This document discusses food sources and the global food situation. It notes that foods come from plant sources like fruits, vegetables, grains and pulses, as well as animal sources like meat, dairy and eggs. It then focuses on Pakistan, describing its major food crops like wheat, rice and maize. It also discusses food supply, nutrition and health issues in Pakistan and globally, including malnutrition rates and micronutrient deficiencies affecting many people worldwide.

1. 1
Food Sources and Global Food
Situation
by
Syed Abdul sami
syedsami084@gmail.com
ESSENTIALS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

2. 2
FOOD SOURCES
 Plant origin
 Animal origin
 Sometimes fish separated and
designated as seafoods
Foods of plant origin - grow in or on the
soil:
 Fruits Vegetables
 Roots Tubers
 Cereals Legumes
 Nuts Oilseeds
 Spices Others

3. Sources of human food based on origin
3

4. 4
FOOD SOURCES contd....
 Numerous species of animals on Earth
 Only few lawful for Muslims
 Foods of animal origin - all split-hoofed (hoof
split into two toes) ruminant mammals
 Include cow, buffalo, camel, sheep, goat
and similar animals

5. FOOD SOURCES contd....
 Game animals such as deer also fall in this
category
 Among birds like hen, duck, turkey, quail
 Marine animals - numerous species, live in
sea or waters - all kinds of fish edible.
5

6. 6
FOOD SUPPLY IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan basically agricultural country
Indus basin irrigation system input for
cultivation

7. FOOD SUPPLY IN PAKISTAN
Wheat staple food, grown all over country
Most wheat produced in:
 Punjab
Sindh
parts of KPK
In 2018–2019, 25.57 million tonnes
produced from area of 8.83 million hectares
7

8. 8
FOOD SUPPLY IN PAKISTAN
 Rice and maize cultivated in central Punjab,
northern parts of KPK and along River Indus in
Sindh
 In 2009-2010, production of:
 Rice was 7.4 million metric tonnes (2018-19)
 Maize was 6.1 million metric tonnes (2018-
19)
 Other important grains:
 Bajra, jowar and barley
 Substantial quantities of rice exported.

9. 9
Sources of human food based on
origin Plant sources ...
Variety of pulses grown in:
 South-eastern parts of KPK
 North and north-western Punjab
 Southern Punjab
 Parts of Sindh along Indus River belt

10. Sources of human food based
on origin Plant sources ...
Major pulses
 Gram
 Mung
 Mash
 Lentils
Combined production of all pulses 702,300
tonnes in 2009-2010.
10

11. 11
Sources of human food based on
origin - Plant sources ...
 Oil seeds - important sources of edible oil in
Pakistan
 Cottonseed
 Rapeseed / mustard
 Sunflower
 Canola
Total production of oil from these crops 3,974,000
tonnes in 2009-2010
 Local production fails to meet requirements
 Hence substantial quantities of palm, canola and
soybean oils imported.

12. 12
Sources of human food based on origin.
Plant sources ...
 Sugarcane grown as cash crop
 Occupied about 943,000 hectares in
2009-2010 with production of 49,373,000
tonnes
 Serves as major raw material for
production of ‘shakkar’, ‘gur’ and white
sugar
 In 2009–2010, 3,077,900 tonnes
sugar produced.

13. 13
Sources of human food based on
origin - Plant sources ...
 Pakistan blessed with climate suitable for
cultivation of large variety of fruits and
vegetables
 Prominent fruits:
 Citrus, mango, apple
 Banana, apricot, almonds
 Grapes, guava, pear
 Peach, figs, plum, dates
 More recently strawberry and
lychee have flooded markets.

14. 14
Sources of human food based on
origin - Plant sources
 Owing to climatic variations, different fruits
grown in different provinces
 Kinnow and mangoes primarily grown in Punjab
 Grapes and apples in NWFP and Balochistan
 Total production of fruits in Pakistan stood at
5,306,000 tonnes in 2009-2010, of which
5,76,000 tonnes exported
 Pakistan among major date exporting countries
in world.

15. 15
Sources of human food based on origin.
Plant sources ...
 Vegetables:
 Potato, carrot, brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage,
turnip, gourds, pumpkins, radish, spinach,
tomatoes, green peas, okra, cucumber,
onion, garlic, ginger, others
 Grown, especially near cities
Some grown in greenhouses
and available almost all year round
 Vegetables provide:
 Vitamins
 Mineral elements

16. 16
Sources of human food based on origin.
Animal sources
 Buffaloes and cows major sources of milk
 Minor quantities obtained from goat,
sheep and camel - normally do not enter
the commerce
 Production of milk stood at 36,299,000
tonnes in 2009–2010, quite below
requirements
 Large quantities of powdered
milk imported.

17. 17
Sources of human food based on
origin - Animal sources contd...
 Main sources of animal protein
 Cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and poultry
 Cattle and buffaloes raised primarily for
milk
 Young male calves, old cows and
buffaloes enter slaughterhouses
Sheep and goat reared for meat
Broiler occupies
market for poultry meat

18. 18
Sources of human food based on
origin - Animal sources
 Indigenous species (desi) kept in small
numbers at home, contribute to poultry
meat
 Different breeds of layers raised for eggs
 Sold for meat purposes when
uneconomical.

19. 19
Sources of human food - Marine
sources
 Pakistan rich in marine resources
 About 600 marine species, out of which
400 in sea and 200 in fresh waters
 Only about 40 of these of commercial
significance
The riverine areas of Sindh consist of
about 1,60,000 hectares, largest source
of fresh water fish

20. 20
Sources of human food - Marine
sources
 Other sources of fresh water fish:
 Natural or man-made lakes - Manchhar,
Hadero, Mehel, Kohistan, Keti Bandar
 Reservoirs - Mangla, Tarbela and Hub Dams
 Headworks and Barrages
 Balloki
 Trimmu
 Panjnad
 Jinnah
 Kotri
 Guddu
 Rivers as well as ponds.

