “trust in regulatory authorities” and “technology attitude”.
This study suggests some implications that could support Government and non-Government organizations
in their strategies for Cloud computing adoption.
Finely Chair talk: Every company is an AI company - and why Universities sho...Amit Sheth
Video: https://youtu.be/ZS8rGSzb_9I
The context of this talk is this statement from the host institution's provost: "We are trying to mobilize our campus activities around AI.” I connect academic initiatives in Interdisciplinary AI with industry needs.
--- Original abstract -----
Every company now is an AI company: Now, Near Future, or Distant Future?
Amit Sheth, AI Institute, University of South Carolina
“Every company now is an AI company. The industrial companies are changing, the supply chain…every single sector, it’s not only tech.” said Steven Pagliuca, CEO of Bain Capital at the 2019 World Economic Forum. With this statement as the context, I will provide an overview of AI landscape -- what AI capabilities are for real, what is being oversold, what is nonexistent, what is unlikely in our lifetime. I will also provide an anecdote-supported review through a broad variety of current and eminent applications of AI that rely on some of the well-developed and emerging AI capabilities. The objective is to help those considering AI applications start thinking of new business opportunities, new products and services, and new revenue/business models in the context of rapid penetration of AI technologies everywhere. I will seek to answer: Is AI just hype or something already happening? If it has not happened in your industry, is it impending? Do bad impacts of AI outweigh the good?
http://iwma.lnmiit.ac.in/speakers.html
Third International Workshop on Multimedia Applications ( IWMA ), March 02-06, 2021.
The Holy Grail of machine intelligence is the ability to mimic the human brain. In computing, we have created silos in dealing with each modality (text/language processing, speech processing, image processing, video processing, etc.). However, the human brain’s cognitive and perceptual capability to seamlessly consume (listen and see) and communicate (writing/typing, voice, gesture) multimodal (text, image, video, etc.) information challenges machine intelligence research. Emerging chatbots for demanding health applications present the requirements for these capabilities. To support the corresponding data analysis and reasoning needs, we have explored a pedagogical framework consisting of semantic computing, cognitive computing, and perceptual computing. In particular, we have been motivated by the brain’s amazing perceptive power that abstracts massive amounts of multimodal data by filtering and processing them into a few concepts (representable by a few bits) to act upon. From the information processing perspective, this requires moving from syntactic and semantic big data processing to actionable information that can be weaved naturally into human activities and experience.
Exploration of the above research agenda, including powerful use cases, is afforded in a growing number of emerging technologies and their applications - such as chatbots and robotics for healthcare. In this talk, I will provide these examples and share the early progress we have made towards building health chatbots that consume contextually relevant multimodal data and support different forms/modalities of interactions to achieve various alternatives for digital health. I will also demonstrate the strong role of domain knowledge and personalization using domain and personalized knowledge graphs as part of various reasoning and learning techniques.
Running Head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHYANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Annotated Bibliography on Emerging Cyber Threats
[Name of Institution]
[Name of Writer]
Annotated Bibliography on Emerging Cyber Threats
Source#1
Reference: Kettani, H., & Wainwright, P. (2019, March). On the Top Threats to Cyber Systems. In 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT) (pp. 175-179). IEEE.
Summary: This article reveals the threats to the cyber systems even some of them are not known to the common people. The article defines that the latest technology has advanced the cyber systems and these advancements are attractive and beneficial in comparison to the previous systems. However, due to this sophisticated and attractive advancement the individuals, societies, and nations had become dependent on the cyber systems. These systems result in the higher gain and ease of handling since people had relying on the cyber systems. Moreover, the author argues that for the adoption of the proper defense and mitigations to the threats it is necessary to understand cyber threats. The top threats with a brief discussion of threat agents and attack vectors along with the countermeasures are mentioned so that the readers can find knowledge in this regard.
Relevance: This article is of paramount importance because it defines the importance of the topic of research. As the aim of the research is to expose the emerging cyber-attacks and the author of the article “On the Top Threats to Cyber Systems” reveals the importance of the cyber systems which is important for understanding the dependence over the cyber systems. In addition to this, the article is found worth reading because it reveals the emerging cybercrimes and ways of protection too. The study is found relevant because it reveals that cyber systems are important nowadays because they are used in the business systems, control systems, and for accessing the control systems. In other words, the articles provide an overview of the emerging threats and latest trends in the cyber systems.
Source#2
Reference: Parn, E. A., & Edwards, D. (2019). Cyber threats confronting the digital built environment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
Summary: This article determines the cyber systems attack in the sector of the digital built environment. The study gives the idea of emerging crimes that are made to threat the digital and physical assets that are used to form the digital economies. These threats are often made to affect the critical infrastructure of the smart cities. These smart cities are comprised of the cyber systems which also increase the national wealth, preserve health, and provide safety and welfare to the nation. In this regard, it is important to protect the cyber systems from the critical and emerging threats. Additionally, the article reveals the safe an ...
Develop a 4-6 page holistic intervention plan design to improve thTaunyaCoffman887
Develop a 4-6 page holistic intervention plan design to improve the quality of outcomes for your target population and setting.
Reminder: these instructions are an outline. Your headings for these sections should be Intervention Plan Components and
not Part 1: Intervention Plan Components.
Part 1: Intervention Plan Components
· Define the major components of an intervention plan for a health promotion, quality improvement, prevention, education, or management need.
· Explain the impact of cultural needs and characteristics of a target population and setting on the development of intervention plan components.
Part 2: Theoretical Foundations
· Evaluate theoretical nursing models, strategies from other disciplines, and health care technologies relevant to an intervention plan.
· Justify the major components of an intervention by referencing relevant and contemporary evidence from the literature and best practices.
Part 3: Stakeholders, Policy, and Regulations
· Analyze the impact of stakeholder needs, health care policy, regulations, and governing bodies relevant to health care practice and specific components of an intervention plan.
Part 4: Ethical and Legal Implications
· Analyze relevant ethical and legal issues related to health care practice, organizational change, and specific components of an intervention plan.
Number of resources
: 5–10 resources. (You may use resources previously cited in your literature review to contribute to this number.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Almaiah, M. A. (2021). A new scheme for detecting malicious attacks in wireless sensor networks based on blockchain technology. In Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain for Future Cybersecurity Applications (pp. 217-234). Springer, Cham.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74575-2_12
This article discusses a new scheme for detecting malicious attacks in wireless sensor networks based on blockchain technology. It describes how blockchain technology can be used to secure wireless sensor networks and how this scheme can be used to detect and prevent malicious attacks. The article will be useful for my paper as it provides a detailed description of how blockchain technology can be used to secure wireless sensor networks. I will therefore use this article in my paper to discuss the different security challenges that come with wireless sensor networks and how blockchain technology can be used to address these challenges.
