Malware threat analysis techniques and approaches for IoT applications: a reviewjournalBEEI
Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that has been widely used to improve business efficiency and customer’s experience. It involves resource constrained devices connecting to each other with a capability of sending data, and some with receiving data at the same time. The IoT environment enhances user experience by giving room to a large number of smart devices to connect and share information. However, with the sophistication of technology has resulted in IoT applications facing with malware threat. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative to give an understanding of existing state-of-the-art techniques developed to address malware threat in IoT applications. In this paper, we studied extensively the adoption of static, dynamic and hybrid malware analyses in proffering solution to the security problems plaguing different IoT applications. The success of the reviewed analysis techniques were observed through case studies from smart homes, smart factories, smart gadgets and IoT application protocols. This study gives a better understanding of the holistic approaches to malware threats in IoT applications and the way forward for strengthening the protection defense in IoT applications.
INTERNET OF THINGS A STUDY ON SECURITY AND PRIVACY THREATSMd .docxvrickens
INTERNET OF THINGS: A STUDY ON SECURITY AND PRIVACY THREATS
Md Husamuddin
Dept. of computer science
College of CS and IT, Al-Baha University
Al-Baha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Dr. [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The current world is driven by new, developing technologies. This has resulted in a variety of smart devices in the society that has impacted positively on the lives of people in the community. However, the organization has been experiencing threats and cyberattacks that mostly targets the private information. Therefore, in this paper, my discussion is centered on the different applications of the internet of things as well as security threats that are involved.
Keywords: security, privacy.
INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things is the most significant of the future of the internet. IoT has a global network through which ant object can connect with the other devices that are also linked on the internet. These devices include computers, tabs, cell phones, among many others. Generally, the internet of things is a system made up of connected things. This machine contains a microchip that connects all the methods related to it. Microchips serve the function of tracking the surrounding of the network and to give the report in case of any findings pertaining to the internet. The meaning of PC wrongdoing and cloud wrongdoing will be come to out to the IoT wrongdoing, which talks to any malignant development that incorporates the IoT worldview as within the IoT contraptions, organizations, or correspondence channels can be a subject, thing, or gadget recognized with the infringement. To investigate these sorts of cases, it is required to execute computerized crime scene examination technique within the IoT to choose the substances around an event. The meaning of a capable and adjust IoT progressed lawful sciences method is still at its unimaginable intrigued (Husamuddin, 2015). The most significant part of IoT is that it makes it possible for different entities to be communicated and to be accessed via the internet. This is very economical as a result, attracts many devices to be connected to the internet (Balte &Patil,2015). Research shows that more than 40 billion devices in 2019 got connected, and a higher risk of this is expected in the current year.
SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
The rate at which technologies are emerging is so high, and this has lead to threats as well as a privacy issue. The smart devices arising from this technology will interact with other devices and transmit information in the network (Balte, &Patil,2015). If a computer gets infected, the effects ripples to other devices in the system; thus, the whole internet infrastructure would be at risk. As soon as an attack spot has been identified, it is feasible to enumerate the safety vulnerabilities and risk prone regions requiring defense-in-intensity protection. Such safety refers to a typically used approach to protect important data on company networks wherein security controls ...
Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an emerging trend superseding other technologies and researchers considered it as the future of internet. As now the connectivity to the World Wide Web is becoming highly available cost is drastically decreasing so everyone can afford the technology. As Internet of Things provides a great opportunity to develop an important industrial systems and applications with the help of various kind of sensors that can sense out the environment using number of devices that is connected to the internet, usage of IoT is drastically increasing and becoming a common thing. With this sky-rocketed usage and the demand, Communication and storing of the information faces serious security issues as the security of IoT devices become just an afterthought when manufacturing most of the devices. This study tries to summarize this IoT security issues in terms of primary information security concepts confidentiality, integrity and availability with regards to its architecture.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
Comprehensive Survey on Security Problems and Key Technologies of the Interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
Comprehensive survey on security problems and key technologies of the interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
Malware threat analysis techniques and approaches for IoT applications: a reviewjournalBEEI
Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that has been widely used to improve business efficiency and customer’s experience. It involves resource constrained devices connecting to each other with a capability of sending data, and some with receiving data at the same time. The IoT environment enhances user experience by giving room to a large number of smart devices to connect and share information. However, with the sophistication of technology has resulted in IoT applications facing with malware threat. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative to give an understanding of existing state-of-the-art techniques developed to address malware threat in IoT applications. In this paper, we studied extensively the adoption of static, dynamic and hybrid malware analyses in proffering solution to the security problems plaguing different IoT applications. The success of the reviewed analysis techniques were observed through case studies from smart homes, smart factories, smart gadgets and IoT application protocols. This study gives a better understanding of the holistic approaches to malware threats in IoT applications and the way forward for strengthening the protection defense in IoT applications.
INTERNET OF THINGS A STUDY ON SECURITY AND PRIVACY THREATSMd .docxvrickens
INTERNET OF THINGS: A STUDY ON SECURITY AND PRIVACY THREATS
Md Husamuddin
Dept. of computer science
College of CS and IT, Al-Baha University
Al-Baha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Dr. [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The current world is driven by new, developing technologies. This has resulted in a variety of smart devices in the society that has impacted positively on the lives of people in the community. However, the organization has been experiencing threats and cyberattacks that mostly targets the private information. Therefore, in this paper, my discussion is centered on the different applications of the internet of things as well as security threats that are involved.
Keywords: security, privacy.
INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things is the most significant of the future of the internet. IoT has a global network through which ant object can connect with the other devices that are also linked on the internet. These devices include computers, tabs, cell phones, among many others. Generally, the internet of things is a system made up of connected things. This machine contains a microchip that connects all the methods related to it. Microchips serve the function of tracking the surrounding of the network and to give the report in case of any findings pertaining to the internet. The meaning of PC wrongdoing and cloud wrongdoing will be come to out to the IoT wrongdoing, which talks to any malignant development that incorporates the IoT worldview as within the IoT contraptions, organizations, or correspondence channels can be a subject, thing, or gadget recognized with the infringement. To investigate these sorts of cases, it is required to execute computerized crime scene examination technique within the IoT to choose the substances around an event. The meaning of a capable and adjust IoT progressed lawful sciences method is still at its unimaginable intrigued (Husamuddin, 2015). The most significant part of IoT is that it makes it possible for different entities to be communicated and to be accessed via the internet. This is very economical as a result, attracts many devices to be connected to the internet (Balte &Patil,2015). Research shows that more than 40 billion devices in 2019 got connected, and a higher risk of this is expected in the current year.
SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
The rate at which technologies are emerging is so high, and this has lead to threats as well as a privacy issue. The smart devices arising from this technology will interact with other devices and transmit information in the network (Balte, &Patil,2015). If a computer gets infected, the effects ripples to other devices in the system; thus, the whole internet infrastructure would be at risk. As soon as an attack spot has been identified, it is feasible to enumerate the safety vulnerabilities and risk prone regions requiring defense-in-intensity protection. Such safety refers to a typically used approach to protect important data on company networks wherein security controls ...
Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an emerging trend superseding other technologies and researchers considered it as the future of internet. As now the connectivity to the World Wide Web is becoming highly available cost is drastically decreasing so everyone can afford the technology. As Internet of Things provides a great opportunity to develop an important industrial systems and applications with the help of various kind of sensors that can sense out the environment using number of devices that is connected to the internet, usage of IoT is drastically increasing and becoming a common thing. With this sky-rocketed usage and the demand, Communication and storing of the information faces serious security issues as the security of IoT devices become just an afterthought when manufacturing most of the devices. This study tries to summarize this IoT security issues in terms of primary information security concepts confidentiality, integrity and availability with regards to its architecture.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
Comprehensive Survey on Security Problems and Key Technologies of the Interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
Comprehensive survey on security problems and key technologies of the interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
Security Issues & Threats in IoT InfrastructureIJAEMSJORNAL
IoT (Internet of Things) expands the future Internet, and has drawn much attention. As more and more gadgets (i.e. Things) connected to the Internet, the huge amount of data exchanged has reached an unprecedented level.IoT today has a wide scope and researches say that IoT will definitely be a huge reason in the change of human lifestyle. But irrespective of the scope of IoT, we cannot be sure enough to implement it due to the security concerns. There is a genuine need to secure IoT, which has therefore resulted in a need to comprehensively understand the threats and attacks on IoT infrastructure. This paper discusses about the flaws in the security structure of IoT, it is a study about the various layers of IoT and how differentattacks are possible in those layers.
A survey on Internet of Things (IoT) security : Challenges and Current statusvivatechijri
When Internet of Things (IoT) applications become a part of people’s daily life, security issues in IoT have caught substantial attention in both academia and industry. Compared to traditional computing systems, IoT systems have more inherent vulnerabilities, and in the intervening time, could have higher security requirements. However, the current design of IoT does not successfully address the higher security requirements postured by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions are needed to defend this emerging system. This paper purposes to examine security challenges resulted from the special characteristics of the IoT systems and the new features of the IoT applications. This could help pave the road to better security solution design. Furthermore, three architectural security designs are suggested and analyzed. Examples of how to implement these designs are discussed. Finally, for each layer in IoT architecture, open issues are also identified.
White Paper: IoT Security – Protecting the Networked SocietyEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding rapidly, and is expected to comprise 18 billion connected devices by 2022. But the assumptions of trust which formed the backdrop to the early development of the internet no longer apply in the early stages of IoT development. Privacy and security concerns are ever increasing, especially given the growing significance of IoT in corporate, government, and critical infrastructure contexts. Likewise, the commodification of IoT components incorporated across diverse product ranges and deployed in both managed and unmanaged use cases brings significant security challenges and creates potential for novel types of attack. The proactive cooperation of all key stakeholders will be necessary to realize the considerable economic benefits of the IoT, while protecting security, safety, and privacy.
Security Attacks and Countermeasures on Cloud Assisted IoT App.docxedgar6wallace88877
Security Attacks and Countermeasures on Cloud Assisted IoT Applications
Asma Alsaidi
The Communication and Information Research Center
Sultan Qaboos University
Muscat, Oman
[email protected]
Firdous Kausar
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University
Muscat, Oman
[email protected]
Abstract— Internet of things is an emerging technology having
the potential to improve the quality of different aspects of
human life. Furthermore, integration of IoT with cloud
computing has accelerated the wide range of applications in
different areas such as commercial, manufacturing,
engineering, supply chains, etc. Currently security threat
obstacles the adoption of IoT technology in many areas. This
paper presents the architecture of cloud assisted IoT
applications for smart cities, telemedicine and intelligent
transportation system. We investigate the security threats and
attacks due to unauthorized access and misuse of information
collected by IoT nodes and device. Further, we describe the
possible countermeasure to these security attacks.
