This document summarizes the classification and uses of biologically active food supplements (BAFS). There are three main BAFS categories: sodium, parapharmaceuticals, and probiotics. Sodium BAFS correct nutrient deficiencies, parapharmaceuticals contain plant extracts for prevention and auxiliary therapy, and probiotics contain live bacteria to restore natural microflora. BAFS are used to complete nutrient deficiencies, increase organism resistance, prevent metabolic issues, restore immunity, and remove toxins. They are classified based on composition as nutraceuticals, parapharmaceuticals, or eubiotics. General principles for BAFS use include consistency with functionality, using them at different disease stages, and selecting adequately
A review of anti-inflammatory effects in Humans.
Evaluation and a review of the literature for the determination of anti-inflammatory effects of commonly consumed fruits and fruit products (e.g., juice, wine), including apples, berries, grapes, red wine, and oranges/orange juice.
Glutathione is used to counteract some of the side effects of medical treatments. For example, it is used for the side effects of cancer chemotherapy, including diarrhea, pain and inflammation within the mouth (mucositis), nervous pain (neuropathy), and muscle and joint pain caused by the medication for Texel cancer.
A review of anti-inflammatory effects in Humans.
Evaluation and a review of the literature for the determination of anti-inflammatory effects of commonly consumed fruits and fruit products (e.g., juice, wine), including apples, berries, grapes, red wine, and oranges/orange juice.
Glutathione is used to counteract some of the side effects of medical treatments. For example, it is used for the side effects of cancer chemotherapy, including diarrhea, pain and inflammation within the mouth (mucositis), nervous pain (neuropathy), and muscle and joint pain caused by the medication for Texel cancer.
Nutraceuticals are products, which other than nutrition are also used as medicine. A nutraceutical product may be defined as a substance, which has physiological benefit or provides protection against chronic disease
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Food suppliment, AYTEN SHUKUROVA,
1. There are three BAFS categories:
• Sodium - biologically active food supplements are applied to correct a chemical
compound of food. It’s an additional source nutrient: fiber, amino acids, fats,
carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral substances.
• Parapharmaceutics - substances which contain the basic extracts and the
vegetable formulas (phytopreparations). They can be applied to preventive
maintenance, auxiliary therapy and maintenance of functional activity of body systems.
• Probiotics - live effective bacteria which restores natural micro flora of the body.
2. Biologically active food supplements are used for the following purposes:
• For fast deficiency completion of biologically active substances which do not arrive in
sufficient quantities. Their level can be lowered and can cause immunity system weakness.
Often our body needs more amino acids, poly-nonsaturated fat acids, vitamins, macro cells and
micro cells, food fibres, etc.
• For resistibility increase of an organism. Using BAFS we can decrease damage of
environment factors. For these purposes are generated phytogenesis products on the basis of
ginseng ginger, pink rodiola and etc.
• For preventive maintenance of infringement of metabolism processes. BAFS can be used
also as chronic disease prophylactics.
• For restoration of immunity system.
• For deducting of toxins and radionuclide from organism.
3. General characteristics and definition of dietary supplements
BAA is a composition of natural or identical to natural biologically active substances obtained
from plant, animal or mineral raw materials, and also (less often) by chemical or microbiological
synthesis.
They can be included in food or beverages, enriching them with essential
(irreplaceable) food substances (biologically highly valuable proteins or individual amino acids
and their complexes; unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and trace
elements, dietary fiber, etc.) and some regulators of the physiological functions of individual
organs and systems of the human body (caffeine, organic acids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids,
anthocyanins, bioflavonoids, etc.); or used independently in various technological (including
dosage) forms (extracts, balms, infusions, powders, tablets, dry and liquid concentrates, syrups,
capsules).
Based on this characteristic, the definition of dietary supplements takes the following
form:
BAA - a composition of natural or identical to natural biologically active substances
intended for direct intake with food or introduction into food products in order to enrich the diet
with individual food or biologically active substances and their complexes.
It is necessary to distinguish between two terms: biologically active food additive (BAA) and
food additive. A food additive is a natural or synthesized substance that is deliberately introduced
into food products in order to preserve them for a long time and / or to give them the desired
properties.