Ji, X., Huang, K., Jin, L., Tang, H., Liu, C., Zhong, Z., ... & Yi, M. (2018). Overview of 5G security technology.
Science China Information Sciences,
61(8), 1-25.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11432-017-9426-4
This article provides an overview of 5G security technology. It discusses the challenges of 5G security and the various technologies that are being developed to address these challenges. The article ...
Computer Forensics
Discussion 1
"Forensics Certifications" Please respond to the following:
· Determine whether or not you believe certifications in systems forensics are necessary and explain why you believe this to be the case. Compare and contrast certifications and on-the-job training and identify which you believe is more useful for a system forensics professional. Provide a rationale with your response.
· Suppose you are the hiring manager looking to hire a new system forensics specialist. Specify at least five (5) credentials you would expect an ample candidate to possess. Determine which of these credentials you believe to be the most important and provide a reason for your decision.
Discussion 2
"System Forensics Organizations" Please respond to the following:
· Use the Internet or the Library to research and select one (1) reputable system forensics organization. Provide a brief overview of the organization you chose, including what it provides for its members, and how one can join the organization. Indicate why, in your opinion, this particular organization would be the best choice for a system forensics professional to join and why you believe this way.
· Examine what you believe to be the most important reason for a systems forensic professional to be a member of a forensics organization and how this could further one’s career in the industry.
Cyber Security
Discussion 1
"Leading Through Effective Strategic Management" Please respond to the following:
· Propose three ways to ensure that cooperation occurs across security functions when developing a strategic plan. Select what you believe is the most effective way to promote collaboration and explain why.
· Explain what may happen if working cultures are overlooked when developing a strategy. Recommend one way to prevent working cultures from being overlooked.
Discussion 2
"Installing Security with System and Application Development" Please respond to the following:
· Provide three examples that demonstrate how security can be instilled within the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Provide two examples on what users may experience with software products if they are released with minimal security planning.
· Suggest three ways that application security can be monitored and evaluated for effectiveness. Choose what you believe to be the most effective way and discuss why.
Computer Security
Discussion 1
"Current Events and Future Trends" Please respond to the following:
· How can we create a national security culture where all are more cognizant of security threats and involved to help prevent potential incidents? How do we balance the need for this security culture with the rights guaranteed to us by our Bill of Rights?
Research Topics (Choose 1 Topic)
Terrorism
· Terrorism remains one of the major concerns in the wake of the 9-11 events. Research into terrorism as it pertains to homeland security is conducted by corporations like the RAND Corporation, which is.
The Internet of Things IoT is viewed as an ecosystem that includes smart objects with sensors, networks, and processing technologies that integrate and work together to provide an environment that provides smart services to end users. IoT brings many benefits to human life through an environment where smart services are provided to use any activity anytime and anywhere. All of these facilities and services are communicated through various applications running in the IoT environment. The most important utility achieved by IoT applications is monitoring and, consequently, rapid decision making for e cliient management. In this paper, we will explore the diversity IoT application domain to understand the various approaches of IoT applications that have recently been proposed based on the systematic literature review SLR method. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and statistically categorize and analyze current research approaches on IoT application approaches published between 2011 and 2018. According to the content of the current study selected, this study will use SLR processes that include general aspects of healthcare, environmental monitoring, smart cities, commercial and industrial testing, and IoT applications. IoT applications are compared to each other according to several technical characteristics, such as quality of service QoS , proposed case studies, and evaluation environments. It describes the results and shortcomings of each study, addresses those weaknesses, and provides tips for highlighting future research and open issues in IoT applications. N. Sathiyanathan | Selvakumar. S | P. Selvaprasanth ""A Brief Study on IoT Applications"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29888.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29888/a-brief-study-on-iot-applications/n-sathiyanathan
Secure Modern Healthcare System Based on Internet of Things and Secret Sharin...Eswar Publications
The Internet of Things (IoT), is a concept that describes how objects that we are used in daily life will interact and negotiate with other objects over the internet. The amount of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities and built-in sensors keeps on increasing. IoT combines smart devices to provide smart services and applications like smart cities, smart healthcare, smart home, and digital farm etc. But it is very crucial to secure connected IoT devices and networks because of the nature of IoT system. In this paper, the existing works are analyzed and an IoT based
healthcare system architecture is proposed. An authentication scheme to enhance the security of the proposed healthcare system is also present.
New Threats, Existing Remedies, and Unresolved Issues Related to the Effect o...ijtsrd
The Internet of Things IoT is a rapidly gaining in popularity technology that allows actual objects, such as cars, appliances, and other household items, to interact and even speak with one another. It has been extensively employed in social applications, such as smart homes, healthcare, and industrial automation, as well as in industrial production. While delivering previously unheard of ease, accessibility, and efficiency, IoT has recently generated serious security and privacy issues. Although more research is being done to lessen these hazards, many issues are still unresolved.This survey first suggests the idea of IoT characteristics in order to better comprehend the fundamental causes of future IoT dangers and the difficulties in present research. The effects of eight IoT features on security and privacy are then covered, along with the vulnerabilities they pose, current countermeasures, and unresolved research issues. This study examines the majority of current research works connected to IoT security from 2013 to 2017 in order to demonstrate how IoT features affect existing security research and to help academics keep up with the most recent developments in this field. Dr. Vishal Pareek | Mr. Ram Kumar Vyas "New Threats, Existing Remedies, and Unresolved Issues Related to the Effect of New IoT Capabilities on Security and Privacy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52754.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/52754/new-threats-existing-remedies-and-unresolved-issues-related-to-the-effect-of-new-iot-capabilities-on-security-and-privacy/dr-vishal-pareek
The Internet of Things (IoT), also referred to as the Internet of Objects, will change everything—including ourselves. This may seem like a bold statement, but consider the impact the Internet already had on education, science, communication, business, government, and humanity. Clearly, the Internet is one of the most important and a powerful creation in all of human history. This paper discussesIOT architecture, IOT applications and limitations of IOT.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
PLEASE FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS BELOW AND USE THE BELOW POLICY TO REFER.docxmodi11
PLEASE FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS BELOW AND USE THE BELOW POLICY TO REFERENCE. THIS IS PART 2 OF THE PREVIOUS PAPER.