Keywords- IoT; Cloud Computing; Smart cities; Intelligent
transport system; Telemedicine;
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things (IoT) compromises a combination
of different sensors and objects that can collaborate with
each other with no human interference necessary. The
“things” in the IoT comprises objects, such as cars,
microwaves, refrigerators, toaster, air conditions etc, which
collect useful data from its surroundings with the help of
sensors and transmit this to the other connected devices that
take actions/decisions based on it. In other words, it can be
said that IoT is an architecture that encompasses smart
embedded devices that are connected to internet so they can
be controlled and triggered by internet.
It is expected that by the 2020, around 25 billion objects
will become the part of global IoT network [9], which will
pose new challenges in securing IoT systems. It will become
easy target for hackers as these systems are often deployed in
uncontrolled and hostile environment. The main security
challenges in IoT environment are authorization, privacy,
authentication, admission control, system conformation,
storage, and administration [2]. There are security solutions
available already for Internet, which should be equally
applicable to IoT networks as well. However, constrained
resources, different operational environment, and complex
interconnectivity among huge number of devices in IoT
make those security solutions insufficient.
The IoT systems are vulnerable to numerous different
types of security attacks: Denial of Service (DoS), Jamming
attacks, Sybil attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks,
and malware attacks etc. Even after implementing proper
security solutions in IoT devices, there are still possibilities
of different kind of attacks on the network. Therefore,
proper.
Architectural Layers of Internet of Things: Analysis of Security Threats and ...Scientific Review SR
A pervasive network architecture that interconnect heterogeneous objects, devices, technologies and services called
Internet of Things has prompted a drastic change in demand of smart devices which in turn has increased the rate of
data exchange. These smart devices are built with numerous sensors which collect information from other interacting
devices, process it and send it to remote locations for storage or further processing. Although this mechanism of data
processing and sharing has contributed immensely to the information world, it has recently posed high security risk
on privacy and data confidentiality. This paper therefore analyses different security threats to data at different
architectural layers of Internet of Things, possible countermeasures and other in-depth security measures for Internet
of Things. The paper identifies device authentication on IoT network to be of paramount impo rtance in securing IoT
systems. This paper also suggests some essential technologies of security such as encryption for securing IoT
devices and the data shared over IoT network
CAN BLOCKCHAIN BE A SOLUTION TO IOT TECHNICAL AND SECURITY ISSUESIJNSA Journal
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing trend in technology that interconnects millions of physical devices from any location anytime. Currently, IoT devices have become an integral part of human lives, as such organizations are deeply concerned with its security and technical issues. Blockchain system comprises a distributed digital ledger which is shared among community of users on the Internet; validated and recorded transactions in the ledger which cannot be altered or removed. We presented the challenges of IoT devices and how blockchain can be used to alleviate these problems. An outline of how to integrate blockchain with IoT was tackled, highlighting the challenges of IoT and how blockchain can remedy the issues. It was concluded that blockchain has the capability to curb the challenges posed by IoT devices.
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Edge Computing-Assisted Internet o...DESMOND YUEN
Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative paradigm
envisioned to provide massive applications that are now part of
our daily lives. Millions of smart devices are deployed within
complex networks to provide vibrant functionalities including
communications, monitoring, and controlling of critical infrastructures. However, this massive growth of IoT devices and the corresponding huge data traffic generated at the edge of the network created additional burdens on the state-of-the-art
centralized cloud computing paradigm due to the bandwidth and
resources scarcity. Hence, edge computing (EC) is emerging as
an innovative strategy that brings data processing and storage
near to the end users, leading to what is called EC-assisted IoT.
Although this paradigm provides unique features and enhanced
quality of service (QoS), it also introduces huge risks in data security and privacy aspects. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on security and privacy issues in the context of EC-assisted IoT. In particular, we first present an overview of EC-assisted IoT including definitions, applications, architecture, advantages, and challenges. Second, we define security and privacy in the context of EC-assisted IoT. Then, we extensively discuss the major classifications of attacks in EC-assisted IoT and provide possible solutions and countermeasures along with the related research efforts. After that, we further classify some security and privacy issues as discussed in the literature based on security services and based on security objectives and functions. Finally, several open challenges and future research directions for secure EC-assisted IoT paradigm are also extensively provided.
Secure Modern Healthcare System Based on Internet of Things and Secret Sharin...Eswar Publications
The Internet of Things (IoT), is a concept that describes how objects that we are used in daily life will interact and negotiate with other objects over the internet. The amount of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities and built-in sensors keeps on increasing. IoT combines smart devices to provide smart services and applications like smart cities, smart healthcare, smart home, and digital farm etc. But it is very crucial to secure connected IoT devices and networks because of the nature of IoT system. In this paper, the existing works are analyzed and an IoT based
healthcare system architecture is proposed. An authentication scheme to enhance the security of the proposed healthcare system is also present.
Using Machine Learning to Build a Classification Model for IoT Networks to De...IJCNCJournal
Internet of things (IoT) has led to several security threats and challenges within society. Regardless of the benefits that it has brought with it to the society, IoT could compromise the security and privacy of individuals and companies at various levels. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks, among others, are the most common attack types that face the IoT networks. To counter such attacks, companies should implement an efficient classification/detection model, which is not an easy task. This paper proposes a classification model to examine the effectiveness of several machine-learning algorithms, namely, Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Naïve Bayes. The machine learning algorithms are used to detect attacks on the UNSW-NB15 benchmark dataset. The UNSW-NB15 contains normal network traffic and malicious traffic instants. The experimental results reveal that RF and KNN classifiers give the best performance with an accuracy of 100% (without noise injection) and 99% (with 10% noise filtering), while the Naïve Bayes classifier gives the worst performance with an accuracy of 95.35% and 82.77 without noise and with 10% noise, respectively. Other evaluation matrices, such as precision and recall, also show the effectiveness of RF and KNN classifiers over Naïve Bayes.
Forensics on the Internet of Things plays a vital role in the development of a much more secured IoT environment as the compromised nodes can be easily discovered so as the hacker who has done it.
A Study on Device Oriented Security Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)Eswar Publications
Internet of Things (IoT) basically discusses about the connection of various physical devices through a network
and let them take an active part by exchanging information through Internet. This paper presents important applications of IoT and the different challenges of IoT. Out of the various challenges, attacks on the devices used in IoT are of serious concern. Device oriented attacks and the defensive mechanisms are studied in this paper. A comparison is done for the specific malicious attacks on the M2M communicating devices.
Cyber terrorism, by definition, is the politically motivated use.docxdorishigh
Cyber terrorism, by definition, is the politically motivated use of computers and information technology to cause severe disruption or widespread fear in society. The Center for Strategic and International Studies reported in March 2019 that Chinese Hackers targeted at least 27 Universities to steal Naval Technologies research, being one of many cyber-terrorist attacks. Besides these attacks, Hacktivism is a cyber-attack either by legal or illegal digital means in the pursuit of political ends, free speech, and the right of free speech. A most notable example would be the group Anonymous conducting numerous hacks from 2008 to 2012 against companies, organizations, and even governments that go against their moral codes. Behind the Tunisia Operation in 2010, Anonymous took down eight government websites with DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks in support of Arab Spring movements. Between the two Cyberterrorism is meant to instill fear and panic in society. At the same time, Hacktivism brings about a voice or an opposition to the government and other organizations to support a cause against them. Hacktivism is more politically based, pointing out flaws in the system raising awareness on our rights as human beings. Advances in technology lead to newer and different types of attacks either group can conduct. From viruses waiting for you to log into your bank account to massive-scale attacks against the banks' systems themselves, terrorists, or hacktivists, have infinite ways to infiltrate and attack for their cause. Many laws have been put in place to combat these groups, acts put in place such as Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA) or Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 helping share information and build research and development to fight against cyber-attacks. Given the push against both groups by our government, I can't help but feel concern for our rights and freedoms that may be infringed upon that our government or some corporation is doing while combating the whistleblower with Hacktivist tactics. It only keeps me and others mindful while fighting against cyberattacks that may be classified as cyberterrorism. There is a fine line on what would be a genuine noble act of hacking or something labeled as cyberterrorism placing information and lives at risk, its not so black and white as some areas can be considered grey. Thankfully some events in history, thanks to Hacktivism has brought good results that benefit society, such as Operation "Nice" which organized to hunt down the terrorist responsible for attacks in the French city, killing nearly a hundred people. Also, Operation Darknet which infiltrated 40 child pornography websites publishing 1500 plus names of frequent visitors to the sites stopping such activity. In these instances, I am for hacktivism and specific groups that act for the benefit of society and our rights as humans.
Cyberterrorism. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cyberterroris.
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IoT (Internet of Things) expands the future Internet, and has drawn much attention. As more and more gadgets (i.e. Things) connected to the Internet, the huge amount of data exchanged has reached an unprecedented level.IoT today has a wide scope and researches say that IoT will definitely be a huge reason in the change of human lifestyle. But irrespective of the scope of IoT, we cannot be sure enough to implement it due to the security concerns. There is a genuine need to secure IoT, which has therefore resulted in a need to comprehensively understand the threats and attacks on IoT infrastructure. This paper discusses about the flaws in the security structure of IoT, it is a study about the various layers of IoT and how differentattacks are possible in those layers.
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When Internet of Things (IoT) applications become a part of people’s daily life, security issues in IoT have caught substantial attention in both academia and industry. Compared to traditional computing systems, IoT systems have more inherent vulnerabilities, and in the intervening time, could have higher security requirements. However, the current design of IoT does not successfully address the higher security requirements postured by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions are needed to defend this emerging system. This paper purposes to examine security challenges resulted from the special characteristics of the IoT systems and the new features of the IoT applications. This could help pave the road to better security solution design. Furthermore, three architectural security designs are suggested and analyzed. Examples of how to implement these designs are discussed. Finally, for each layer in IoT architecture, open issues are also identified.
White Paper: IoT Security – Protecting the Networked SocietyEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding rapidly, and is expected to comprise 18 billion connected devices by 2022. But the assumptions of trust which formed the backdrop to the early development of the internet no longer apply in the early stages of IoT development. Privacy and security concerns are ever increasing, especially given the growing significance of IoT in corporate, government, and critical infrastructure contexts. Likewise, the commodification of IoT components incorporated across diverse product ranges and deployed in both managed and unmanaged use cases brings significant security challenges and creates potential for novel types of attack. The proactive cooperation of all key stakeholders will be necessary to realize the considerable economic benefits of the IoT, while protecting security, safety, and privacy.
Security Attacks and Countermeasures on Cloud Assisted IoT App.docxedgar6wallace88877
Security Attacks and Countermeasures on Cloud Assisted IoT Applications
Asma Alsaidi
The Communication and Information Research Center
Sultan Qaboos University
Muscat, Oman
[email protected]
Firdous Kausar
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University
Muscat, Oman
[email protected]
Abstract— Internet of things is an emerging technology having
the potential to improve the quality of different aspects of
human life. Furthermore, integration of IoT with cloud
computing has accelerated the wide range of applications in
different areas such as commercial, manufacturing,
engineering, supply chains, etc. Currently security threat
obstacles the adoption of IoT technology in many areas. This
paper presents the architecture of cloud assisted IoT
applications for smart cities, telemedicine and intelligent
transportation system. We investigate the security threats and
attacks due to unauthorized access and misuse of information
collected by IoT nodes and device. Further, we describe the
possible countermeasure to these security attacks.