4. BAA classification
There are various classifications of dietary supplements depending on their
composition, functional activity, action effects, etc.
According to their composition, dietary supplements are divided into the following groups:
nutraceuticals, parapharmaceuticals and eubiotics.
Nutraceuticals are biologically active food additives used to correct the chemical
composition of human food.
Nutraceuticals are essential nutrients or their close precursors. This group of dietary
supplements can be ranked as food for good reason, since in most cases it is represented by its
well-studied natural components, the physiological need and biological role of which have been
established. Nutraceuticals include: vitamins, provitamins, macro-microelements,
polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber.
5. The use of nutraceuticals in the daily diet of sick and healthy people allows:
• easily and quickly eliminate the lack of essential nutrients, which is commonly found in the
majority of the adult and child population;
• take into account as much as possible individual needs in the diet of a particular person, which
differ significantly not only in age, sex, intensity of physical activity, but also due to genetically
determined characteristics of the metabolism of an individual, his biorhythms, ecological
conditions of the region of residence, physiological conditions - pregnancy, psychoemotional
stress and etc .;
• to maximize the altered physiological needs for nutrients of a sick person, to bypass the areas of
metabolic pathways damaged by the disease, and sometimes to correct them;
• by strengthening the elements of protection of cellular enzyme systems, to increase the general,
nonspecific resistance of the organism to the action of unfavorable environmental factors in the
population living both in ecologically clean and ecologically unfavorable regions;
• to act primarily on enzyme systems, directed to change the metabolism of certain substances, in
particular, xenobiotics;
• enhance and accelerate the binding and excretion of foreign and toxic substances from the
body.
Thus, the use of nutraceuticals is an effective means of prevention, as well as additional
(and sometimes the main) treatment of patients with widespread chronic diseases such as obesity,
diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, immunodeficiency states,
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
6. Nutraceutical dietary supplements are divided into the following groups:
1. Sources of predominantly protein and amino acids.
2. Sources of predominantly fatty acids, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (based on vegetable oils or fish
oil).
3. Sources of predominantly carbohydrates and sugars.
4. Sources of predominantly dietary fiber (pectins, bran, vegetable fiber, microcrystalline cellulose,
etc.).
5. Sources of predominantly water-soluble vitamins.
6. Sources of predominantly macro- and microelements.
Parapharmaceuticals are biologically active food additives used for prophylaxis, auxiliary therapy and
support within the physiological boundaries of the functional activity of organs and systems.
These are, as a rule, products containing minor food components - bioflavonoids, organic acids,
glycosides, biogenic amines, regulatory oligopeptides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, etc.
The action of parapharmaceuticals is implemented in the following areas:
• regulation within physiological boundaries of the functional activity of individual organs and
systems;
• activation of the systems involved in the development of adaptive compensatory-adaptive reactions
of the body;
• regulation of the nervous system, including higher nervous activity;
• regulation of the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract.
These properties of parapharmaceuticals allow the human body to adapt to changed, extreme
conditions, and provide additional, auxiliary therapy for various diseases, which qualitatively expands
the capabilities of the main methods of treatment.
7. Parapharmaceutical supplements are divided into the following groups:
1. Plant-based dietary supplements: dry, liquid, tableted, encapsulated, powder, mixtures of dried
medicinal plants (teas).
2. BAA based on the processing of animal raw materials: meat and dairy raw materials and by-
products, fish and seafood.
Eubiotics (probiotics) - biologically active food additives, which include live microorganisms and
(or) their metabolites, which has a normalizing effect on the composition and biological activity
of the microflora of the digestive tract.
Eubiotic dietary supplements are divided into the following groups:
1. Bacterial eubiotic preparations based on pure cultures of microorganisms.
2. Bacterial eubiotic preparations of mixed composition with the addition of amino acids, trace
elements, mono- and disaccharides, etc.
Some authors classify eubiotics as parapharmaceuticals.