Comparing International Healthcare Delivery Systems Description Each student will prepare a PowerPoint presentation, including detailed speaker notes in APA format, examining an international health system compared to the reformed U.S. health system. Directions: Students will prepare the presentation using PowerPoint that will provide: a discussion of the country, culture, and governance structure compared to the U.S. structure the historical background of the development of the health system including a description of the health system type, cost analysis, and funding stream compared to the reformed U.S. system a discussion of systematic and financial health policy issues that would indicate success or failure driven by politics in each country a discussion of the health system’s performance including outcomes, and a comparative analysis of costs compared to the U.S. health system The presentation will be professional and include: speaker notes that are detailed and cited with the most current information available and matching references on the reference slide no older then 2010 slides that are cited and contain no more than 40 words per slide with matching references on the reference slide graphics that are cited with a matching reference on the reference slide written permission for graphics that hold a copyright a title page slide at the beginning and a reference slide at the end in APA format 15 slides counting the title slide and reference slide Each student will post the presentation to Doc Sharing for review by peers and to the Dropbox for grading by day three of Unit 7. Each student will also post two questions in the Unit 7 Discussion topic 2 thread that will foster political debate.
THIS INCLUDES THE 2 SEPERATE QUESTIONS ALSO TO POST
Policy Change Proposal Section II
Introduction
The proposed policy change is meant to improve the effectiveness of public laws and regulations and even give information on the public use of funds. Further, it will address the practices of the private sector employment that affects the ability of people to work and make their living above the poverty line and this mostly applies to the youths, unmarried dependent adults. The proposal is meant to make the public policy more inclusive, collaborative and responsive to the interests of the ordinary citizen so as to prepare them for their future life.
From the proposed amendment, there are measurable goals that will determine the level of success of the policy change proposal and this will include: First, by the end of the year we expect 60% of unmarried adult children to be independent and live an economically viable lifestyle. Second, by the end of 2018, the rate of poverty to reduce by 19% since the country will be composed of economically productive youths. Lastly, we expect the employment rate in the country t.
Please help me with my Biblography paper. And include a copy of th.docxmodi11
Please help me with my Biblography paper. And
include a copy of the sources you used for the paper please
My topic is about : "Life with Social Media " and its talking about the good side of using Social media.
Please don't forgat to start with an
introduction
!
Finally , Follow all the instructions that I will post .... And do it in
APA
format.
.
Please follow the isntructions exact and fill in the projected numbe.docxmodi11
Please follow the isntructions exact and fill in the projected numbers to the attached excel sheet. IMPORTANT***** Please be sure to use excel formulas to get the numbers. PLEASE PLEASE calculate them accordingly and do not just manually enter the numbers. The formulas count as 50% of the grade. Thank you
.
Please follow the instructions carefully. i attached two files. the.docxmodi11
Please follow the instructions carefully. i attached two files. the first file is the question that u need to answer. the second file is the instructions of how ur respond should look like..
Please write for three students..THREE DIFFERENT VERSIONS..like one agrees with the topic and two others disagree whatever u like but make sure they are different...
Thank You!
.
please follow it carefully.The topic is about how and why was th.docxmodi11
please follow it carefully.
The topic is about how and why was the spartan army the best of its time
please read it before writing.
Remember no biography.
due Satuarday
11/15/2014
this homework uses the same prompt that I have sent the to your email
.
Please fix my draft and give the final version .... My topic is abou.docxmodi11
Please fix my draft and give the final version .... My topic is about " Addicted to social Media " my Draft have a Theis statment But it needs to be fixed because I am supporting social media. Make sure that all the information from other sorces for my draft. And Please Cite in APA format !
This draft have to include 5 sources ....... This is required
I am talking about the positive side of using Social Media !
Please Follow all the Instructions ....... This Draft need to be fixed Before Tuesday.
.
Please find the attachment which describes the Project. . I am alrea.docxmodi11
Please find the attachment which describes the Project. . I am already done with all the parts except the last part which is formulate a plan to visit(4-6pages).......................we have selected the Istanbul where will start our subway and it will be the joint venture with the existing franchise owner........content that are must to be included in paper .....
1. objectives of vist : opening a franchise of subway(resturant) in turkey, introducing halal menu as existing in Uk subways .... and so on...
2. whom to meet : busniess partners,health department(licensing work), food department(licensing work), water dept. etc etc etc.....also will lease the land as per requirment of franchise so to meet estate agents and then select the best location for busniess like the shopping mall or transportation stations ......
3)travelling plan : 3 people will go..specify its ability say for example 1 is good as chef other is good at paper work and meeting officials etc ...by air,,,for a week or so...will stay in nearest hotels where we can meet all the goverment officials for licensing and paper work.....will land on nearest airport in Istanbul city ...for boston logan airport....
4) cost estimate for the visit : all the fares including hotel ,travelling, etc
.
Please help my best offer $10.00Write 250- to 350-word answers t.docxmodi11
Please help
my best offer $10.00
Write 250- to 350-word answers to each of the following questions in the matrix:
Questions
Answers
What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life?
What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to business, and how has it affected everyday life?
What are some of the issues that result from dependency on modern media? Describe at least three issues.
How does media literacy help with responsible media consumption?
.
.
Please help, im lost!Fill in each blank with the most appropriate .docxmodi11
Please help, im lost!
Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from Lesson 2. Use a word or any of its forms once. (Words at the bottom of the page
1. Balancing a budget is a(n)______task for individuals as well as for governments.
2. When several people pass along information one by one, the inevitably_____it.
3. Although admirers were eager to lionize the Bronte sisters, they were_______s, preferring their own company to that of the outside world.
4. Thomas Carlyle says that "__________is hard upon a man" but that prosperity is even harder to endure.
5. A clever_______may win admiration for wit but discourage gentler feelings.
6. Readers of Beverly Cleary's_______have met Henry Huggins, an amusing character who appears in a succession of her of her novels.
7. As they leap, turn somersaults, and otherwise________ their bodies, Olympic gymnasts prove their suppleness.
8. Although the nursery rhyme begins, "Mary, Mary, quite contrary," The references to her garden and "maids all in a row" do not explain why she is_______.
WORDS:
adversity avert contort distort introvert perverse prose retort subservient subvert tortuous
.
Please go over the instructions carefully.the Topic is about 1.docxmodi11
Please go over the instructions carefully.
the Topic is about
1)
What is meant by New Urbanism?
Why are some observers critical of this movement?
Do you think that New Urbanism can solve the social problems confronting metropolitan regions?
the paper should be 5 pages.
I need this work to be done on 29 November at 3 pm Los Angeles CA Time.
Best,
.
please follow---Tuskegee Reaction Paper. If a student prefer.docxmodi11
please follow---
Tuskegee Reaction Paper
. If a student prefers not to participate in a psychology research study, for any reason, he or she may choose to write a 3-page, double-spaced typed reflection paper on the unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Studies (1932-1972). Papers must include a one-paragraph summary (you MUST list all references used). The remainder of the paper must be the student’s thoughtful REACTION to this historical event. NO INFORMATION MAY BE DIRECTLY COPIED FRO
M THE INTERNET OR OTHER SOURCES OR THIS WILL RESULT IN A “0” for the grade
.
