Ruminant livestock production in Vietnam is dominated by small household farms and includes water buffalo, beef and dairy cattle, and goats and sheep. Water buffalo are an important source of draught power and meat, though their role has declined with agricultural mechanization. Beef and dairy cattle production focuses on indigenous breeds with low productivity, though crossbreeding with foreign breeds is increasing, particularly for dairy. Feeding systems utilize forages and byproducts. Animal health challenges include infectious diseases prevalent under the production systems and climate conditions in Vietnam.
Historical overview of male day-old chicks as animal feedHarm Kiezebrink
In 2013, more than 150 million chicks per year, male day-old chicks are used as high quality and nutritious ingredient on the diet of hundreds of species of wild animals that are held in zoos and breading centers.
In the past 30 years, the use of day-old chicks have been changed, from animal waste to high-end food for birds of pray, cranes and other animals living in zoos and fauna parks around the world. This change has become possible first, after the introduction of techniques to kill the animals without unnecessary stress or pain.
With the use of technology and daring to think out of the box and the entrepreneurial courage of only a view, the majority of all male day-old chicks that are produced in Europe are now being treated with respect during slaughter, completely in line with the EU directives EU 1099/2009 and EU 1069/2009.
100 Excel Functions you should know in one handy PDF.pdfMohammad Shaar
This document provides a summary of 100 important Excel functions organized into categories. It includes functions for working with dates and times, logical evaluations, lookups and references, statistics, math, and text. Each function is accompanied by a brief description and examples are provided for many functions to illustrate their use. The document is intended to help users learn key Excel functions through concise explanations and examples.
Advances in feed milling technology and the development of SPF eggs and organic foods are summarized. Feed milling involves processing, preparation, quality control and storage of animal feed. Key equipment includes hammer mills, roller mills, mixers and pellet mills. SPF eggs are produced in isolator or FAPP facilities to be free of specific pathogens. Strict protocols govern feed, housing and testing to maintain SPF status. Organic foods are grown without synthetic chemicals and use alternative soil fertility methods.
Camel milk has been known in Asia and Africa for 5000 years for its benefits for human health. Camel milk has been used medicinally for centuries by people. It is the closest to human mother’s milk and safe for children. Research studies around the world have confirmed that camel milk has better nutritional value as it exhibits many unique and amazing health-promoting properties as compared to cow milk. Camel milk has been used in some parts of the world to treat certain chronic diseases such as diabetes, allergies, cancer, arthritis, tuberculosis, autism, and hepatitis. Medicinal properties suggest that camel milk contains protective proteins that may have a possible role for enhancing immune defense mechanisms.
This document discusses capacity building for farm women in livestock rearing in developing countries. It finds that women play a major role in livestock production but have less access to resources and knowledge. A study assessed the knowledge of 120 farmwomen in 4 villages in Jhansi, India across aspects of breeding, feeding, health care, management, housing and fodder production. It found large knowledge gaps, especially regarding artificial insemination, fodder production systems, post-harvest technologies, and finance/credit. A strategy is proposed to develop women-specific technological training, improve adoption of fodder and animal production practices, and encourage sustainability through stakeholder support and networking.
Milk is considered to be the source to provide the health and nutrition in Vietnam. We made the survey to over 700 respondents in Vietnam to understand their drinking customs, favorite brands and purchase factors
Presentation of beef cattle value chains 04 mar-2013_englishHo Cao Viet
This document summarizes a presentation on improving the beef cattle value chain in southern central Vietnam. It provides background on global and Vietnamese beef production and consumption. It then describes the current beef cattle production system and value chain in southern central Vietnam. Key agents in the chain are identified as farmers, collectors, dealers, slaughterhouses, retailers and processing units. The document analyzes the financial parameters and value added at different stages of the chain. It identifies opportunities to increase productivity on farms and improve the supply chain and market information. Feedback from local beneficiaries supports interventions like improving breeding, pasture management, disease prevention, marketing skills, and market transparency.
Historical overview of male day-old chicks as animal feedHarm Kiezebrink
In 2013, more than 150 million chicks per year, male day-old chicks are used as high quality and nutritious ingredient on the diet of hundreds of species of wild animals that are held in zoos and breading centers.
In the past 30 years, the use of day-old chicks have been changed, from animal waste to high-end food for birds of pray, cranes and other animals living in zoos and fauna parks around the world. This change has become possible first, after the introduction of techniques to kill the animals without unnecessary stress or pain.
With the use of technology and daring to think out of the box and the entrepreneurial courage of only a view, the majority of all male day-old chicks that are produced in Europe are now being treated with respect during slaughter, completely in line with the EU directives EU 1099/2009 and EU 1069/2009.