8. In some countries, biologically active food supplements are classified according to their
pharmacological properties and are divided into 14 main groups:
1. Affects the function of the central nervous system
2. Mainly affecting the skin exchange process
3. A source of mineral substances
4. Regulates the function of the immune system
5. A source of antioxidants that affect energy metabolism
6. Affects the function of the cardiovascular system
7. Affects the function of the respiratory organs
8. Affects the function of the organs of the digestive system
9. Regulates body weight
10. Reduce the risk of urogenital diseases
11. Regulates the function of the musculoskeletal system
12. Regulating the hormonal exchange process
13. Affects the detoxification process and removes toxic substances from the body
14. Different group
In many foreign countries, these substances are used under the names "Conventional Food" and
"Functional Food".
9. General principles of dietary supplements use
1. The principle of consistency and functionality.
All regulatory and therapeutic effects should be of a complex nature, since in the whole organism there
is a relationship between the state of nutrition with the regulation of tissue catabolism and the work of
regulatory systems, first of all, the central nervous system (CNS).
2. The principle of stages.
The use of this principle makes it possible to clearly determine the capabilities and value of dietary
supplements at different stages of the development of the disease. In the early stages of the disease, the
combined use of food and dietary supplements become leading in the ability to eliminate the further
development of the disease or to reduce its manifestations - biologically active additives are used as
additional means to reduce toxicity and enhance the effectiveness of the main therapy, correct impaired
body functions and symptomatic treatment.
3. The principle of adequacy.
It is necessary to select a dietary supplement taking into account the nature of the disease,
the characteristics of its course, take into account the presence of complications, clearly understand the
spectrum of therapeutic action of each component of the dietary supplement.
4. Syndromic principle.
5. The principle of dose optimality.
6. The principle of combination.
With the initial signs of the disease, the dietary supplement is combined with food, and with further
spread or weighting, the dietary supplement is combined with specific means and methods of
treatment.
10. General characteristics of food additives
as an alternative to chemical or traditional names of food additives, the European Council has developed and
approved a digital codification system for food additives in the countries of the European Community. At the
same time, any food additive is designated by the letter "E" (European) and has its own specific numerical
designation.
According to the Codex Аlimentarius system, the classification of food additives is made according to
their purpose:
- E 100 - E 182 - dyes;
- E 200 and further - preservatives;
- E 300 and further - antioxidants (antioxidants);
- E 400 and further - emulsifiers;
- E 600 and further - enhancers of taste and aroma;
- E 700 - E 800 - spare indexes for other possible information;
- E 900 and further - anti-flaming, antifoam agents;
- E 1000 - glazing agents, sweeteners, anti-caking additives for sugar, salt, for processing flour, starch, etc.
The most important mechanism for ensuring quality control and food safety is hygiene certification.
Food additives, like any product of imported and domestic production, are required to undergo hygiene
certification.
The Law - "On Certification of Products and Services", according to which the manufacturer
is responsible for the quality and safety of his products. The Law stipulates mechanisms for protecting
consumer rights and ensuring the interests of the state.
11. Midterm control issues
1. Give a definition of the concept of biologically active food additives.
2. Requirements for dietary supplements.
3. Prerequisites and scientific and practical approaches to the creation of dietary
supplements.
4. Work of scientists in the field of the development of the doctrine of dietary
supplements.
5. Classification of dietary supplements.
6. The functions of dietary supplements.
7. Food additives - general characteristics.
8. Classification of food additives.
9. General approaches to the use of food additives.
10. Dyes, antioxidants.
12. Raw material – Rhizoma Curcumae
Plant – Curcuma longa L.
Family– Zingiberaceae
Common name- Turmeric, Indian-saffron
Description
Turmeric is a perennial herb with aromatic
rhizomes bright yellow color in the inside, is
used as a seasoning (curry) and is attributed
anticancer properties.
It has a complex root system,
rhizome-shaped, almost, round rhizome in 4
cm diameter.
Habitat- Turmeric is native to India. But it is
not found in the wild.
13. Chemical composition. The part used of the turmeric is the rhizome whose color is
due to curcumoides Curcumins, it also contains from 3 to 5% of an essential oil rich in
terpene and sesquiterpene ketones (tumerone).
Turmeric rhizome contains 1.5-5% of essential oil, starch, as well as yellow pigments
that make up curcumin (0.6%). The essential oil contains ketones (up to 60%),
sesquiterpene-singiberen (2%), borneol and etc.