Please explain in 200 words Many attractive jobs have left the.docxmodi11
Please explain in 200 words
Many attractive jobs have left the United States to countries such as China and India. Some argue that the practice of outsourcing has harmed American workers and encourages unethical practices such as sweatshop labor. Others argue that the production of cheaper products is good for the American economy.
Is outsourcing an ethical practice?
Should the United States government discourage outsourcing?
In your response, support your answer with ethical reasoning and theory.
.
In this assignment you are going to become photojournalists. Go into.docxmodi11
In this assignment you are going to become photojournalists. Go into your community with a camera and gather evidence to create a PowerPoint presentation of progress (or lack of progress, if you wish) made toward the achievement of civil rights of these and other groups in society. Think about changes in peoples’ rights, including women, the elderly, the disabled, and ethnic and racial minorities. Look at businesses, place names, neighborhoods, public facilities, parks, monuments and other aspects of the built environment.
Be sure to include and fulfill the following objectives in your presentation.
• Your presentation makes a definitive statement about the progress (or lack of progress) that has been made in your community since the Civil Rights movements of the 1960s.
• The photos are your own original work. The quality of your photos will not be assessed.
• Each slide supports or refutes the thesis that progress has been made in the community since the Civil Rights era of the 1960s.
Caution:
Do not take pictures of children in public places or at schools. Photographing people is not recommended because it requires getting permission. Do not trespass on private property without written permission from the owner. If in doubt about the appropriateness of your proposed photo subject, consult your instructor.
Please take a look at the unit assignment grading rubric on the course syllabus before you submit. Use it as a checklist to see if you have answered all the required assignment questions and followed other requirements like the use of outside sources and APA formatting.
Your presentation should be between 6-10 slides with accompanying notes, and in addition, one title slide and one references slide.
.
In the workplace, managers have a lot of influence, which requires t.docxmodi11
In the workplace, managers have a lot of influence, which requires them to sometimes be more educated and aware than others in order to set the standard of inclusion for all. What are some ways in which you can demonstrate your support of the LGBTI community, without having to wait to respond to messages of intolerance? Share your thoughts in a 1-page reflection.
.
in the word document i did a research paper and have comments (red c.docxmodi11
in the word document i did a research paper and have comments (red color)
all what you have to do is follow the red comments
i attached also files that should help you to costruct the paper
follow all the comments that added in the word file and use other files as source fof information
.
In the wake of the 40th anniversary of man setting foot on the moon,.docxmodi11
In the wake of the 40th anniversary of man setting foot on the moon, there has been renewed interest in space exploration. Proponents argue that in addition to working toward the actual objective, numerous and widespread "spinoff" benefits will accrue. Others argue that space exploration is "not worth the cost" and that our resources could better be used to deal with other issues such as health care, the economy, etc. What do you think? Is space exploration worth it? If so, what benefits would be derived. If not, why not?
.
In the wake of the terrorist attacks in September 2001, the 911 Com.docxmodi11
In the wake of the terrorist attacks in September 2001, the 9/11 Commission recommended that the U.S. Intelligence Community (USIC) find a way to improve information sharing of terrorism-related intelligence at all three levels of government (local, state, and federal). The USIC’s answer to this recommendation was the creation of intelligence
fusion centers
.
Since the creation of these intelligence fusion centers, there has been much controversy because of the large amounts of personal information secretly collected and shared within the U.S. intelligence and law enforcement communities. In addition, some critics argue that in the years since their creation, fusion centers and the law enforcement entities affiliated with them have moved away from their original purpose and instead have utilized federal grants and resources to fight local crime.
Assignment Guidelines
In 5–6 paragraphs, address the following:
In your opinion, how effective are U.S. fusion centers? Explain.
Do you feel that the creation of fusion centers has improved information sharing of terrorism-related information at all three levels of government? Why or why not?
Do you feel that fusion centers have ultimately moved away from their intended purpose? Why or why not?
Are fusion centers now being used as a local law enforcement tool to help fight local crime? Why or why not?
Post a new topic to the Discussion Board that contains your responses to the above questions.
Comment on at least 2 other students' posts.
.
In the wake of the Brown v. Board of Education decision (1995) Black.docxmodi11
In the wake of the Brown v. Board of Education decision (1995) Black Americans was faced with the daunting task of integrating American schools. You are being assigned the task of deciding if the movement toward integration was a positive or negative force in the future of Black education. Put simply; should Black parents/children be excited or worried about this newfound “opportunity” advising President Abraham Lincoln about the plight of Blacks--- what do they want/need as well as what the nation should do on their behalf.
.
In the United States, managed care is becoming an increasingly popul.docxmodi11
In the United States, managed care is becoming an increasingly popular method of administering healthcare. It influences the clinical behavior of providers, as it combines the payment and delivery of healthcare into a single system, the purpose of which is to control the cost, quality, and access of healthcare services for a single bracket of health plan enrollees (Scutchfield, Lee, & Patton, 1997).
Yet, managed care often evokes strong or negative reactions from healthcare providers because they are paid a fixed amount for treating their patients, regardless of the actual cost, which may influence their level of efficiency. This can challenge the relationships between doctors and patients (Claxton, Rae, Panchal, Damico, & Lundy, 2012; Sekhri, 2000).
Research managed care's inception and study some examples. Be sure to investigate the perspectives about managed care from the vantage of both healthcare providers and patients. You can use the following keywords for your research—United States managed care, history of managed care, and managed care timeline.
Based on your research, answer the following questions in a 8- to 10-page Microsoft Word document:
What are the positive and negative aspects of managed care? Analyze the benefits and the risks for both providers and patients, and how providers should choose among managed care contracts. Conclude with your analysis and recommendations for managed care health plans. Your response should include answers to the following questions:
Summarize the history of when, how, and why managed care was developed.
Define and discuss each type of managed care organization (MCO)—health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), and point of sale (POS).
Explain the positive and negative aspects, respectively, of managed care organization from the provider's point of view—a physician and a healthcare facility—and from a patient's point of view.
Explain the three types of incentives for providers for efficiency in the delivery of healthcare services. Explain who bears the financial risk—the provider, the patient, or the managed care organization.
Offer your recommendations, to accept or decline, for patients considering managed care health plans, with your rationale for each.
References
:
Claxton, G., Rae, M., Panchal, N., Damico, A., & Lundy, J. (2012).
Employer Health
Benefits Annual 2012 Survey
. Retrieved from http://ehbs.kff.org/pdf/2012/
8345.pdf
Sekhri, N. K. (2000).
Managed care: The US experience
. Retrieved from http://www.
who.int/bulletin/archives/78%286%29830.pdf
Scutchfield F. D., Lee, J., & Patton, D. (1997). Managed care in the United States.
Journal of Public Health Medicine
,
19
(3), 251–254. Retrieved from http://
jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/251.full.pdf
Support your responses with examples.