Keywords- IoT; Cloud Computing; Smart cities; Intelligent
transport system; Telemedicine;
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things (IoT) compromises a combination
of different sensors and objects that can collaborate with
each other with no human interference necessary. The
“things” in the IoT comprises objects, such as cars,
microwaves, refrigerators, toaster, air conditions etc, which
collect useful data from its surroundings with the help of
sensors and transmit this to the other connected devices that
take actions/decisions based on it. In other words, it can be
said that IoT is an architecture that encompasses smart
embedded devices that are connected to internet so they can
be controlled and triggered by internet.
It is expected that by the 2020, around 25 billion objects
will become the part of global IoT network [9], which will
pose new challenges in securing IoT systems. It will become
easy target for hackers as these systems are often deployed in
uncontrolled and hostile environment. The main security
challenges in IoT environment are authorization, privacy,
authentication, admission control, system conformation,
storage, and administration [2]. There are security solutions
available already for Internet, which should be equally
applicable to IoT networks as well. However, constrained
resources, different operational environment, and complex
interconnectivity among huge number of devices in IoT
make those security solutions insufficient.
The IoT systems are vulnerable to numerous different
types of security attacks: Denial of Service (DoS), Jamming
attacks, Sybil attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks,
and malware attacks etc. Even after implementing proper
security solutions in IoT devices, there are still possibilities
of different kind of attacks on the network. Therefore,
proper.
Architectural Layers of Internet of Things: Analysis of Security Threats and ...Scientific Review SR
A pervasive network architecture that interconnect heterogeneous objects, devices, technologies and services called
Internet of Things has prompted a drastic change in demand of smart devices which in turn has increased the rate of
data exchange. These smart devices are built with numerous sensors which collect information from other interacting
devices, process it and send it to remote locations for storage or further processing. Although this mechanism of data
processing and sharing has contributed immensely to the information world, it has recently posed high security risk
on privacy and data confidentiality. This paper therefore analyses different security threats to data at different
architectural layers of Internet of Things, possible countermeasures and other in-depth security measures for Internet
of Things. The paper identifies device authentication on IoT network to be of paramount impo rtance in securing IoT
systems. This paper also suggests some essential technologies of security such as encryption for securing IoT
devices and the data shared over IoT network
CAN BLOCKCHAIN BE A SOLUTION TO IOT TECHNICAL AND SECURITY ISSUESIJNSA Journal
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing trend in technology that interconnects millions of physical devices from any location anytime. Currently, IoT devices have become an integral part of human lives, as such organizations are deeply concerned with its security and technical issues. Blockchain system comprises a distributed digital ledger which is shared among community of users on the Internet; validated and recorded transactions in the ledger which cannot be altered or removed. We presented the challenges of IoT devices and how blockchain can be used to alleviate these problems. An outline of how to integrate blockchain with IoT was tackled, highlighting the challenges of IoT and how blockchain can remedy the issues. It was concluded that blockchain has the capability to curb the challenges posed by IoT devices.
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Edge Computing-Assisted Internet o...DESMOND YUEN
Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative paradigm
envisioned to provide massive applications that are now part of
our daily lives. Millions of smart devices are deployed within
complex networks to provide vibrant functionalities including
communications, monitoring, and controlling of critical infrastructures. However, this massive growth of IoT devices and the corresponding huge data traffic generated at the edge of the network created additional burdens on the state-of-the-art
centralized cloud computing paradigm due to the bandwidth and
resources scarcity. Hence, edge computing (EC) is emerging as
an innovative strategy that brings data processing and storage
near to the end users, leading to what is called EC-assisted IoT.
Although this paradigm provides unique features and enhanced
quality of service (QoS), it also introduces huge risks in data security and privacy aspects. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on security and privacy issues in the context of EC-assisted IoT. In particular, we first present an overview of EC-assisted IoT including definitions, applications, architecture, advantages, and challenges. Second, we define security and privacy in the context of EC-assisted IoT. Then, we extensively discuss the major classifications of attacks in EC-assisted IoT and provide possible solutions and countermeasures along with the related research efforts. After that, we further classify some security and privacy issues as discussed in the literature based on security services and based on security objectives and functions. Finally, several open challenges and future research directions for secure EC-assisted IoT paradigm are also extensively provided.
Secure Modern Healthcare System Based on Internet of Things and Secret Sharin...Eswar Publications
The Internet of Things (IoT), is a concept that describes how objects that we are used in daily life will interact and negotiate with other objects over the internet. The amount of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities and built-in sensors keeps on increasing. IoT combines smart devices to provide smart services and applications like smart cities, smart healthcare, smart home, and digital farm etc. But it is very crucial to secure connected IoT devices and networks because of the nature of IoT system. In this paper, the existing works are analyzed and an IoT based
healthcare system architecture is proposed. An authentication scheme to enhance the security of the proposed healthcare system is also present.
Using Machine Learning to Build a Classification Model for IoT Networks to De...IJCNCJournal
Internet of things (IoT) has led to several security threats and challenges within society. Regardless of the benefits that it has brought with it to the society, IoT could compromise the security and privacy of individuals and companies at various levels. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks, among others, are the most common attack types that face the IoT networks. To counter such attacks, companies should implement an efficient classification/detection model, which is not an easy task. This paper proposes a classification model to examine the effectiveness of several machine-learning algorithms, namely, Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Naïve Bayes. The machine learning algorithms are used to detect attacks on the UNSW-NB15 benchmark dataset. The UNSW-NB15 contains normal network traffic and malicious traffic instants. The experimental results reveal that RF and KNN classifiers give the best performance with an accuracy of 100% (without noise injection) and 99% (with 10% noise filtering), while the Naïve Bayes classifier gives the worst performance with an accuracy of 95.35% and 82.77 without noise and with 10% noise, respectively. Other evaluation matrices, such as precision and recall, also show the effectiveness of RF and KNN classifiers over Naïve Bayes.
Forensics on the Internet of Things plays a vital role in the development of a much more secured IoT environment as the compromised nodes can be easily discovered so as the hacker who has done it.
A Study on Device Oriented Security Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)Eswar Publications
Internet of Things (IoT) basically discusses about the connection of various physical devices through a network
and let them take an active part by exchanging information through Internet. This paper presents important applications of IoT and the different challenges of IoT. Out of the various challenges, attacks on the devices used in IoT are of serious concern. Device oriented attacks and the defensive mechanisms are studied in this paper. A comparison is done for the specific malicious attacks on the M2M communicating devices.
Similar to Cyber Security and the Internet of ThingsVulnerabilities, T.docx (20)
Cyber terrorism, by definition, is the politically motivated use.docxdorishigh
Cyber terrorism, by definition, is the politically motivated use of computers and information technology to cause severe disruption or widespread fear in society. The Center for Strategic and International Studies reported in March 2019 that Chinese Hackers targeted at least 27 Universities to steal Naval Technologies research, being one of many cyber-terrorist attacks. Besides these attacks, Hacktivism is a cyber-attack either by legal or illegal digital means in the pursuit of political ends, free speech, and the right of free speech. A most notable example would be the group Anonymous conducting numerous hacks from 2008 to 2012 against companies, organizations, and even governments that go against their moral codes. Behind the Tunisia Operation in 2010, Anonymous took down eight government websites with DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks in support of Arab Spring movements. Between the two Cyberterrorism is meant to instill fear and panic in society. At the same time, Hacktivism brings about a voice or an opposition to the government and other organizations to support a cause against them. Hacktivism is more politically based, pointing out flaws in the system raising awareness on our rights as human beings. Advances in technology lead to newer and different types of attacks either group can conduct. From viruses waiting for you to log into your bank account to massive-scale attacks against the banks' systems themselves, terrorists, or hacktivists, have infinite ways to infiltrate and attack for their cause. Many laws have been put in place to combat these groups, acts put in place such as Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA) or Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 helping share information and build research and development to fight against cyber-attacks. Given the push against both groups by our government, I can't help but feel concern for our rights and freedoms that may be infringed upon that our government or some corporation is doing while combating the whistleblower with Hacktivist tactics. It only keeps me and others mindful while fighting against cyberattacks that may be classified as cyberterrorism. There is a fine line on what would be a genuine noble act of hacking or something labeled as cyberterrorism placing information and lives at risk, its not so black and white as some areas can be considered grey. Thankfully some events in history, thanks to Hacktivism has brought good results that benefit society, such as Operation "Nice" which organized to hunt down the terrorist responsible for attacks in the French city, killing nearly a hundred people. Also, Operation Darknet which infiltrated 40 child pornography websites publishing 1500 plus names of frequent visitors to the sites stopping such activity. In these instances, I am for hacktivism and specific groups that act for the benefit of society and our rights as humans.
Cyberterrorism. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cyberterroris.
Cyber Security Threats
Yassir Nour
Dr. Fonda Ingram
ETCS-690
Cybersecurity Research Seminar
Date: 02/08/2019
1. Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks
A denial-of-service (DoS) is any kind of assault where the assailants (programmers) endeavor to keep real clients from getting to the service.
Programmer sends undesirable high volumes of traffic through the system until it ends up stacked and can never again work.
https://www.incapsula.com/ddos/ddos-attacks/denial-of-service.html
2
Company and summary of how the threat affected the firm
Deezer, an online music streaming service, says it was affected by a vast scale DDoS assault on June 7 through a botnet, which brought about the organization's site being down for a few hours.
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/10/deezer-user-data-hack-attack-ddos
3
Possible
Solution
s
These threats could been avoided by:
Reinforcing the security frameworks and servers
WAFs (Web Application Firewalls) are an incredible instrument to use against these assaults as they give you more command over your web traffic while perceiving malicious web misuses.
2. Malware
A malware assault is a sort of cyber-attack in which malware or malicious programming performs exercises on the unfortunate casualty's PC system, more often than not without his/her insight.
In straightforward words, it is a code with the expectation to takes information or obliterates something on the PC.
https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware.html
5
Company and summary of how the threat affected the firm
Onslow Water and Sewer Authority (OWASA) on October 15, 2018, was assaulted by Ryuk ransomware making huge harm to the association's system and brought about various databases and systems being modified starting from the group up.
The ransomware corrupted vast quantities of endpoints and requested higher payments than what we ordinarily observe (15 to 50 Bitcoins).
https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/malware/2019/01/ryuk-ransomware-attacks-businesses-over-the-holidays/
6
Possible
.