100 Excel Functions you should know in one handy PDF.pdfMohammad Shaar
This document provides a summary of 100 important Excel functions organized into categories. It includes functions for working with dates and times, logical evaluations, lookups and references, statistics, math, and text. Each function is accompanied by a brief description and examples are provided for many functions to illustrate their use. The document is intended to help users learn key Excel functions through concise explanations and examples.
Advances in feed milling technology and the development of SPF eggs and organic foods are summarized. Feed milling involves processing, preparation, quality control and storage of animal feed. Key equipment includes hammer mills, roller mills, mixers and pellet mills. SPF eggs are produced in isolator or FAPP facilities to be free of specific pathogens. Strict protocols govern feed, housing and testing to maintain SPF status. Organic foods are grown without synthetic chemicals and use alternative soil fertility methods.
Camel milk has been known in Asia and Africa for 5000 years for its benefits for human health. Camel milk has been used medicinally for centuries by people. It is the closest to human mother’s milk and safe for children. Research studies around the world have confirmed that camel milk has better nutritional value as it exhibits many unique and amazing health-promoting properties as compared to cow milk. Camel milk has been used in some parts of the world to treat certain chronic diseases such as diabetes, allergies, cancer, arthritis, tuberculosis, autism, and hepatitis. Medicinal properties suggest that camel milk contains protective proteins that may have a possible role for enhancing immune defense mechanisms.
This document discusses capacity building for farm women in livestock rearing in developing countries. It finds that women play a major role in livestock production but have less access to resources and knowledge. A study assessed the knowledge of 120 farmwomen in 4 villages in Jhansi, India across aspects of breeding, feeding, health care, management, housing and fodder production. It found large knowledge gaps, especially regarding artificial insemination, fodder production systems, post-harvest technologies, and finance/credit. A strategy is proposed to develop women-specific technological training, improve adoption of fodder and animal production practices, and encourage sustainability through stakeholder support and networking.
Milk is considered to be the source to provide the health and nutrition in Vietnam. We made the survey to over 700 respondents in Vietnam to understand their drinking customs, favorite brands and purchase factors
Presentation of beef cattle value chains 04 mar-2013_englishHo Cao Viet
This document summarizes a presentation on improving the beef cattle value chain in southern central Vietnam. It provides background on global and Vietnamese beef production and consumption. It then describes the current beef cattle production system and value chain in southern central Vietnam. Key agents in the chain are identified as farmers, collectors, dealers, slaughterhouses, retailers and processing units. The document analyzes the financial parameters and value added at different stages of the chain. It identifies opportunities to increase productivity on farms and improve the supply chain and market information. Feedback from local beneficiaries supports interventions like improving breeding, pasture management, disease prevention, marketing skills, and market transparency.
1) Livestock, especially cattle, sheep, and goats, play an important role in the livelihoods of those living in spate-irrigated areas of several countries, including Eritrea, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Sudan, and Yemen. They are a source of income, savings, and draft power for tasks like soil management.
2) The document describes several indigenous livestock breeds found in the spate-irrigated regions of these countries, noting their characteristics and adaptations to local semi-arid environments. It also discusses some of the production systems and transhumance practices used by farmers and pastoralists in the areas.
3) However, many of these local breeds are under threat due
The document summarizes key findings from India's 20th livestock census in 2019. It finds that India's total livestock population is 535.78 million, a 4.6% increase from 2012. Cattle population is 192.49 million (+0.8%) and buffaloes are 109.85 million (+1.0%). Milk production saw the largest increase at 6.0%. Sheep rose 14.1% to 74.26 million while goats increased 10.1% to 148.88 million. Pigs declined 12.03% to 9.06 million. Poultry, including commercial and backyard, increased 16.8% to 851.81 million. Livestock makes up 4.11%
Livestock production system for sustainable agricultural system course for natural resource management degree program.
Focuses on production system categorized by intensity and geography.
The document provides information about the livestock and dairy industries in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Livestock contributes approximately 55.4% to agriculture value added and 11.9% to national GDP. It supports over 8.5 million families.
- Major livestock includes cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and camels. Major products are milk, meat, wool.
- Pakistan ranks 18th globally in halal meat production. Meat production increased 4.5% in 2012-13.
- The poultry sector grows 7-8% annually and contributes 26.7% of total meat production.
- Milk production increased 3.26% in the last two years. Pakistan
The document summarizes problems facing dairy farming in the Cholistan desert region of Pakistan. Some key issues include unplanned breeding using inferior bulls, which has led to lower milk yields compared to exotic dairy breeds. Production is informal with outdated practices. There is also a lack of proper milk collection and marketing systems, with farmers exploited by middlemen. Other challenges include inadequate and seasonal feed resources, infectious disease outbreaks, low government investment, limited access to credit, and high temperatures. These problems can only be solved through long-term planning by the government to improve the dairy sector through technical and financial support to local farmers.