Cite any sources in APA format.
.
In the United States, policy makers, law enforcement personnel, gove.docxmodi11
In the United States, policy makers, law enforcement personnel, government officials, and many others work to develop laws and programs aimed at preventing crime and also reacting to crimes that have occurred. In developing these programs and policies, it is important to understand the types of people who commit certain crimes as well as the rationale behind criminal behavior.
In your role as a consultant to the city of Centervale, you should be able to demonstrate your knowledge about the theories of crime.
Submission Details:
Briefly describe a newsworthy crime that occurred in your own area.
Select the theory of crime that you think best fits this crime situation.
Based on your textbook readings, explain the theory and why it is the best fit
.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
For this assignment, review the article abomhara, m., & koien,
1. For this assignment, review the article:
Abomhara, M., & Koien, G.M. (2015). Cyber security and the
internet of things: Vulnerabilities, threats, intruders, and
attacks. Journal of Cyber Security, 4, 65-88. Doi:
10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.414
Address the following:
· What did the authors investigate, and in general how did they
do so?
· Identify the hypothesis or question being tested
· Summarize the overall article.
· Identify the conclusions of the authors
· Indicate whether or not you think the data support their
conclusions/hypothesis
· Consider alternative explanations for the results
· Provide any additional comments pertaining to other
approaches to testing their hypothesis (logical follow -up studies
to build on, confirm or refute the conclusions)
· The relevance or importance of the study
· The appropriateness of the experimental design
When you write your evaluation, be brief and concise, this is
not meant to be an essay but an objective evaluation that one
can read very easily and quickly. Also, you should include a
complete reference (title, authors, journal, issue, pages) you
turn in your evaluation. This is good practice for your literature
review, which you’ll be completing during the dissertation
process.
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
· Be approximately five pages in length, not including the
2. required cover page and reference page.
· Follow APA 7 guidelines. Your paper should include an
introduction, a body with fully developed content, and a
conclusion.
· Support your answers with the readings from the course and at
least two scholarly journal articles to support your positions,
claims, and observations, in addition to your textbook
· Be clearly and well-written, concise, and logical, using
excellent grammar and style techniques. You are being graded
in part on the quality of your writing.
Chapter 8 Lesson 1 updated link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LNuRW9t4JA&t=465s
Directions for Chapter 8: Lesson 2
Listed below is the assignment for Chapter Eight Lesson Two -
Human Geography of Central America and the Caribbean.
1. Write two paragraphs to answer the following question.
Please use one quote and proper MLA citation in this writing
assignment. "What are the problems that people in Central
America and the Caribbean face in regard to education and
health care, and what are some possible solutions?"
3. Chapter-8-Lesson-2-Human-Geography-of-Central-America-
and-the-Caribbean (9).pptxPreview the document
Divided Island: How Haiti and the DR Became Two Worlds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WvKeYuwifc&list=PLlwg
PFpU1XPNVWUzaiCy3m7IgO8VOU3WZ&index=72 (Links to
an external site.)
Directions for Chapter 8: Lesson 1
1. Write two paragraphs about the following topic: Assume
that you are living before the Panama Canal was built. Using a
comparison/contrast format make an argument as to whether to
construct the Panama Canal. You should consider the
economic and political implications of the canal and take into
account how the region’s physical features could affect the
Panama Canal’s success. Use references form the Video
Documentary.
2. Write down 7 interesting facts you learned about the Panama
Canal from the Video Documentary.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LNuRW9t4JA&t=465s
(Links to an external site.)
Cyber Security and the Internet of Things:
Vulnerabilities, Threats, Intruders
4. and Attacks
Mohamed Abomhara and Geir M. Køien
Department of Information and Communication Technology,
University of Agder, Norway
Corresponding Authors: {Mohamed.abomhara;
geir.koien}@uia.no
Received 14 September 2014; Accepted 17 April 2015;
Publication 22 May 2015
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are rapidly becoming
ubiquitous while IoT
services are becoming pervasive. Their success has not gone
unnoticed and
the number of threats and attacks against IoT devices and
services are on the
increase as well. Cyber-attacks are not new to IoT, but as IoT
will be deeply
interwoven in our lives and societies, it is becoming necessary
to step up
and take cyber defense seriously. Hence, there is a real need to
secure IoT,
which has consequently resulted in a need to comprehensively
understand the
threats and attacks on IoT infrastructure. This paper is an
attempt to classify
threat types, besides analyze and characterize intruders and
attacks facing IoT
devices and services.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Cyber-attack, Security threats.
5. 1 Introduction
The recent rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) [1,
2] and its
ability to offer different types of services have made it the
fastest growing
technology, with huge impact on social life and business
environments. IoT has
Journal of Cyber Security, Vol. 4, 65–88.
doi: 10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.414
c! 2015 River Publishers. All rights reserved.
66 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
gradually permeated all aspects of modern human life, such as
education,
healthcare, and business, involving the storage of sensitive
information about
individuals and companies, financial data transactions, product
development
and marketing.
The vast diffusion of connected devices in the IoT has created
enormous
demand for robust security in response to the growing demand
of millions or
perhaps billions of connected devices and services worldwide
[3–5].
The number of threats is rising daily, and attacks have been on
the increase
in both number and complexity. Not only is the number of
6. potential attackers
along with the size of networks growing, but the tools available
to potential
attackers are also becoming more sophisticated, efficient and
effective [6, 7].
Therefore, for IoT to achieve fullest potential, it needs
protection against
threats and vulnerabilities [8].
Security has been defined as a process to protect an object
against physical
damage, unauthorized access, theft, or loss, by maintaining high
confidential-
ity and integrity of information about the object and making
information about
that object available whenever needed [7, 9]. According to
Kizza [7] there is no
thing as the secure state of any object, tangible or not, because
no such object
can ever be in a perfectly secure state and still be useful. An
object is secure if
the process can maintain its maximum intrinsic value under
different condi-
tions. Security requirements in the IoT environment are not
different from any
other ICT systems. Therefore, ensuring IoT security requires
maintaining the
highest intrinsic value of both tangible objects (devices) and
intangible ones
(services, information and data).
This paper seeks to contribute to a better understa nding of
threats and their
attributes (motivation and capabilities) originating from various
intruders like
organizations and intelligence. The process of identifying
7. threats to systems
and system vulnerabilities is necessary for specifying a robust,
complete set
of security requirements and also helps determine if the security
solution is
secure against malicious attacks [10]. As well as users,
governments and IoT
developers must ultimately understand the threats and have
answers to the
following questions:
1. What are the assets?
2. Who are the principal entities?
3. What are the threats?
4. Who are the threat actors?
5. What capability and resource levels do threat actors have?
6. Which threats can affect what assets?
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 67
7. Is the current design protected against threats?
8. What security mechanisms could be used against threats?
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2
pro-
vides a background, definitions, and the primary security and
privacy goals.