Cyber Security in Industry 4.0Cyber Security in Industry 4.0 (.docxdorishigh
Cyber Security in Industry 4.0
Cyber Security in Industry 4.0 (IEEE) Using Emerging Technology to Improve Compliance As cyber threats, malicious software, and cyber-attacks continue to escalate in sophistication, and no industry can remain immune to these threats. The IEEE has used industry-inspired advances in innovation and implementation to promote the highest level of cybersecurity standards for the most robustly protected information and communication technology infrastructure, from networks and telecommunication systems through websites, digital certificates, and passwords, and other software-based systems (Ardito et al., 2019). This Enhanced Canada Cybersecurity Standards and Certificates (ECCS&C) project strives to provide a common framework for enhanced cybersecurity across all sectors. The fourth industrial revolution is referred to as cybersecurity in Industry 4.0 and is encompassing three discrete components: machine learning, artificial intelligence, and automation.The effects of these four technologies will most certainly impact the processes and processes aspects of technology adoption. Over the next decade, we will most certainly see further and the further rise of robotics (Ardito et al., 2019).
The industrial revolution will begin with smart factory security systems. For now, those systems are secure, but many manufacturers will soon provide safeguards against attack and malware threats to help prevent malware attacks and lawsuits. The processes can look simple like a boiler next to a giant hexagon. For example, all these processes would trigger heating or cooling at some point, and the heating or cooling can be controlled by digital control boxes connected to a smart grid (Shi et al., 2019).
The industrial network will soon have more people connected in more complex networks, such as industrial warehouses. All of these buildings can communicate with each other and can remotely activate or deactivate automation systems to reduce manufacturing costs. The need for the defense, control, and monitoring of systems and networks. The blockchain is the most viable platform for these purposes (Shi et al., 2019). Decentralization is gaining respect and confidence on a global scale, and so there is a renewed emphasis on the blockchain in the industry. There is an abundance of articles on the blockchain's potential and benefits for companies. For example, more than fifty articles are covering the blockchain's potential for authentication, threat modeling, and development of social payment interfaces. Companies are beginning to explore smart contracts and smart systems for security, reputation, and data. All in all, it seems that all the evidence points to blockchain technology as the future of the financial industry (Shi et al., 2019).
References
Ardito, L., Petruzzelli, A. M., Panniello, U., & Garavelli, A. C. (2019). Towards Industry 4.0. Business Process Management Journal.
Shi, L., Chen, X., Wen, S., & Xiang, Y. (2019, December)..
Cyber Security Gone too farCarlos Diego LimaExce.docxdorishigh
Cyber Security Gone too far
Carlos Diego Lima
Excelsior College
BNS301 National Security Ethics and Diversity
How far is it too far when protecting the peoples' rights in cyberspace and its national security? In an ever-evolving cyber world, many states tend to infringe on citizens' cyber information privacy for their own accord. Sometimes governments overstep boundaries and bend the rules to protect the land and overstep the peoples' privacy to enforce rules and regulations. My final paper will analyze rules and regulations within the Cybersecurity realm within the United States. The National Security Strategy is a good guideline on the laws and what the U.S is looking to implement soon. This paper intends not to make conspiracy theories to show facts and existing laws and regulations on how the citizens' privacy has no longer been protected and some examples of historical events. (Snowden) had an ethical dilemma when he made his decisions. My paper will include my opinions and the bullet points below to construct a good argument on how the U.S can protect its citizens' privacy.
· National Security Strategy
· Cyber laws within the United States
· Privacy Laws
· Phone settings
· Phone Companies and laws sharing information to the government
· Internal agencies search and espionage laws
Edgar, T. H. (2017). Beyond Snowden privacy, mass surveillance, and the struggle to reform the NSA. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
J., T. P., & Upton, D. (2016). Cyber security culture: Counteracting cyber threats through organizational learning and training. Routledge.
Miloshoska, D., & Smilkovski, I. (2016).
Http://uklo.edu.mk/filemanager/HORIZONTI 2017/Horizonti serija A volume 19/14. Security and trade facilitation - the evidence from Macedonia- Milososka, Smilkovski.pdf.
HORIZONS.A, 19, 153-163. doi:10.20544/horizons.a.19.1.16.p14
Omand, D. (2018). Principled Spying: The Ethics of Secret Intelligence. Georgetown University Pre Omand, D. (2018). Principled Spying: The Ethics of Secret Intelligence. Georgetown University Press.
Zimmerman, R. (2015). The Department of Homeland Security: Assessment, recommendations, and appropriations. New York: Nova.
Running Head: METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1
METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Kaytlin De Los Santos
Florida International University
METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2
Methods, Results and Discussion
Methods
Participants
One hundred and thirty-nine participants were randomly selected and requested to fill a
questionnaire during the study. Every one of the 48 researchers looked for about 3 participants
each who were strangers to them or students at FIU. The participants needed to have not taken a
psychology research methods class in the fall of 2019.
Male participants for the study were 53 which accounted 38.1% while female participants
were 86 which accounted for 61.9% of the total number of particip.
CW 1R Checklist and Feedback Sheet Student Copy Go through this.docxdorishigh
CW 1R Checklist and Feedback Sheet: Student Copy
Go through this checklist before you submit your CW 1R assessment. You can also use this sheet to make notes on your tutor’s feedback in the following areas. This information will be essential when you are improving your draft.
Tutor’s comments
Part 3
Is your referencing complete and accurate?
Part 1
Have you evaluated the required number of sources?
Have you included all the sources in your evaluation in your list?
Is it clear how you have identified your sources as reliable and appropriate for academic use? Have you considered a number of aspects eg. currency, authority, etc?
Are your sources all clearly relevant to your topic?
Have you explained the key points or identified useful data from each source? Have you explained points in your own words?
Have you noted how you will use the source in your essay? Will it support a point / provide data / offer a counter-argument?
Have you identified the relationship between the information you have read? Do articles support an argument presented in another source? Provide additional information? Offer an alternative view?
Part 2
Have you included all your sources in part 2 in your outline?
Is your introduction clear? Have you included: the background /context for your essay? An overview of the essay structure?
Is your position clear?
Does your position relate to the main body of the essay? Do all your points relate to your position?
Is the development of your argument logical throughout your outline? Do any paragraphs seem repetitive / irrelevant or out of place?
For each paragraph
Is it clear how each paragraph develops your argument?
Does each paragraph focus and develop one key point?
Is the topic sentence clear?
Do the supporting points develop the topic sentence?
Is there clear evidence / data to support your points?
Are citations included for the support you will use?
Have you used more than one source for each paragraph?
Conclusion
Does your conclusion effectively answer your question?
1
BERNICE BOBS HER HAIR
by
F. Scott Fitzgerald
After dark on Saturday night one could stand on the first tee
of the golf-course and see the country-club windows as a
yellow expanse over a very black and wavy ocean. The
waves of this ocean, so to speak, were the heads of many
curious caddies, a few of the more ingenious chauffeurs, the
golf professional's deaf sister--and there were usually several
stray, diffident waves who might have rolled inside had they
so desired. This was the gallery.
The balcony was inside. It consisted of the circle of wicker
chairs that lined the wall of the combination clubroom and
ballroom. At these Saturday-night dances it was largely
feminine; a great babel of middle-aged ladies with sharp eyes
and icy hearts behind lorgnettes and large bosoms. The main
function of the balcony was critical. It occasionally showed
grudging admira.
CW 1 Car Industry and AIby Victoria StephensonSubmission.docxdorishigh
CW 1 Car Industry and AI
by Victoria Stephenson
Submission date: 03-Jan-2020 12:53PM (UTC+0000)
Submission ID: 1239134764
File name: 14900_Victoria_Stephenson_CW_1_Car_Industry_and_AI_278016_1651532176.docx (39.1K)
Word count: 2448
Character count: 13114
Overall structure looks clear, but what is the main focus of paragraph
5?
Non-academic source
Referencing error
Good point /
s
Pt 1. Search method
issue 1
This is not the title of the article - it is 'Driving Tests Coming for Autonomous Cars'. Make sure your referencing
is accurate.
Pt 1. Search method
issue
This article does not come up on a Google Scholar
search.
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QM
QM
FINAL GRADE
60/100
CW 1 Car Industry and AI
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
Source Selection: 6 (One merit criteria met; two of the
sources are less academic)
Source Evaluation and Use of Sources: 7 (Both Merit
criteria met)
Processing Text: 6.5 (mid-mark) One Distinction criteria
met - main points are all clear, support is repetitive /
less clear in places - make sure you give specific
examples / data).
Research and Understanding: 4.5 - mid-mark awarded.
Search methods are unclear / could not be followed.
Conclusions are good and clearly indicate reading has
been undertaken and understood.
24 / 40
PAGE 1
Text Comment. Overall structure looks clear, but what is the main focus of paragraph 5?
PAGE 2
Non-academic source
Remember that your sources must be reliable/trustworthy. This means they should be books,
academic journal articles, or reports from governments or international organisations. Do not use
general websites as primary sources.
Referencing error
QM
QM
QM
QM
QM
QM
QM
Check the guidelines on the cover page of this submission template to make sure you have
formatted the reference accurately.
Good point / s
Pt 1. Search method issue
You have not explained where you found your source or have used a non-academic search engine.
This is not good practice for academic study; please use either Google Scholar, StarPlus or the
reference lists of other related academic papers.
Comment 1
Google Scholar would be a better starting point, or you could follow up on research cited in the
website article to make sure that the research is academic and non-biased.
PAGE 3
Text Comment. This is not the title of the article - it is 'Driving Tests Coming for Autonomous
Cars'. Make .
CWTS
CWFT Module 7 Chapter 2
Eco-maps
1
ECO-MAPS
The eco-map helps to identify family resources at-a-glance. Areas of strength and concern are presented to assist in
creating a picture of the family’s world. Information is gathered in circles. Eco-maps are a snapshot in time.
Periodically update changes in connections to resources—especially natural familial and community resources to
maximize usefulness of the tool. The list below helps spur questions and generate deeper discussion about resources
and strengths during the initial visit.
Extended Family Medical/Health Care
Who is in the area that can be a support for you ALL family members: physical illness or disease
What kind of relationship Effects of chemical use
What kind of insurance
Income Effects of chemical use
Financial status Access to medical care
Sources of income Psychological illness, disease
Budgeting
Social Services/Resources
Friends County or Tribal/Financial Services/Child Welfare
Close – Supportive – Conflictive Names of workers
Where located Neighborhood centers
What kind of contact - frequency Agencies / counseling involved with in the past
Positive or negative experiences
Recreation
What do you do for fun Work/School
What do you do for relaxation Employment—past/present
What would you like to do What work are you interested in pursuing
Interests and / or hobbies What type of skills, vocation
What have you done in the past Degree or school until what grade
Positive or negative experiences
Spiritually/Religion
Spirituality and/or religious affiliation growing up Neighborhood
What kind of experiences did you have How long at present home
With what activities were you involved What is your neighborhood like
Current spiritual beliefs and religious affiliations Do you feel safe in your home and neighborhood
Where did you grow up, and what was it like
When showing connections with the ecomap, indicate the nature of the connections with a descriptive word or by
drawing different kinds of lines:
Strong connections: ----------
Tenuous connections: ._._._._
Stressful connections: //////
Draw arrows along the connection lines to signify the flow of energy and resources.