21. 21
Sources of human food –
Marine Sources
 2009-2010 – 9,25,700 tonnes total fish caught
Some rivers in the Punjab, especially Ravi and
Sind heavily polluted with industrial and
domestic effluents - adversely affect aquatic life
Fish gets contaminated with toxic chemicals,
heavy metals and pathogenic organisms
Adverse consequences on its eating quality and
health of consumer.

22. 22
Sources of human food – Marine
Sources
 Marine fish caught from Arabian Sea
 Brought to Karachi, Gwador and other
coastal cities
 Packed in ice and dispatched to inland
cities or processed for export
Exported as fresh, frozen, dried, salted or
smoked.

23. 23
FOOD AND NUTRITION IN PAKISTAN
 Food consumption pattern different for urban
and rural areas in Pakistan
 Rural population consumes more cereals, fresh
milk, butter, ghee, dry fruits and sugar
 Cereals, butter and ghee provide energy
 Most households in rural areas keep at least
one or more milch cattle or goats and get fresh
milk
 Urban people eat more pulses, animal proteins
(mutton, beef, chicken) fruits and vegetables

24. 24
Livestock, sheep, goat and poultry production in
2009-2010
Animal/Bird
Numbers in
millions
Meat production
in 000 tones
Cattle 34.3
1655Buffalo 30.8
Camel 1.0
Sheep 27.8
603
Goat 59.9
Poultry 610.0 707
Eggs 11839

25. 25
FOOD AND NUTRITION IN PAKISTAN Contd..
Dietary pattern varies widely from one
region to another
Tends to weigh largely in favour of cereals
(wheat, rice), pulses and meat
Calories and protein availability now 2,415
calories and 71.5 g per adult per day,
respectively
Malnutrition main reason behind high
mortality rate among mothers and infants

26. 26
FOOD AND NUTRITION IN PAKISTAN Contd..
According to 2009–2010 estimates:
 Total number of malnourished children in
Pakistan around 38 %; 12% severely
malnourished
 Iron and anaemia deficiency prevalent public
health problem
Prevention
 For some forms of malnourishment,
micronutrient deficiency control programme
strengthened
 Main components:
 Breastfeeding
 Fortification: Vitamins A and D, Iron, Iodine

27. 27
FOOD SITUATION & WORLD POPULATION
 Population experts predict about 73 million people
will be added to world’s population each year
till 2020
 About 97.5% increase expected in developing
world
 Share will rise to 84% of total population by 2020
 Ever-increasing population
 Low efficiencies in agricultural sector
 Reduced availability of agricultural land (land
lost to urbanisation, erosion, water logging,
salinisation, alkalinisation, etc.)
Food-population gap likely to widen.

28. 28
FOOD SITUATION AND WORLD POPULATION
Estimates – About 25 % or more world's
food production lost after harvesting at:
 Production sites
 During processing
 During storage
 During distribution
 Marketing
 In the home

29. FOOD SITUATION AND WORLD
POPULATION
Comparatively, losses higher in
developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin
America than in developed nations
Food losses in Pakistan:
 Cereals about 20%
Fruits/vegetables
Upto 40 %
29

30. 30
Food availability per capita
Item 1949-50
1999-
2000
2009-2010
Estimated
Cereals (kg) 139.30 163.50 158.80
Pulses (kg) 13.90 7.20 6.8
Sugar (kg) 17.10 26.40 26.1
Milk (L) 107.00 148.80 169.1
Meat (kg) 9.80 18.70 20.5
Eggs (Dozen) 0.20 5.10 5.6
Edible oil (L) 2.30 11.10 12.6
Calories per day 2078.00 2625.00 2415
Protein /day (g) 62.80 70.00 71.5

31. 31
FOOD SITUATION AND WORLD
POPULATION contd
Considering present trend in agricultural sector
of developing countries, food supply can be
increased by 10 to 20% by reducing post-harvest
losses
Can complement efforts spent on trying to
improve yield by advanced agronomic practices
and increase in acreage
Food processing plays pivotal role in ensuring
that all efforts at increasing food supply are not
lost to physical, chemical or biological forces.

32. 32
WORLD-WIDE FOOD RELATED
NUTRITION AND HEALTH CONDITIONS
Modern technologies - transformed global food
situation from widespread shortages and famine
in 1960’s to enough food for everyone, if equally
shared
Still, over one billion people do not get enough
to eat
Many live on nutritionally inadequate diets
 About 90% developing world’s poor now live in
Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
These countries will need to feed over one
billion more people by 2020.

33. 33
 Alarming facts - reveal worldwide food related
nutrition and health conditions:
 Some 792 million people in developing
countries and 34 million in the developed
world remain chronically hungry
 2 billion people in developing countries
experience micronutrient deficiencies (iron,
iodine, vitamin A) and/or diet related non-
communicable diseases (cardiovascular
disease, obesity, diabetes, and some form of
cancer).
WORLD-WIDE FOOD RELATED NUTRITION
AND HEALTH CONDITIONS contd....

34. 34
 1.5 billion people (28% of world population)
suffer from iron deficiency anaemia, especially
women of childbearing age
 1 billion people live in iodine deficient areas
 217 million affected by goitre
 About 160 million pre-school children
malnourished - serious implications for their
future mental and physical capacities
 13 million pre-school age children affected by
xerophthalmia - 5,00,000 become partially or
totally blind each year.
WORLD-WIDE FOOD RELATED NUTRITION AND
HEALTH CONDITIONS....