Section 3 identifies some attacker motivations and capabilities,
and provides
an outline of various sorts of threat actors. Finally, the paper
concludes with
Section 4.
2 Background
8. The IoT [1, 2, 11] is an extension of the Internet into the
physical world
for interaction with physical entities from the surroundings.
Entities, devices
and services [12] are key concepts within the IoT domain, as
depicted
in Figure 1 [13]. They have different meanings and definitions
among
various projects. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good
understand-
ing of what IoT entities, devices and services are (discussed in
detail in
Section 2.1).
An entity in the IoT could be a human, animal, car, logistic
chain item,
electronic appliance or a closed or open environment [14].
Interaction among
Figure 1 IoT model: key concepts and interactions.
68 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
entities is made possible by hardware components called
devices [12] such as
mobile phones, sensors, actuators or RFID tags, which al low the
entities to
connect to the digital world [15].
In the current state of technology, Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
is the
most popular application form of IoT. M2M is now widely
employed in
9. power, transportation, retail, public service management, health,
water, oil
and other industries to monitor and control the user, machinery
and production
processes in the global industry and so on [5, 16, 17].
According to estimates
M2M applications will reach 12 billion connections by 2020 and
generate
approximately 714 billion euros in revenues [2].
Besides all the IoT application benefits, several security threats
are
observed [17–19]. The connected devices or machines are
extremely valuable
to cyber-attackers for several reasons:
1. Most IoT devices operate unattended by humans, thus it is
easy for an
attacker to physically gain access to them.
2. Most IoT components communicate over wireless networks
where an
attacker could obtain confidential information by
eavesdropping.
3. Most IoT components cannot support complex security
schemes due to
low power and computing resource capabilities.
In addition, cyber threats could be launched against any IoT
assets
and facilities, potentially causing damage or disabling system
operation,
endangering the general populace or causing severe economic
damage to
owners and users [20, 21]. Examples include attacks on home
10. automation
systems and taking control of heating systems, air conditioning,
lighting
and physical security systems. The information collected from
sensors
embedded in heating or lighting systems could inform the
intruder when
somebody is at home or out. Among other things, cyber-attacks
could be
launched against any public infrastructure like utility systems
(power sys-
tems or water treatment plants) [22] to stop water or electricity
supply to
inhabitants.
Security and privacy issues are a growing concern for users and
suppliers
in their shift towards the IoT [23]. It is certainly easy to
imagine the amount
of damage caused if any connected devices were attacked or
corrupted.
It is well-recognized that adopting any IoT technology within
our homes,
work, or business environments opens doors to new security
problems. Users
and suppliers must consider and be cautious with such security
and privacy
concerns.
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 69
2.1 Understanding IoT Devices and Services
In this section, the main IoT domain concepts that are important
11. from a
business process perspective are defined and classified, and the
relationships
between IoT components (IoT devices and IoT services) are
described.
2.1.1 IoT device
This is a hardware component that allows the entity to be a part
of the digital
world [12]. It is also referred to as a smart thing, which can be a
home appliance,
healthcare device, vehicle, building, factory and almost
anything networked
and fitted with sensors providing information about the physical
environment
(e.g., temperature, humidity, presence detectors, and pollution),
actuators (e.g.,
light switches, displays, motor-assisted shutters, or any other
action that a
device can perform) and embedded computers [24, 25].
An IoT device is capable of communicating with other IoT
devices and ICT
systems. These devices communicate via different means
including cellular
(3G or LTE), WLAN, wireless or other technologies [8]. IoT
device classifi-
cation depends on size, i.e., small or normal; mobility, i.e.,
mobile or fixed;
external or internal power source; whether they are connected
intermittently
or always-on; automated or non-automated; logical or physical
objects; and
lastly, whether they are IP-enabled objects or non IP objects.
The characteristics of IoT devices are their ability to actuate
12. and/or
sense, the capability of limiting power/energy, connection to the
physical
world, intermittent connectivity and mobility [23]. Some must
be fast and
reliable and provide credible security and privacy, while others
might not
[9]. A number of these devices have physical protection whereas
others are
unattended.
In fact, in IoT environments, devices should be protected
against any
threats that can affect their functionality. However, most IoT
devices are
vulnerable to external and internal attacks due to their
characteristics [16].
It is challenging to implement and use a strong security
mechanism due to
resource constraints in terms of IoT computational capabilities,
memory, and
battery power [26].
2.1.2 IoT services
IoT services facilitate the easy integration of IoT entities into
the service-
oriented architecture (SOA) world as well as service science
[27]. According
to Thoma [28], an IoT service is a transaction between two
parties: the service
provider and service consumer. It causes a prescribed function,
enabling
70 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
13. interaction with the physical world by measuring the state of
entities or by
initiating actions that will initiate a change to the entities.
A service provides a well-defined and standardized interface,
offering all
necessary functionalities for interacting with entities and
related processes.
The services expose the functionality of a device by accessing
its hosted
resources [12].
2.1.3 Security in IoT devices and services
Ensuring the security entails protecting both IoT devices and
services
from unauthorized access from within the devices and
externally. Secu-
rity should protect the services, hardware resources, information
and data,
both in transition and storage. In this section, we identified
three key
problems with IoT devices and services: data confidentiality,
privacy and
trust.
Data confidentiality represents a fundamental problem in IoT
devices
and services [27]. In IoT context not only user may access to
data but also
authorized object. This requires addressing two important
aspects: first, access
control and authorization mechanism and second authentication
and identity
management (IdM) mechanism. The IoT device needs to be able
to verify
14. that the entity (person or other device) is authorized to access
the service.
Authorization helps determine if upon identification, the person
or device is
permitted to receive a service. Access control entails controlling
access to
resources by granting or denying means using a wide array of
criteria. Autho-
rization and access control are important to establishing a
secure connection
between a number of devices and services. The main issue to be
dealt with
in this scenario is making access control rules easier to create,
understand
and manipulate. Another aspect that should be consider when
dealing with
confidentiality is authentication and identity management. In
fact this issue
is critical in IoT, because multiple users, object/things and
devices need to
authenticate each other through trustable services. The problem
is to find
solution for handling the identity of user, things/objects and
devices in a secure
manner.
Privacy is an important issue in IoT devices and service on
account of the
ubiquitous character of the IoT environment. Entities are
connected, and data
is communicated and exchanged over the internet, rendering
user privacy a
sensitive subject in many research works. Privacy in data
collection, as well as
data sharing and management, and data security matters remain
open research
15. issues to be fulfilled.
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 71
Trust plays an important role in establishing secure
communication when a
number of things communicate in an uncertain IoT environment.