Identify significant people and fill in empty circles as needed. See the example Kelly Family below.
CWTS
CWFT Module 7 Chapter 2
Eco-maps
2
CHURCH/SPIRITUALITY
RECREATION
WORK/SCHOOL
FRIENDS
Extended Family/
Significant Others NEIGHBORHOOD
INCOME
SOCIAL SERVICES/
RESOURCES
NAME: ________________________
MEDICAL/
HEALTH CARE
STRENGTHS:
CONCERNS:
CWTS
CWFT Module 7 Chapter 2
Eco-maps
3
KELLY
FAMILY
Example
HEALTH CARE
EXTENDED
FAMILY
Absent father
WILLIAM
13
VERONA
9
GLORIA
14
SCHOOL
HOUSING:
Homeless
DANGEROUS
NEIGHBORHOOD
CHILD
WELFARE
(foster homes)
MFIP
BENEFITS
JOB TRAINING
Vocational
Rehabilitation
Prog.
Cw2 Marking Rubric Managerial Finance
0
Fail
2
(1-29) Fail
30-39
Fail
40-49
3rd
50-59
2:2
60-69
2:1
70+
1st
Grade Descriptors (Right)
Learning Pillars, Criterion Description and Expectations (Below)
Module Learning Outcome and Industry Competencies
Weighting
No attempt, No submission, Absent
Unsatisfactory, Poor, Week
Incomplete, Inadequate, Limited
Basic, Satisfactory, Sufficient
Appropriate, Fair, Reasonable,
Commendable, Competent, Judicious
Highly Commendable, Outstanding, Exceptional
1
Professional Skills - Executive Summary - Degree to which the executive summary explains the key themes and outcomes of the report in a one page summary
1A,1C
5%
As per grade descriptor
Poor attempt at identifying and
including key themes and/or outcomes. Is unlikely to be limited to one page only
The summary is limited in approach and
therefore incomplete. Possibly over one page in length.
Covers most of the key themes and
outcomes, basic use of information and sources, likely over one page in length.
A one page summary, which provides a
fair and appropriate executive summary to the report.
A commendable, one page summary.
Efficient structure which conveys and logically explains key themes and outcomes.
A strong one page summary. Which is
proficient in explaining key themes and outcomes. Very good structure to the summary.
2
Knowledge and Understanding:
- Introduction completeness and clarity of introduction to the organisation, background, context and rationale for the report being prepared
LO5,4A,4B,5A
10%
As per grade descriptor
Unsatisfactory introduction to the
organisation and background to report. Poor rational is presented. The scope of the report is very broad.
Incomplete introduction and/or background,
inadequate rationale for the report presented. Scope not adequately defined
Acceptable intro and/or background.
Somewhat basic rationale for the research presented. Satisfactory definition of report scope.
Appropriate introduction and/or
background. Fair rationale for the report presented. Scope reasonably well defined.
Commendable introduction and
background presented. Competent rationale presented. Scope well defined.
A strong and well articulated
introduction, the background is proficiently presented with excellent explanation of rationale to the report.
Scope very well defined.
3
Cognitive (thinking) Skills: Literature review:
Information is gathered from multiple, research- based sources. The appropriate content in consideration is covered in depth without being redundant. Sources are cited when specific statements are made. Significance to the
course is unquestionable
LO2,4A,1C,3C,3D
10%
As per grade descriptor
The literature review is
unsatisfactory in that the research content is irrelevant and/or incomplete with poor analysis and conclusions.
The literature review is inadequate in
that the research content is limited and/or incomplete with the same for it's analysis and conclusions.
The review is a.
CVPSales price per unit$75.00Variable Cost per unit$67.00Fixed C.docxdorishigh
CVPSales price per unit$75.00*Variable Cost per unit$67.00*Fixed Cost$100,000.00*Targeted Net Income$0.00*(assume 0 if you want to calculate breakeven)Calculated Volume12,500calculated* inputted by user
Social Networking Channels
Thomas Lamonte Esters
Independence University
29 September 2018
SOCIAL NETWORKING CHANNELS 1
I dislike social networking sites because of the dangerous hazards connected to it.
The ProCon article vividly describes the numerous benefits that are attached to the social networking sites such as connecting people, enhancing advertising and marketing, promoting research and education, assisting to spread information faster as compared to other media, connecting employers and employees and assisting the government to identify and prosecute criminals. These are just a few examples that the article illustrates to support the necessity of the social networking sites in the society today. According to the article, the social networking channels have significantly transformed different sectors such as businesses for the better since they can sell their products and services globally (Procon.org, 2018).
However, the detrimental effects connected with the social networking channels are also numerous and most of them may lead to permanent damage to our lives. It is very clear that the education is the backbone of our lives and also the key to success. Currently, about 69% of the American population use social media channels which is a drastic increase in the usage from 2008 where about 26% of the Americans were connected to the social media (Procon.org, 2018). Most of the social networking sites users are the youths who are in their lower grade level, colleges or even universities. The research shows that using social media when handling assignments decreases the quality of work and makes the students drop in their performance. Education is a core value to a successful life and allowing social media to intrude in the academics will be detrimental since it will lead to the production of incompetent individuals who may end up causing problems in the society (Rowell, 2015).
Moreover, the social media channels expose individuals’ to privacy problems and intrusion by any interested parties. In fact, nothing which is shared in the social media channels is private. According to the survey conducted, 81% of the people surveyed believed that social media is insecure. The government through the NSA (National Security Agencies) intrudes to people’s data and communication in social media meaning that their private information ends up in the hands of the government. Many people do not know about social media privacy settings and this means that they leave their social media accounts prone to invasion (Procon.org, 2018). Viruses such as Steck. Evl can also be propagated via the social media to cause harm to the users. Most of these viruses are spies and send users priv.
CYB207 v2Wk 4 – Assignment TemplateCYB205 v2Page 2 of 2.docxdorishigh
CYB/207 v2
Wk 4 – Assignment Template
CYB/205 v2
Page 2 of 2
NIST Risk Management Framework Step
What is the key NIST Special Publication that guides this step?
What are the typically deliverables for this step??
Who typically works on the deliverables for this step??
Step 1
Categorize
<(list NIST special pub)
(Describe the deliverable)
(List Author)
Step 2
Select
Step 3
Implement
Step 4
Assess
Step 5
Authorize
Step 6
Monitor
Copyright 2020 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2020 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
A Selection From
HAMMURABI'S CODE OF LAWS
(circa 1780 B.C.)
Translated by L. W. King
CODE OF LAWS
2. If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser.
3. If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death.
6. If any one steal the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death.
14. If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death.
15. If any one take a male or female slave of the court, or a male or female slave of a freed man, outside the city gates, he shall be put to death.
17. If any one find runaway male or female slaves in the open country and bring them to their masters, the master of the slaves shall pay him two shekels of silver.
21. If any one break a hole into a house (break in to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried.
22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.
25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire.
59. If any man, without the knowledge of the owner of a garden, fell a tree in a garden he shall pay half a mina in money.
108. If a tavern-keeper (feminine) does not accept corn according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water.
112. If any one be on a journey and entrust silver, gold, precious stones, or any movable property to another, and wish to recover it from him; if the latter do not bring all of the property to the appointed place, but appropriate it to his own use, then shall this man, who did not bring the property to hand it over, be convicted, and he shall pay fivefold for all that had been entrusted to him.
.
CUSTOMER SERVICE- TRAINIG PROGRAM
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Training Needs Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Training Design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Training Objectives --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Training Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Training Development ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Training Evaluation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Appendix I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
3
INTRODUCTION
Background
In contrast to Walmart’s ability in maintaining leadership as a multinational retail aiming sustainability,
corporate philanthropy and employment opportunity, the company is falling behind in terms of customer
service satisfaction. Despite to the effort of Walmart’s executives throughout these years, in building a better
relationship with their customers, it seems they remain still unsuccessful. This can be measured as their
satisfaction rating levels are still extremely low when compared to other businesses in the same industry. Per
the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) annual ranking for 2016, Walmart, “still between one of
the 10 companies with the worst customer satisfaction”. (Tim Denman-March 01, 2016)
Since we all recognize the crucial importance that represents to any business keeping their customers happy,
not only with the price of the product but most important with the service provided. I will create a training
plan mainly focused in the delivery of effective customer service practices for all Walmart customer services
associates. This training program will provide to all Walmart’s new hires and current associates the
opportunity of not only learning, but also expanding, reinforcing and creating consistency of their knowledge
on how to deal with customers in different situations. How to improve happiness for the customers while
shopping and how to improve the associate’s customer service attitude and efficiency with the goal of
offering an outstanding service. Ultimately, to achieve delivering an enjoyable shopping experience to all
Walmart’s clients. This training will be presented in five different modules; each module will represent a
fundamental aspect inside of customer service job in order to make the associates.
Customer Service Test (Chapter 6 - 10)Name Multiple Choice.docxdorishigh
Customer Service
Test (Chapter 6 - 10)
Name:
Multiple Choice Questions (3 points each – please highlight your response)
1) ____ The Regional Sales Manager of a medical device company is an assertive person who proactively engages in confrontational dialogue during sales meetings of his company. Being a forceful businessman, he prefers firm handshakes in his interactions and is inclined to project a confident, arrogant demeanor. He is most likely to prefer what personality style:
a. Inquisitive
b. Rational
c. Expressive
d. Decisive
2) ____ An individual who favors solitary leisure activities over people-oriented activities is most likely to adopt what personality style:
a. Decisive
b. Expressive
c. Inquisitive
d. Rational
3) ____ People who adopt the inquisitive style differ from people who adopt the expressive style in that the former tends to be more like which of the following:
a. Volunteers feelings freely
b. Be very punctual and time conscious
c. Enjoys engaging individuals in person
d. Prefers informality and closeness in interactions
4) ____ A customer approaches a salesperson to discuss details of a product he is interested in. Given her preference for the expressive style, which of the following would the customer likely be interested in:
a. The bottom line of using the product
b. Instructions that discuss the use of the product
c. Questions related to rebates and other technical information
d. The color and sizes that the product is available in
5) ____ A good way to establish good relationships with an internal customer is to:
a. Tell your co-worker about all your work and family challenges
b. Wear strong fragrances to make sure you get noticed
c. Stay connected by stopping by their work area periodically
d. Forward your calls to him/her when you are away from your desk
6) ____ One strategy for dealing with talkative customers is to:
a. Ignore all the other customers while listening to them
b. Roll your eyes and look away
c. Direct them to your co-workers
d. Used closed-end questions to guide the conversation
7) ____ Which of the following is the last step of the problem solving model:
a. Evaluate the alternatives
b. Identify the alternatives
c. Monitor the results
d. Make a decision
8) ____ The Customer Experience Representative is confronted by an upset customers and uses a problem solving model to address the issue. She first identified the problem. The next step she should take is:
a. Monitor the results
b. Identify the alternatives
c. Make a decision
d. Evaluate the alternatives
9) ____ The last step of the service recover process is:
a. Show compassion
b. Conduct a follow up
c. Take further action
d. Apologize another time
10) ____ Which of the following statements is an example of an individualistic culture:
a. A country that provides all of it citizens with complete healthcare
b. A native tribe whose members pursue personal goals over the tribe’s
c. An ethnic group that runs all its decis.