14. Application. The main benefits of turmeric is as hepatoprotective, but also has
choleretic actions, lipid lowering and spasmolytic. Turmeric is also attributed the
actions as antiplatelet so it can be preventive of thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
It is indicated in the hepatobiliary dyskinesia, cholecystitis, hepatitis and hyposecretion
dyspepsia. Prepare a decoction by boiling the grated tuber for 10 min in half-litter of
water.
Another interesting use of turmeric: can be used as an indicator since it changes its
color from yellow to brownish red in the presence of alkali.
15. Raw material– Рщизома Зинэиберис
Plant – Зинэибер оффиcинале Росc.
Family – Зинэибераcеае
Other names: Jamaican Ginger, African
Ginger, Ancoas.
Plant- Ginger is a herbaceous plant up to 90
cm with horizontal rhizome,
Parts used: rhizomes.
Habitat- It´s native to tropical Asia and
cultivated in other tropical and subtropical
regions worldwide
16. The rhizome of ginger contains:
Essential oil consisting of monoterpenes (camphene, neral, citronellal, 1,8-
cineole, beta-phellandrene, camphor, geranial, borneol, linalool) and
sesquiterpenes (zingiberene, zingiberol, B-eudesmol, curcumene, beta-
bisabolene, beta-bisabolone, (EE)-alfa-farnesene, elemol, beta-
sesquifelandrene, furanogermenone). Sesquiterpenes are responsible for
the scent.
Within the non-volatile compounds of ginger are the fenilalcanonas and
fenilalcanonoles, which are the spicy or acrid principles of the drug and are
known as gingerols and shogaols (components of oleoresins). Aliphatic
aldehydes (nonanal and decanal), ketones (methyl heptenone), alcohols (2-
heptanol, 2-nonanol), acetic acid esters of caprylic and chavicol.
Minerals such as Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Phosphorus,
Magnesium, Chlorine and Fluorine. High content in vitamin C, among other
vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine and vitamins A and
E.
Ginger also contains proteins such as threonine, proline and in some cases
small amounts of tryptophan. Have been isolated from the aqueous extract
of the rhizome the asparagine and the pipecoline.
α- bisabolene
Shogaol
Zingerone
17. Bitter - aromatic, appetizer effect, digestion stimulating, cholagogue.
Antigastralgic, antiulcer, sialagogue (increases salivary secretion and its content in ptialina and mucin),
carminative, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant, antipyretic, laxative (stimulates peristalsis and
intestinal muscle tone), hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic. Gingerols and shogaols have a potent antiemetic
action, higher than the dimenhydrinate action.
Topically produces rubefacient and analgesic effects. By their properties, Ginger is indicated in poor
appetite, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal ulcer, flatulence, hepatobiliary dyskinesias. Hyperemesis gravidarum,
dizziness, dizziness by locomotion. Flu, colds, pharyngitis, rhinitis. Diabetes, arteriosclerosis prevention. In
topical use for osteo inflammation, myalgia, muscle spasms, neuralgia, toothache.
Uses of Ginger
Contraindications
However its properties, Ginger should be used with caution in pregnancy. High doses can cause
gastrointestinal irritation and urticaria. Not be given to patients with disorders of blood coagulation or with
gallstones. Must be carefully administered in cases of peptic ulcer, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome,
ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, liver disease, epilepsy, Parkinson and other neurological diseases.
It can cause contact dermatitis.
18. Raw material- Стиэмата Cроcи
Plant– Cроcус сативус Л.
Family – Иридаcеае
Common name- Saffron
Saffron is a herbaceous, bulbous plant from
the Iridaceae family. It has long, linear green
leaves forming tufts.
The parts used are the stigmas and styles
terminations.
Its greatest use is as a food coloring and
seasoning but its high price has little use and has
been replaced by substitutes.
The saffron plant is native to India, the
Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean region. It
is cultivated in India, Spain, France and Italy.
In Azerbaijan, this plant is mostly grown in
Absheron. A special farm was engaged in the
cultivation of saffron in Bilgah for many years.