Two dimen-
sions of trust should be considered in IoT: trust in the
interactions between
entities, and trust in the system from the users perspective [29]
According
to Køien [9] the trustworthiness of an IoT device depends on the
device
components including the hardware, such as processor, memory,
sensors and
actuators, software resources like hardware-based software,
operating system,
drivers and applications, and the power source. In order to gain
user/services
trust, there should be an effective mechanism of defining trust
in a dynamic
and collaborative IoT environment.
2.2 Security Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerabilities
Before addressing security threats, the system assets (system
components)
that make up the IoT must first be identified. It is important to
understand the
asset inventory, including all IoT components, devices and
services.
An asset is an economic resource, something valuable and
16. sensitive owned
by an entity. The principal assets of any IoT system are the
system hardware
(include buildings, machinery, etc.) [11], software, services and
data offered
by the services [30].
2.2.1 Vulnerability
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses in a system or its design that
allow an intruder
to execute commands, access unauthorized data, and/or conduct
denial-of-
service attacks [31, 32]. Vulnerabilities can be found in variety
of areas in
the IoT systems. In particular, they can be weaknesses in system
hardware
or software, weaknesses in policies and procedures used in the
systems and
weaknesses of the system users themselves [7].
IoT systems are based on two main components; system
hardware and
system software, and both have design flaws quite often.
Hardware vulner-
abilities are very difficult to identify and also difficult to fix
even if the
vulnerability were identified due to hardware compatibility and
interoper-
ability and also the effort it take to be fixed. Software
vulnerabilities can
be found in operating systems, application software, and control
software
like communication protocols and devices drives. There are a
number of
factors that lead to software design flaws, including human
factors and
17. software complexity. Technical vulnerabilities usually happen
due to human
weaknesses. Results of not understanding the requirements
comprise starting
72 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
the project without a plan, poor communication between
developers and users,
a lack of resources, skills, and knowledge, and failing to
manage and control
the system [7].
2.2.2 Exposure
Exposure is a problem or mistake in the system configuration
that allows
an attacker to conduct information gathering activities. One of
the most
challenging issues in IoT is resiliency against exposure to
physical attacks.
In the most of IoT applications, devices may be left unattended
and likely
to be placed in location easily accessible to attackers. Such
exposure raises
the possibility that an attacker might capture the device, extract
cryptographic
secrets, modify their programming, or replace them with
malicious device
under the control of the attacker [33].
2.2.3 Threats
A threat is an action that takes advantage of security
weaknesses in a system
and has a negative impact on it [34]. Threats can originate from
18. two primary
sources: humans and nature [35, 36]. Natural threats, such as
earthquakes,
hurricanes, floods, and fire could cause severe damage to
computer systems.
Few safeguards can be implemented against natural disasters,
and nobody
can prevent them from happening. Disaster recovery plans like
backup
and contingency plans are the best approaches to secure systems
against
natural threats. Human threats are those caused by people, such
as malicious
threats consisting of internal [37] (someone has authorized
access) or exter-
nal threats [38] (individuals or organizations working outside
the network)
looking to harm and disrupt a system. Human threats are
categorized into
the following:
• Unstructured threats consisting of mostly inexperienced
individuals who
use easily available hacking tools.
• Structured threats as people know system vulnerabilities and
can under-
stand, develop and exploit codes and scripts. An example of a
structured
threat is Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) [39]. APT is a
sophisticated
network attack targeted at high-value information in business
and gov-
ernment organizations, such as manufacturing, financial
industries and
national defense, to steal data [40].
19. As IoT become a reality, a growing number of ubiquitous
devices has
raise the number of the security threats with implication for the
general
public. Unfortunately, IoT comes with new set of security
threat. There are
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 73
a growing awareness that the new generation of smart-phone,
computers and
other devices could be targeted with malware and vulnerable to
attack.
2.2.4 Attacks
Attacks are actions taken to harm a system or disrupt normal
operations by
exploiting vulnerabilities using various techniques and tools.
Attackers launch
attacks to achieve goals either for personal satisfaction or
recompense. The
measurement of the effort to be expended by an attacker,
expressed in terms
of their expertise, resources and motivation is called attack cost
[32]. Attack
actors are people who are a threat to the digital world [6]. They
could be
hackers, criminals, or even governments [7]. Additional details
are discussed
in Section 3.
An attack itself may come in many forms, including active
network
20. attacks to monitor unencrypted traffic in search of sensitive
information;
passive attacks such as monitoring unprotected network
communications
to decrypt weakly encrypted traffic and getting authentication
information;
close-in attacks; exploitation by insiders, and so on. Common
cyber-attack
types are:
(a) Physical attacks: This sort of attack tampers with hardware
components.
Due to the unattended and distributed nature of the IoT, most
devices
typically operate in outdoor environments, which are highly
susceptible
to physical attacks.
(b) Reconnaissance attacks – unauthorized discovery and
mapping of sys-
tems, services, or vulnerabilities. Examples of reconnaissance
attacks
are scanning network ports [41], packet sniffers [42], traffic
analysis,
and sending queries about IP address information.
(c) Denial-of-service (DoS): This kind of attack is an attempt to
make
a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users.
Due to low memory capabilities and limited computation
resources,
the majority of devices in IoT are vulnerable to resource
enervation
attacks.
(d) Access attacks – unauthorized persons gain access to
21. networks or devices
to which they have no right to access. There are two different
types of
access attack: the first is physical access, whereby the intr uder
can gain
access to a physical device. The second is remote access, which
is done
to IP-connected devices.
(e) Attacks on privacy: Privacy protection in IoT has become
increas-
ingly challenging due to large volumes of information easily
available
74 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
through remote access mechanisms. The most common attacks
on user
privacy are:
• Data mining: enables attackers to discover information that is
not
anticipated in certain databases.
• Cyber espionage: using cracking techniques and malicious
software
to spy or obtain secret information of individuals, organizations
or
the government.
• Eavesdropping: listening to a conversation between two par -
ties [43].
• Tracking: a users movements can be tracked by the devices
22. unique
identification number (UID). Tracking a users location
facilitates
identifying them in situations in which they wish to remain
anonymous.
• Password-based attacks: attempts are made by intruders to
duplicate
a valid user password. This attempt can be made in two
different
ways: 1) dictionary attack – trying possible combinations of
letters
and numbers to guess user passwords; 2) brute force attacks –
using
cracking tools to try all possible combinations of passwords to
uncover valid passwords.
(f) Cyber-crimes: The Internet and smart objects are used to
exploit users
and data for materialistic gain, such as intellectual property
theft, identity
theft, brand theft, and fraud [6, 7, 44].
(g) Destructive attacks: Space is used to create large-scale
disruption and
destruction of life and property. Examples of destructive attacks
are
terrorism and revenge attacks.