Customer Value Funnel Questions1. Identify the relevant .docxdorishigh
Customer Value Funnel Questions
1. Identify the relevant macroenvironmental factors (level 1). What impact do these issues have on the focal organization?
2. Discuss the market factors (level 2). How do collaboration, competition, suppliers and regulators affect the performance of the focal organization?
.
Customer service is something that we have all heard of and have som.docxdorishigh
Customer service is something that we have all heard of and have some degree of familiarity with. However, customer service issues are a frequent complaint amongst customers. Using the Internet or another resource identify an organization with a reputation in customer service excellence. Then find another that has had a long history of customer service issues and complaints.
How do organizations promote customer service excellence?
What are the effects of poor customer service?
How does quality tie into customer service?
How can organizations improve their customer service models?
.
Customer requests are:
Proposed Cloud Architecture (5 pages needed from step 1 to step 5)
Final Report Evaluating AWS and Azure Providers (5 pages (step1 to5) + 2 pages from step 6 to 7 = the final report would be 7 pages), also you will find
the template for the final
report is on the last pages
Below are the instructions
Since you have become familiar with the foundations of cloud computing technologies, along with their risks and the legal and compliance issues, you will now explore cloud offerings of popular cloud providers and evaluate them to recommend one that would be the best fit for BallotOnline.
In this project, you will first learn about networking in the cloud and auxiliary cloud services provided by cloud vendors. Next, you will explore cloud computing trends, best practices, and issues involved in migrating IT deployments to the cloud, as well as typical architectures of cloud deployments. Then, you will apply your findings to propose a general architecture for BallotOnline’s cloud deployment to best address the company’s business requirements.
Once you have selected a deployment architecture, you will research two leading cloud vendors: Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. Exploring and comparing the tools available for application migration will enable you to recommend a vendor to the executives in your final report. The final deliverable is a written report to BallotOnline management, describing the results of your research and recommending the cloud deployment architecture and the vendor for its deployment, with justification.
Your final report should demonstrate that you understand the IT needs of the organization as you evaluate and select cloud providers. The report should include your insights on the appropriate direction to take to handle the company’s IT business needs. You will also be assessed on the ability to integrate relevant risk, policy, and compliance consideration into the recommendations, as well as the clarity of your writing and a demonstration of logical, step-by-step decision making to formulate and justify your ideas.
Check the
Project 3 FAQ thread
in the discussion area for any last-minute updates or clarifications about the project.
Step 1: Research Networking and Auxiliary Services in the Cloud
The executives at BallotOnline have been impressed with your research on cloud computing thus far. While there are a variety of
cloud providers
, BallotOnline is considering using Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure, two of the top providers in the market. BallotOnline's executives want you to help determine which would be the best provider for the organization.
You will start with learning about
internet networking basics
and
cloud networking
. You will also research many
cloud services
that cloud providers make available to their customers to help them take full advantage of cloud service and deployment models.
Step 2: Research Cloud Trends, Best Practices, and Mig.
Customer Relationship Management
Presented By:
Shan Gu
Cristobal Vaca
Amber Vargas
Jasmine Villasenor- Team Leader
Xiaoqi Zhou
1
IST 309
Professor He
Group 10
3/18/20
23-25 minute presentation
Overview
Introduction to Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Objectives of CRM
Different forms of CRM
Examples of businesses that use CRM
The problem, context, & architecture of CRM
The state of art & current best practices of CRM
Advantages and Disadvantages of CRM
Recommendations
2
Introduction to CRM
Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach to manage a company's interaction with current and potential customers
It’s seen as both an organizational strategy & information technology
Takes form in various systems and applications
Builds sustainable long-term customer relationships that create value for both the company and it’s customers
Contributes to customer retention & expansion of their relationships with advantageous existing customers
Obtains new customers
3
It uses data analysis about customers' history with a company to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer retention and ultimately driving sales growth.
CRM helps companies acquire new customers and retain and expand their relationships with profitable existing customers. Retaining customers is particularly important because repeat customers are the largest generator of revenue for an enterprise. Also, organizations have long understood that winning back a customer who has switched to a competitor is vastly more expensive than keeping that customer satisfied in the first place.
The goal is simple: Improve business relationships. A CRM system helps companies stay connected to customers, streamline processes, and improve profitability.
Objectives
Who is CRM for?
Large businesses
Small businesses
Customers of both types of businesses listed above
4
Key Features:
stay connected to customers
streamline processes
provide visibility & easy access to data
improve efficiency & profitability
How does CRM benefit businesses?
Provides a clear overview of your customers
Can be used as both a sales and marketing tool
Contributes information from HR → Customer service → Supply-chain management
A CRM system gives eve#ryone — from sales, customer service, business development, recruiting, marketing, or any other line of business — a better way to manage the external interactions and relationships that drive success. A CRM tool lets you store customer and prospect contact information, identify sales opportunities, record service issues, and manage marketing campaigns, all in one central location — and make information about every customer interaction available to anyone at your company who might need it.
Some of the biggest gains in productivity can come from moving beyond CRM as a sales and marketing tool, and embedding it in your business – from HR to customer services and supply-chain management.
E.
Custom Vans Inc. Custom Vans Inc. specializes in converting st.docxdorishigh
Custom Vans Inc. Custom Vans Inc
. specializes in converting standard vans into campers. Depending on the amount of work and customizing to be done, the customizing could cost less than $1,000 to more than $5,000. In less than four years, Tony Rizzo was able to expand his small operation in Gary, Indiana, to other major outlets in Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and Detroit.
Innovation was the major factor in Tony’ s success in converting a small van shop into one of the largest and most profitable custom van operations in the Midwest. Tony seemed to have a special ability to design and develop unique features and devices that were always in high demand by van owners. An example was Shower-Rific, which Tony developed only six months after he started Custom Vans Inc. These small showers were completely self-contained, and they could be placed in almost any type of van and in a number of different locations within a van. Shower-Rific was made of fiberglass and contained towel racks, built-in soap and shampoo holders, and a unique plastic door. Each Shower-Rific took 2 gallons of fiberglass and 3 hours of labor to manufacture.
Most of the Shower-Rifics were manufactured in Gary, in the same warehouse where Custom Vans Inc. was founded. The manufacturing plant in Gary could produce 300 Shower-Rifics in a month, but that capacity never seemed to be enough. Custom Vans shops in all locations were complaining about not getting enough Shower-Rifics, and because Minneapolis was farther away from Gary than the other locations, Tony was always inclined to ship Shower-Rifics to the other locations before Minneapolis. This infuriated the manager of Custom Vans at Minneapolis, and after many heated discussions, Tony decided to start another manufacturing plant for Shower-Rifics at Fort Wayne, Indiana.
The manufacturing plant at Fort Wayne could produce 150 Shower-Rifics per month. The manufacturing plant at Fort Wayne was still not able to meet current demand for Shower-Rifics, and Tony knew that the demand for his unique camper shower would grow rapidly in the next year. After consulting with his lawyer and banker, Tony concluded that he should open two new manufacturing plants as soon as possible. Each plant would have the same capacity as the Fort Wayne manufacturing plant. An initial investigation into possible manufacturing locations was made, and Tony decided that the two new plants should be located in Detroit, Michigan; Rockford, Illinois; or Madison, Wisconsin. Tony knew that selecting the best location for the two new manufacturing plants would be difficult. Transportation costs and demands for the various locations were important considerations.
The Chicago shop was managed by Bill Burch. This Custom Vans shop was one of the first established by Tony, and it continued to outperform the other locations. The manufacturing plant at Gary was supplying the Chicago shop with 200 Shower-Rifics each month, although Bill knew that the demand for the.
Curtis HillTopic 07 Assignment Long-Term Care ChartHA30.docxdorishigh
Curtis Hill
Topic 07 Assignment: Long-Term Care Chart
HA3010 - Introduction to US Healthcare Delivery
Jenifer Henke
May 24, 2020
HA3010 Topic 7 Assignment
Long Term Care Chart
Complete the chart comparing and contrasting long-term care services.
Type of LTC Service
Cost Effectiveness
Efficacy
Patient Satisfaction
Home care
Home care services are cost effective since the costs are flexible depending on one’s ability to pay.
Efficient in helping individuals with daily activities. It also helps patients with healthcare needs.
Relatively high
Community services
This is also considered cost effective since it can be provided by health care programs, social or other related providers.
Efficient to patients requiring help in daily activities.
Not efficient for provision of healthcare needs.
Relatively low
Supportive housing programs
Their cost ranges from low to medium, hence making them cost effective. This is especially the case when such is offered by the government.
Efficient to patients requiring help in daily activities.
Not efficient for provision of healthcare needs.
Relatively low
Continuing care retirement communities
The cost of CCRC is high as compared to the types discussed above. This is because it offers a full range of services.
Efficient for both healthcare and daily activities requirements.
High
Nursing homes
The cost of this type of long term care service is high. This is because the cost includes skilled services such as nursing and rehabilitation, meals and other support activities.
Efficient for both healthcare and daily activities requirements.
High
2
2
2
1
1
1
Organization Name: Insta-Buy
Insta-Buy is an E-Commerce Multinational American company. It was founded in 2010 and is based in Atlanta, Georgia. It mainly operates with grocery delivery and pick up and it offers services through web application and mobile application to various states in United States. It is one of the major online marketplaces for grocery delivery. The company is valued at $1 billion worth and has partnership with over 150 retailers. It is known for its fresh produce and timely delivery and pickup.
Predictive Analysis at Insta-Buy:
The predictive analytics is termed as what is likely to happen in the future. The predictive analytics is based on statistical and data mining technique. The aim of this technique is to predict the future of the project such as what would be the customer reaction on project, financial need, etc. In developing predictive analytical application, a number of techniques are used such as classification algorithms. The classification techniques are logistic regression, decision tree models and neural network. Clustering algorithms are used to segment customers in different groups which helps to target specific promotions to them. To estimate the relationship between different purchasing behavior, association mining technique is used (Mehra, 2014). As an example, for any product .
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Cyber Security and the Internet of ThingsVulnerabilities, T.docx
1. Cyber Security and the Internet of Things:
Vulnerabilities, Threats, Intruders
and Attacks
Mohamed Abomhara and Geir M. Køien
Department of Information and Communication Technology,
University of Agder, Norway
Corresponding Authors: {Mohamed.abomhara;
geir.koien}@uia.no
Received 14 September 2014; Accepted 17 April 2015;
Publication 22 May 2015
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are rapidly becoming
ubiquitous while IoT
services are becoming pervasive. Their success has not gone
unnoticed and
the number of threats and attacks against IoT devices and
services are on the
increase as well. Cyber-attacks are not new to IoT, but as IoT
will be deeply
interwoven in our lives and societies, it is becoming necessary
to step up
and take cyber defense seriously. Hence, there is a real need to
secure IoT,
which has consequently resulted in a need to comprehensively
understand the
threats and attacks on IoT infrastructure. This paper is an
3. perhaps billions of connected devices and services worldwide
[3–5].