19. Saffron contains the natural substance glycosides - saffron and crosine.
Their aglycone fraction belongs to mono- and diterpenes. Crocin is yellow, soluble in
water and alcohol.
When broken down, 2 parts of sugar - geniobiose (2 molecules of glucose) and
crocetin are obtained. Crocetin belongs to carotenoids.
It also contains picrocrosine, lycopene which are bitter glycosides,
carotene, vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, etc.), flavonoids, up to 0.34% of essential oil
(pinene, pineol, etc.).
Safronal
Crocin is a colored substance of saffron, gives a characteristic dark- blue color with a
concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction can be carried out directly on gynoecium, its
powder or aqueous extract obtained from them. To do this, the saffron is brewed in cold
water for 1 day and the extract is evaporated in a porcelain bowl until a dry residue is
obtained. solid sulfuric acid is added dropwise to the dry residue. The resulting dark- blue
color turns purple in a short time, and then turns brown.
20. Saffron medicinal benefits
The crocin is an active ingredient with marked lipid-lowering effect; the picroside is a bitter substance,
with appetizer and eupeptic action.
Saffron also has properties as a nerve stimulant, emmenagogue, and externally, calms dental and gingival
pain, is dental analgesic. Its essential oil is carminative, spasmolytic and eupeptic.
This plant is not of high interest in medicine and by its properties is used as a condiment.
Uses of Saffron
Warnings. Notes on use
In very high doses, saffron can be emetic, abortifacient and cause dizziness and severe bleeding.
Abortive dose: 10 g
Lethal dose for adult = 20 g. (poisoning cases come mostly from its use as an abortifacient),is risky to take
during pregnancy for their abortive power, produces intoxication and can be lethal in doses of 20 g.
Preparation and Dosage
Internal use:
- Use in food as seasoning.
- Infusion: 2 g / l. One to three cups a day.
- Tincture (1:10): 20-40 drops three times a day, as a carminative.
External use:
- Tincture: apply rubbing the gums.
21. Raw material – Cortex Cinnamomi cassiae
Plant – Cinnamomum cassia Blume (C.
aromaticum Nees)
Family – Lauraceae
Common name- Chinese cassia or Chinese
cinnamon,
Plant - Cinnamomum cassia,
called Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon, is
an evergreen tree originating in southern China,
and widely cultivated there and elsewhere in South
and Southeast Asia (India, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam). It is one of
several species of Cinnamomum used primarily for
their aromatic bark, which is used as a spice. The
buds are also used as a spice, especially in India,
and were once used by the ancient Romans.
The tree grows to 10–15 m (33–49 ft) tall,
with greyish bark and hard, elongated leaves that
are 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long and have a
decidedly reddish colour when young.
22. Chemical composition and mechanism of action
Cinnamon bark contains 0.5-2.5% essential oil, with the main constituents cinnamaldehyde (60-
75%), eugenol (1-10%) and cinnamyl acetate (1-5%). The bark contains several bioactive
nonvolatile components, e.g. oligopolymeric procyanidins, cinnamic acid and polysaccharides.
The main differences between the essential oils of Ceylon and cassia cinnamon ar the lack of
eugenol and the presence of coumarin in the latter. Some tannins are found in the raw material.
More than 160 chemicals have been isolated from Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamaldehyde
Eugenol
23. Use in medicine. The effects on the gastrointestinal system have been studied in part
in preclinical settings. In an animal model of flatulence, the efficacy of cinnamon oil
was confirmed. Papaverine-like spasmolytic effects of cinnamon oil and
cinnamaldehyde on isolated smooth muscles have been observed. Cinnamaldehyde is
an inhibitor of stomach peristalsis and also stimulates bile secretion in vivo. The oil
(and its constituent eugenol) exerted anti-inflammatory activity by blocking the
enzyme cyclo-oxygenase.
Cinamon oil has pronounced antimicrobial activities (on both bacteria and
fungi), although this has no consequence as concerns its therapeutic applications.