(h) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Attacks: As any
other TCP/IP systems, the SCADA [45] system is vulnerable to
many
cyber attacks [46, 47]. The system can be attacked in any of the
following
ways:
23. i. Using denial-of-service to shut down the system.
ii. Using Trojans or viruses to take control of the system. For
instance,
in 2008 an attack launched on an Iranian nuclear facility in
Natanz
using a virus named Stuxnet [48].
2.3 Primary Security and Privacy Goals
To succeed with the implementation of efficient IoT security,
we must be
aware of the primary security goals as follows:
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 75
2.3.1 Confidentiality
Confidentiality is an important security feature in IoT, but it
may not be
mandatory in some scenarios where data is presented publicly
[18]. However,
in most situations and scenarios sensitive data must not be
disclosed or read by
unauthorized entities. For instance patient data, private business
data, and/or
military data as well as security credentials and secret keys,
must be hidden
from unauthorized entities.
2.3.2 Integrity
To provide reliable services to IoT users, integrity is a
mandatory security
property in most cases. Different systems in IoT have various
24. integrity
requirements [49]. For instance, a remote patient monitoring
system will have
high integrity checking against random errors due to
information sensitivities.
Loss or manipulation of data may occur due to communication,
potentially
causing loss of human lives [6].
2.3.3 Authentication and authorization
Ubiquitous connectivity of the IoT aggravates the problem of
authentication
because of the nature of IoT environments, where possible
communication
would take place between device to device (M2M), human to
device, and/or
human to human. Different authentication requirements
necessitate different
solutions in different systems. Some solutions must be strong,
for example
authentication of bank cards or bank systems. On the other
hand, most will
have to be international, e.g., ePassport, while others have to be
local [6].
The authorization property allows only authorized entities (any
authenticated
entity) to perform certain operations in the network.
2.3.4 Availability
A user of a device (or the device itself) must be capable of
accessing services
anytime, whenever needed. Different hardware and software
components in
IoT devices must be robust so as to provide services even in the
presence
of malicious entities or adverse situations. Various systems
25. have different
availability requirements. For instance, fire monitoring or
healthcare monitor-
ing systems would likely have higher availability requirements
than roadside
pollution sensors.
2.3.5 Accountability
When developing security techniques to be used in a secure
network, account-
ability adds redundancy and responsibility of certain actions,
duties and
76 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
planning of the implementation of network security policies.
Accountability
itself cannot stop attacks but is helpful in ensuring the other
security techniques
are working properly. Core security issues like integrity and
confidentiality
may be useless if not subjected to accountability. Al so, in case
of a repudiation
incident, an entity would be traced for its actions through an
accountability
process that could be useful for checking the inside story of
what happened
and who was actually responsible for the incident.
2.3.6 Auditing
A security audit is a systematic evaluation of the security of a
device or service
by measuring how well it conforms to a set of established
criteria. Due to
26. many bugs and vulnerabilities in most systems, security
auditing plays an
important role in determining any exploitable weaknesses that
put the data
at risk. In IoT, a systems need for auditing depends on the
application and
its value.
2.3.7 Non-repudiation
The property of non-repudiation produces certain evidence in
cases where the
user or device cannot deny an action. Non-repudiation is not
considered an
important security property for most of IoT. It may be
applicable in certain
contexts, for instance, payment systems where users or
providers cannot deny
a payment action.
2.3.8 Privacy goals
Privacy is an entitys right to determine the degree to which it
will interact with
its environment and to what extent the entity is willing to share
information
about itself with others. The main privacy goals in IoT are:
• Privacy in devices – depends on physical and commutation
privacy.
Sensitive information may be leaked out of the device in cases
of device
theft or loss and resilience to side channel attacks.
• Privacy during communication – depends on the availability of
a device,
and device integrity and reliability. IoT devices should
communicate only
27. when there is need, to derogate the disclosure of data privacy
during
communication.
• Privacy in storage – to protect the privacy of data stored in
devices, the
following two things should be considered:
• Possible amounts of data needed should be stored in devices.
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 77
• Regulation must be extended to provide protection of user data
after
end-of-device life (deletion of the device data (Wipe) if the
device
is stolen, lost or not in use).
• Privacy in processing – depends on device and communication
integrity
[50]. Data should be disclosed to or retained from third parties
without
the knowledge of the data owner.
• Identity privacy – the identity of any device should only
discovered by
authorized entity (human/device).
• location privacy – the geographical position of relevant device
should
only discovered by authorized entity (human/device) [51].
3 Intruders, Motivations and Capabilities
28. Intruders have different motives and objectives, for instance,
financial
gain, influencing public opinion, and espionage, among many
others. The
motives and goals of intruders vary from individual attackers to
sophisticated
organized-crime organizations.
Intruders also have different levels of resources, skill, access
and risk
tolerance leading to the portability level of an attack occurring
[52]. An
insider has more access to a system than outsiders. Some
intruders are well-
funded and others work on a small budget or none. Every
attacker chooses
an attack that is affordable, an attack with good return on the
investment
based on budget, resources and experience [6]. In this section,
intruders are
categorized according to characteristics, motives and objectives,
capabilities
and resources.
3.1 Purpose and Motivation of Attack
Government websites, financial systems, news and media
websites, military
networks, as well as public infrastructure systems are the main
targets
for cyber-attacks. The value of these targets is difficult to
estimate, and
estimation often varies between attacker and defender. Attack
motives
range from identity theft, intellectual property theft, and
financial fraud,
29. to critical infrastructure attacks. It is quite difficult to list what
motivates
hackers to attack systems. For instance, stealing credit card
information
has become a hackers hobby nowadays, and electronic terrorism
orga-
nizations attack government systems in order to make politics,
religion
interest.
78 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
3.2 Classification of Possible Intruders
A Dolev-Yao (DY) type of intruder shall generally be assumed
[53, 54]. That
is, an intruder which is in effect the network and which may
intercept all
or any message ever transmitted between IoT devices and hubs.
The DY
intruder is extremely capable but its capabilities are slightly
unrealistic. Thus,
safety will be much stronger if our IoT infrastructure is
designed to be
DY intruder resilient. However, the DY intruder lacks one
capability that
ordinary intruders may have, namely, physical compromise.
Thus, tamper-
proof devices are also greatly desirable. This goal is of course
unattainable,
but physical tamper resistance is nevertheless a very important
goal, which,
together with tamper detection capabilities (tamper evident)
may be a sufficient
30. first-line defense.
In the literature intruders are classified into two main types:
internal and
external. Internal intruders are users with privileges or
authorized access to a
system with either an account on a server or physical access to
the network
[21, 37]. External intruders are people who do not belong to the
network
domain. All intruders, whether internal or external, can be
organized in many
ways and involve individual attackers to spy agencies working
for a country.
The impact of an intrusion depends on the goals to be …