The number of threats is rising daily, and attacks have been on
the increase
in both number and complexity. Not only is the number of
potential attackers
along with the size of networks growing, but the tools available
to potential
attackers are also becoming more sophisticated, efficient and
effective [6, 7].
Therefore, for IoT to achieve fullest potential, it needs
protection against
threats and vulnerabilities [8].
Security has been defined as a process to protect an object
against physical
damage, unauthorized access, theft, or loss, by maintaining high
confidential-
ity and integrity of information about the object and making
information about
that object available whenever needed [7, 9]. According to
Kizza [7] there is no
thing as the secure state of any object, tangible or not, because
no such object
can ever be in a perfectly secure state and still be useful. An
object is secure if
the process can maintain its maximum intrinsic value under
different condi-
tions. Security requirements in the IoT environment are not
different from any
other ICT systems. Therefore, ensuring IoT security requires
maintaining the
highest intrinsic value of both tangible objects (devices) and
intangible ones
(services, information and data).
4. This paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding of
threats and their
attributes (motivation and capabilities) originating from various
intruders like
organizations and intelligence. The process of identifying
threats to systems
and system vulnerabilities is necessary for specifying a robust,
complete set
of security requirements and also helps determine if the security
solution is
secure against malicious attacks [10]. As well as users,
governments and IoT
developers must ultimately understand the threats and have
answers to the
following questions:
1. What are the assets?
2. Who are the principal entities?
3. What are the threats?
4. Who are the threat actors?
5. What capability and resource levels do threat actors have?
6. Which threats can affect what assets?
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 67
7. Is the current design protected against threats?
8. What security mechanisms could be used against threats?
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2
pro-
vides a background, definitions, and the primary security and
privacy goals.
Section 3 identifies some attacker motivations and capabilities,
5. and provides
an outline of various sorts of threat actors. Finally, the paper
concludes with
Section 4.
2 Background
The IoT [1, 2, 11] is an extension of the Internet into the
physical world
for interaction with physical entities from the surroundings.
Entities, devices
and services [12] are key concepts within the IoT domain, as
depicted
in Figure 1 [13]. They have different meanings and definitions
among
various projects. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good
understand-
ing of what IoT entities, devices and services are (discussed in
detail in
Section 2.1).
An entity in the IoT could be a human, animal, car, logistic
chain item,
electronic appliance or a closed or open environment [14].
Interaction among
Figure 1 IoT model: key concepts and interactions.
68 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
entities is made possible by hardware components called
devices [12] such as
mobile phones, sensors, actuators or RFID tags, which allow the
entities to
6. connect to the digital world [15].
In the current state of technology, Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
is the
most popular application form of IoT. M2M is now widely
employed in
power, transportation, retail, public service management, health,
water, oil
and other industries to monitor and control the user, machinery
and production
processes in the global industry and so on [5, 16, 17].
According to estimates
M2M applications will reach 12 billion connections by 2020 and
generate
approximately 714 billion euros in revenues [2].
Besides all the IoT application benefits, several security threats
are
observed [17–19]. The connected devices or machines are
extremely valuable
to cyber-attackers for several reasons:
1. Most IoT devices operate unattended by humans, thus it is
easy for an
attacker to physically gain access to them.
2. Most IoT components communicate over wireless networks
where an
attacker could obtain confidential information by
eavesdropping.
3. Most IoT components cannot support complex security
schemes due to
low power and computing resource capabilities.
In addition, cyber threats could be launched against any IoT
7. assets
and facilities, potentially causing damage or disabling system
operation,
endangering the general populace or causing severe economic
damage to
owners and users [20, 21]. Examples include attacks on home
automation
systems and taking control of heating systems, air conditioning,
lighting
and physical security systems. The information collected from
sensors
embedded in heating or lighting systems could inform the
intruder when
somebody is at home or out. Among other things, cyber-attacks
could be
launched against any public infrastructure like utility systems
(power sys-
tems or water treatment plants) [22] to stop water or electricity
supply to
inhabitants.
Security and privacy issues are a growing concern for users and
suppliers
in their shift towards the IoT [23]. It is certainly easy to
imagine the amount
of damage caused if any connected devices were attacked or
corrupted.
It is well-recognized that adopting any IoT technology within
our homes,
work, or business environments opens doors to new security
problems. Users
and suppliers must consider and be cautious with such security
and privacy
concerns.
8. Cyber security and the Internet of Things 69
2.1 Understanding IoT Devices and Services
In this section, the main IoT domain concepts that are important
from a
business process perspective are defined and classified, and the
relationships
between IoT components (IoT devices and IoT services) are
described.
2.1.1 IoT device
This is a hardware component that allows the entity to be a part
of the digital
world [12]. It is also referred to as a smart thing, which can be a
home appliance,
healthcare device, vehicle, building, factory and almost
anything networked
and fitted with sensors providing information about the physical
environment
(e.g., temperature, humidity, presence detectors, and pollution),
actuators (e.g.,
light switches, displays, motor-assisted shutters, or any other
action that a
device can perform) and embedded computers [24, 25].
An IoT device is capable of communicating with other IoT
devices and ICT
systems. These devices communicate via different means
including cellular
(3G or LTE), WLAN, wireless or other technologies [8]. IoT
device classifi-
cation depends on size, i.e., small or normal; mobility, i.e.,
mobile or fixed;
external or internal power source; whether they are connected
9. intermittently
or always-on; automated or non-automated; logical or physical
objects; and
lastly, whether they are IP-enabled objects or non IP objects.
The characteristics of IoT devices are their ability to actuate
and/or
sense, the capability of limiting power/energy, connection to the
physical
world, intermittent connectivity and mobility [23]. Some must
be fast and
reliable and provide credible security and privacy, while others
might not
[9]. A number of these devices have physical protection whereas
others are
unattended.
In fact, in IoT environments, devices should be protected
against any
threats that can affect their functionality. However, most IoT
devices are
vulnerable to external and internal attacks due to their
characteristics [16].
It is challenging to implement and use a strong security
mechanism due to
resource constraints in terms of IoT computational capabilities,
memory, and
battery power [26].
2.1.2 IoT services
IoT services facilitate the easy integration of IoT entities into
the service-
oriented architecture (SOA) world as well as service science
[27]. According
to Thoma [28], an IoT service is a transaction between two
parties: the service
10. provider and service consumer. It causes a prescribed function,
enabling
70 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
interaction with the physical world by measuring the state of
entities or by
initiating actions that will initiate a change to the entities.
A service provides a well-defined and standardized interface,
offering all
necessary functionalities for interacting with entities and
related processes.
The services expose the functionality of a device by accessing
its hosted
resources [12].
2.1.3 Security in IoT devices and services
Ensuring the security entails protecting both IoT devices and
services
from unauthorized access from within the devices and
externally. Secu-
rity should protect the services, hardware resources, information
and data,
both in transition and storage. In this section, we identified
three key
problems with IoT devices and services: data confidentiality,
privacy and
trust.
Data confidentiality represents a fundamental problem in IoT
devices
and services [27]. In IoT context not only user may access to
data but also
11. authorized object. This requires addressing two important
aspects: first, access
control and authorization mechanism and second authentication
and identity
management (IdM) mechanism. The IoT device needs to be able
to verify
that the entity (person or other device) is authorized to access
the service.
Authorization helps determine if upon identification, the person
or device is
permitted to receive a service. Access control entails controlling
access to
resources by granting or denying means using a wide array of
criteria. Autho-
rization and access control are important to establishing a
secure connection
between a number of devices and services. The main issue to be
dealt with
in this scenario is making access control rules easier to create,
understand
and manipulate. Another aspect that should be consider when
dealing with
confidentiality is authentication and identity management. In
fact this issue
is critical in IoT, because multiple users, object/things and
devices need to
authenticate each other through trustable services. The problem
is to find
solution for handling the identity of user, things/objects and
devices in a secure
manner.
Privacy is an important issue in IoT devices and service on
account of the
ubiquitous character of the IoT environment. Entities are
connected, and data
12. is communicated and exchanged over the internet, rendering
user privacy a
sensitive subject in many research works. Privacy in data
collection, as well as
data sharing and management, and data security matters remain
open research
issues to be fulfilled.
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 71
Trust plays an important role in establishing secure
communication when a
number of things communicate in an uncertain IoT environment.
Two dimen-
sions of trust should be considered in IoT: trust in the
interactions between
entities, and trust in the system from the users perspective [29]
According
to Køien [9] the trustworthiness of an IoT device depends on the
device
components including the hardware, such as processor, memory,
sensors and
actuators, software resources like hardware-based software,
operating system,
drivers and applications, and the power source. In order to gain
user/services
trust, there should be an effective mechanism of defining trust
in a dynamic
and collaborative IoT environment.
2.2 Security Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerabilities
Before addressing security threats, the system assets (system
components)
13. that make up the IoT must first be identified. It is important to
understand the
asset inventory, including all IoT components, devices and
services.
An asset is an economic resource, something valuable and
sensitive owned
by an entity. The principal assets of any IoT system are the
system hardware
(include buildings, machinery, etc.) [11], software, services and
data offered
by the services [30].
2.2.1 Vulnerability
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses in a system or its design that
allow an intruder
to execute commands, access unauthorized data, and/or conduct
denial-of-
service attacks [31, 32]. Vulnerabilities can be found in variety
of areas in
the IoT systems. In particular, they can be weaknesses in system
hardware
or software, weaknesses in policies and procedures used in the
systems and
weaknesses of the system users themselves [7].
IoT systems are based on two main components; system
hardware and
system software, and both have design flaws quite often.
Hardware vulner-
abilities are very difficult to identify and also difficult to fix
even if the
vulnerability were identified due to hardware compatibility and
interoper-
ability and also the effort it take to be fixed. Software
vulnerabilities can
14. be found in operating systems, application software, and control
software
like communication protocols and devices drives. There are a
number of
factors that lead to software design flaws, including human
factors and
software complexity. Technical vulnerabilities usually happen
due to human
weaknesses. Results of not understanding the requirements
comprise starting
72 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
the project without a plan, poor communication between
developers and users,
a lack of resources, skills, and knowledge, and failing to
manage and control
the system [7].
2.2.2 Exposure
Exposure is a problem or mistake in the system configuration
that allows
an attacker to conduct information gathering activities. One of
the most
challenging issues in IoT is resiliency against exposure to
physical attacks.
In the most of IoT applications, devices may be left unattended
and likely
to be placed in location easily accessible to attackers. Such
exposure raises
the possibility that an attacker might capture the device, extract
cryptographic
secrets, modify their programming, or replace them with
malicious device
15. under the control of the attacker [33].