Although there have been numerous studies indicating blood glucose level-lowering
effect of C. cassia, these results are rather inconclusive, primarily due to the
heterogeneity of the studies and the use of nonquantified extracts. In a clinical study on
patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with capsules containing
24. Cinnamomum cassia 1.3 or 6 g daily for 40 days, complementing the antidiabetic medication,
significant reductions of fasting serum glucose (20-30%), triglyceride (20-30%) and LDL
cholesterol (7-27%) levels were observed relative to the placebo group.
Thus, according to the monographs of the European Medicines Agency, cinnamon may
be applied as a traditional herbal medicinal product for
symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints, including bloating and
flatulence, or
symptomatic treatment of mild diarrhea.
the symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints, including bloating
and flatulence.
Due to a blood-thinning component called coumarin that could damage the liver if consumed in
larger amounts,[ European health agencies have warned against consuming high amounts of
cassia.Other bioactive compounds found in the bark, powder and essential oils of C.
cassia are cinnamaldehyde and styrene. In high doses these substances can also be toxic for
humans.
25. Raw material- Flores et oleum Caryophylli
Plant- Caryophyllus aromaticus L. (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.)
Family - Myrtaceae
Common Name(s): Caryophyllus, Clove
Geographical source: The clove plant grows in warm climates and is cultivated in
Tanzania, Sumatra and South America, India.
Chemical Constituents 15% to 20% of a volatile oil Tannins, gum and resin, and
sterols. The principal constituent of distilled clove bud oil (60% to 90%) is eugenol (4-allyl-2-
methoxyphenol). The oil also contains about 10% acetyleugenol and small quantities of gallic
acid, sesquiterpenes , etc. Other constituents - Flavonoids, carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins.
Еugenol
Uses of Clove Antiseptic and Analgesic effects
treatment of toothaches healing stomach ulcers. has
anthelminthic properties. Effective in treating topical
fungal, ringworm infections.
26. Cardamom- Elettaria cardamomum
The ginger family -Family Zingiberaceae
Cardamom (/ˈkɑːrdəməm/),
sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made
from the seeds of several plants in
the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the
family Zingiberaceae.
Part used. They are recognized by their small
seed pods: triangular in cross-section and spindle-
shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small, black
seeds; Elettaria pods are light green and smaller,
while Amomum pods are larger and dark brown.
Habitat. Both genera are native to the Indian
subcontinent and Indonesia. Species used for
cardamom are native throughout tropical and
subtropical Asia. The first references to cardamom are
found in Sumer, and in the Ayurvedic literatures of
India. Nowadays, it is also cultivated in some other
countries, such as Guatemala, Malaysia and Tanzania.
Cardamom is the world's third-most
expensive spice, surpassed in price per weight only
by vanilla and saffron.
Plant. Cardamom (Elettaria cardammommum)
is a perennial plant.
27. Composition. The essential oil occurs in large parenchyma cells underlying the epidermis of
the seed coat. The essential oil content varies from 2 to 10 percent; its principal components are
cineole and α-terpinyl acetate.
The content of essential oil in the seeds is strongly dependent on storage conditions, but may
be as high as 8%.
In the oil were found α-terpineol,
45%, myrcene27%, limonene 8%, menthone 6%, β-phellandrene3%, 1,8-cineol 2%, sabinene 2%
and heptane 2%.
Other sources report 1,8-cineol (20 to 50%), α-terpenylacetate (30%), sabinene, limonene (2
to 14%), and borneol.
In the seeds of round cardamom from Java (A. kepulaga), the content of essential oil is lower
(2 to 4%), and the oil contains mainly 1,8-cineol (up to 70%) plus β-pinene (16%);
furthermore, α-pinene, α-terpineol and humulene were found.
28. Uses.- Both forms of cardamom are used as flavourings and cooking spices in
both food and drink, and as a medicine. E. cardamomum (green cardamom) is
used as a spice, a masticatory, and in medicine; it is also smoked.
Cardamom is used for digestion problems including heartburn, intestinal
spasms, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrhea, constipation, liver and
gallbladder complaints, and loss of appetite.
It is also used for common cold and other infections, cough, bronchitis, sore
mouth and throat, urinary problems, epilepsy, headache, and high blood
pressure.
In foods, cardamom is used as a spice. It is also used in soaps, creams, and
perfumes.