2.2.3 Threats
A threat is an action that takes advantage of security
weaknesses in a system
and has a negative impact on it [34]. Threats can originate from
two primary
sources: humans and nature [35, 36]. Natural threats, such as
earthquakes,
hurricanes, floods, and fire could cause severe damage to
computer systems.
Few safeguards can be implemented against natural disasters,
and nobody
can prevent them from happening. Disaster recovery plans like
backup
and contingency plans are the best approaches to secure systems
against
natural threats. Human threats are those caused by people, such
as malicious
threats consisting of internal [37] (someone has authorized
access) or exter-
nal threats [38] (individuals or organizations working outside
the network)
looking to harm and disrupt a system. Human threats are
categorized into
the following:
• Unstructured threats consisting of mostly inexperienced
individuals who
use easily available hacking tools.
• Structured threats as people know system vulnerabilities and
can under-
stand, develop and exploit codes and scripts. An example of a
structured
threat is Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) [39]. APT is a
16. sophisticated
network attack targeted at high-value information in business
and gov-
ernment organizations, such as manufacturing, financial
industries and
national defense, to steal data [40].
As IoT become a reality, a growing number of ubiquitous
devices has
raise the number of the security threats with implication for the
general
public. Unfortunately, IoT comes with new set of security
threat. There are
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 73
a growing awareness that the new generation of smart-phone,
computers and
other devices could be targeted with malware and vulnerable to
attack.
2.2.4 Attacks
Attacks are actions taken to harm a system or disrupt normal
operations by
exploiting vulnerabilities using various techniques and tools.
Attackers launch
attacks to achieve goals either for personal satisfaction or
recompense. The
measurement of the effort to be expended by an attacker,
expressed in terms
of their expertise, resources and motivation is called attack cost
[32]. Attack
actors are people who are a threat to the digital world [6]. They
could be
17. hackers, criminals, or even governments [7]. Additional details
are discussed
in Section 3.
An attack itself may come in many forms, including active
network
attacks to monitor unencrypted traffic in search of sensitive
information;
passive attacks such as monitoring unprotected network
communications
to decrypt weakly encrypted traffic and getting authentication
information;
close-in attacks; exploitation by insiders, and so on. Common
cyber-attack
types are:
(a) Physical attacks: This sort of attack tampers with hardware
components.
Due to the unattended and distributed nature of the IoT, most
devices
typically operate in outdoor environments, which are highly
susceptible
to physical attacks.
(b) Reconnaissance attacks – unauthorized discovery and
mapping of sys-
tems, services, or vulnerabilities. Examples of reconnaissance
attacks
are scanning network ports [41], packet sniffers [42], traffic
analysis,
and sending queries about IP address information.
(c) Denial-of-service (DoS): This kind of attack is an attempt to
make
a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users.
Due to low memory capabilities and limited computation
18. resources,
the majority of devices in IoT are vulnerable to resource
enervation
attacks.
(d) Access attacks – unauthorized persons gain access to
networks or devices
to which they have no right to access. There are two different
types of
access attack: the first is physical access, whereby the intruder
can gain
access to a physical device. The second is remote access, which
is done
to IP-connected devices.
(e) Attacks on privacy: Privacy protection in IoT has become
increas-
ingly challenging due to large volumes of information easily
available
74 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
through remote access mechanisms. The most common attacks
on user
privacy are:
• Data mining: enables attackers to discover information that is
not
anticipated in certain databases.
• Cyber espionage: using cracking techniques and malicious
software
to spy or obtain secret information of individuals, organizations
or
19. the government.
• Eavesdropping: listening to a conversation between two par-
ties [43].
• Tracking: a users movements can be tracked by the devices
unique
identification number (UID). Tracking a users location
facilitates
identifying them in situations in which they wish to remain
anonymous.
• Password-based attacks: attempts are made by intruders to
duplicate
a valid user password. This attempt can be made in two
different
ways: 1) dictionary attack – trying possible combinations of
letters
and numbers to guess user passwords; 2) brute force attacks –
using
cracking tools to try all possible combinations of passwords to
uncover valid passwords.
(f) Cyber-crimes: The Internet and smart objects are used to
exploit users
and data for materialistic gain, such as intellectual property
theft, identity
theft, brand theft, and fraud [6, 7, 44].
(g) Destructive attacks: Space is used to create large-scale
disruption and
destruction of life and property. Examples of destructive attacks
are
terrorism and revenge attacks.
(h) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
20. Attacks: As any
other TCP/IP systems, the SCADA [45] system is vulnerable to
many
cyber attacks [46, 47]. The system can be attacked in any of the
following
ways:
i. Using denial-of-service to shut down the system.
ii. Using Trojans or viruses to take control of the system. For
instance,
in 2008 an attack launched on an Iranian nuclear facility in
Natanz
using a virus named Stuxnet [48].
2.3 Primary Security and Privacy Goals
To succeed with the implementation of efficient IoT security,
we must be
aware of the primary security goals as follows:
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 75
2.3.1 Confidentiality
Confidentiality is an important security feature in IoT, but it
may not be
mandatory in some scenarios where data is presented publicly
[18]. However,
in most situations and scenarios sensitive data must not be
disclosed or read by
unauthorized entities. For instance patient data, private business
data, and/or
military data as well as security credentials and secret keys,
must be hidden
21. from unauthorized entities.
2.3.2 Integrity
To provide reliable services to IoT users, integrity is a
mandatory security
property in most cases. Different systems in IoT have various
integrity
requirements [49]. For instance, a remote patient monitoring
system will have
high integrity checking against random errors due to
information sensitivities.
Loss or manipulation of data may occur due to communication,
potentially
causing loss of human lives [6].
2.3.3 Authentication and authorization
Ubiquitous connectivity of the IoT aggravates the problem of
authentication
because of the nature of IoT environments, where possible
communication
would take place between device to device (M2M), human to
device, and/or
human to human. Different authentication requirements
necessitate different
solutions in different systems. Some solutions must be strong,
for example
authentication of bank cards or bank systems. On the other
hand, most will
have to be international, e.g., ePassport, while others have to be
local [6].
The authorization property allows only authorized entities (any
authenticated
entity) to perform certain operations in the network.
2.3.4 Availability
A user of a device (or the device itself) must be capable of
22. accessing services
anytime, whenever needed. Different hardware and software
components in
IoT devices must be robust so as to provide services even in the
presence
of malicious entities or adverse situations. Various systems
have different
availability requirements. For instance, fire monitoring or
healthcare monitor-
ing systems would likely have higher availability requirements
than roadside
pollution sensors.
2.3.5 Accountability
When developing security techniques to be used in a secure
network, account-
ability adds redundancy and responsibility of certain actions,
duties and
76 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
planning of the implementation of network security policies.
Accountability
itself cannot stop attacks but is helpful in ensuring the other
security techniques
are working properly. Core security issues like integrity and
confidentiality
may be useless if not subjected to accountability. Also, in case
of a repudiation
incident, an entity would be traced for its actions through an
accountability
process that could be useful for checking the inside story of
what happened
and who was actually responsible for the incident.
23. 2.3.6 Auditing
A security audit is a systematic evaluation of the security of a
device or service
by measuring how well it conforms to a set of established
criteria. Due to
many bugs and vulnerabilities in most systems, security
auditing plays an
important role in determining any exploitable weaknesses that
put the data
at risk. In IoT, a systems need for auditing depends on the
application and
its value.
2.3.7 Non-repudiation
The property of non-repudiation produces certain evidence in
cases where the
user or device cannot deny an action. Non-repudiation is not
considered an
important security property for most of IoT. It may be
applicable in certain
contexts, for instance, payment systems where users or
providers cannot deny
a payment action.
2.3.8 Privacy goals
Privacy is an entitys right to determine the degree to which it
will interact with
its environment and to what extent the entity is willing to share
information
about itself with others. The main privacy goals in IoT are:
• Privacy in devices – depends on physical and commutation
privacy.
Sensitive information may be leaked out of the device in cases
of device
24. theft or loss and resilience to side channel attacks.
• Privacy during communication – depends on the availability of
a device,
and device integrity and reliability. IoT devices should
communicate only
when there is need, to derogate the disclosure of data privacy
during
communication.
• Privacy in storage – to protect the privacy of data stored in
devices, the
following two things should be considered:
• Possible amounts of data needed should be stored in devices.
Cyber security and the Internet of Things 77
• Regulation must be extended to provide protection of user data
after
end-of-device life (deletion of the device data (Wipe) if the
device
is stolen, lost or not in use).
• Privacy in processing – depends on device and communication
integrity
[50]. Data should be disclosed to or retained from third parties
without
the knowledge of the data owner.
• Identity privacy – the identity of any device should only
discovered by
authorized entity (human/device).
25. • location privacy – the geographical position of relevant device
should
only discovered by authorized entity (human/device) [51].
3 Intruders, Motivations and Capabilities
Intruders have different motives and objectives, for instance,
financial
gain, influencing public opinion, and espionage, among many
others. The
motives and goals of intruders vary from individual attackers to
sophisticated
organized-crime organizations.
Intruders also have different levels of resources, skill, access
and risk
tolerance leading to the portability level of an attack occurring
[52]. An
insider has more access to a system than outsiders. Some
intruders are well-
funded and others work on a small budget or none. Every
attacker chooses
an attack that is affordable, an attack with good return on the
investment
based on budget, resources and experience [6]. In this section,
intruders are
categorized according to characteristics, motives and objectives,
capabilities
and resources.
3.1 Purpose and Motivation of Attack
Government websites, financial systems, news and media
websites, military
networks, as well as public infrastructure systems are the main
targets
26. for cyber-attacks. The value of these targets is difficult to
estimate, and
estimation often varies between attacker and defender. Attack
motives
range from identity theft, intellectual property theft, and
financial fraud,
to critical infrastructure attacks. It is quite difficult to list what
motivates
hackers to attack systems. For instance, stealing credit card
information
has become a hackers hobby nowadays, and electronic terrorism
orga-
nizations attack government systems in order to make politics,
religion
interest.
78 M. Abomhara and G. M. Køien
3.2 Classification of Possible Intruders
A Dolev-Yao (DY) type of intruder shall generally be assumed
[53, 54]. That
is, an intruder which is in effect the network and which may
intercept all
or any message ever transmitted between IoT devices and hubs.
The DY
intruder is extremely capable but its capabilities are slightly
unrealistic. Thus,
safety will be much stronger if our IoT infrastructure is
designed to be
DY intruder resilient. However, the DY intruder lacks one
capability that
ordinary intruders may have, namely, physical compromise.
Thus, tamper-
27. proof devices are also greatly desirable. This goal is of course
unattainable,
but physical tamper resistance is nevertheless a very important
goal, which,
together with tamper detection capabilities (tamper evident)
may be a sufficient
first-line defense.
In the literature intruders are classified into two main types:
internal and
external. Internal intruders are users with privileges or
authorized access to a
system with either an account on a server or physical access to
the network
[21, 37]. External intruders are people …