This document discusses livestock development prospects and initiatives in Balochistan province of Pakistan. It outlines the province's potential in animal health, genetic improvement, veterinary education, food security, and poverty alleviation. Plans and initiatives discussed include prevention and control of animal diseases, eradication of viral diseases, awareness of zoonotic diseases, conservation and genetic improvement of pure breeds, development of the dairy industry, promotion of poultry farming, research in the livestock sector, and women's empowerment through rural poultry production and veterinary services. The document also provides background on the history and development of the livestock sector in Balochistan.
The document discusses agriculture and livestock in Pakistan. It provides details on:
1. The major crops grown in Pakistan which contribute significantly to GDP, including wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane and others.
2. The livestock sector, which accounts for 9% of GDP, includes cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and others.
3. The various indigenous animal breeds found in Pakistan and the need for further characterization of these breeds at the phenotypic and genetic levels.
Small Ruminant Developmental programmes- An overviewDr Pranav Kumar
Small ruminants like sheep and goats make valuable contributions to rural livelihoods in developing countries by providing meat, milk, fiber and skins. However, research and development investments in small ruminant production have not matched their importance. The document discusses the history of small ruminant development programs in India since the 19th century. It outlines breeding strategies and development efforts under various Five-Year Plans. While small ruminants are economically important and well-adapted, productivity remains low due to lack of policy attention and funding compared to other livestock. Focused small ruminant development is needed to improve rural incomes and nutrition."
“Future & Scope In Animal Husbandry Areas’’Harsh Mishra
This document discusses the scope and future of animal husbandry in India. It notes that animal husbandry provides livelihoods for many rural households and contributes significantly to agricultural GDP. While productivity remains low compared to global averages, the livestock sector is growing and demand for animal products is rising with economic development. Improving genetic potential through crossbreeding and better management practices can boost productivity and alleviate poverty. The future of animal husbandry lies in meeting the growing demand through increased productivity in a sustainable and inclusive manner.
Livestock headwinds:Help or hindrance to sustainable development?ILRI
Livestock production is growing rapidly globally to meet rising demand for meat, milk and eggs in lower income countries. Livestock contributes to all 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals through pathways of food/nutrition, livelihoods/economics, health and climate/resources. Livestock research can help maximize these contributions by improving productivity, efficiency and development outcomes in a sustainable manner.
Production challenges and socio economic impact of dairy goat farming amongst...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the production challenges and socio-economic impact of dairy goat farming amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya. It finds that most smallholder dairy goat farmers are women, many of whom are widows, and they depend entirely on family labor. Milk production levels range from half a liter to ten liters per day on average. Access to land, water, and feed are major challenges. While dairy goats provide income and food, small land sizes limit fodder production. Water sources are also limited and seasonal. There is a need for farmer training in areas like feeding, breeding, and record keeping to improve productivity and support livelihoods.
The Indian economy is growing at the rate of 6 to 8 percent per annum. The livestock industry in India is the second largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), after agriculture, and accounts for 9 percent of the total. Consumption is likely to increase as follows: per capita milk from 240 to 450 g per year; per capita eggs from 40 to 100 per year; and per capita broiler meat from 1 000 to 2 000 g per year.
This document provides information about a goat farming project. It discusses what goat farming involves, including raising goats for meat, milk, fiber and skins. It then gives an introduction to the history and popularity of goat farming. The rest of the document outlines the specifics of the proposed goat farm, including housing, feeding, labor needs, veterinary support, markets and financial projections. It describes purchasing 100 goats and constructing shelters. Expected annual costs are estimated at Rs. 22.14 lakh while annual revenue from milk sales is projected to be Rs. 25.92 lakh.
Livestock & Poultry Production and Mangement.pdfssuser4573b31
Livestock production systems can be extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, or mixed. Extensive systems require large land areas for grazing and have low feeding costs but are not suitable for high-yielding animals. Semi-intensive systems incorporate some grazing and confinement with lower feed costs than intensive systems. Intensive systems involve total confinement and feeding but have higher risks of health issues without proper management. Mixed farming maintains one or more livestock along with crops, making better use of farm outputs and unconventional feeds to recycle manure and nutrients and provide continuous income.
Demographic distribution of livestock 1.pptxtsvanil1
The document summarizes livestock demographics and statistics in India. It divides the country into 5 livestock regions based on climate and geography. The largest is the dry northern region, home to important buffalo and cattle breeds. It also provides statistics from the most recent 2019 livestock census, finding India has the world's largest livestock population at over 536 million animals, led by cattle and buffaloes. The document outlines the important economic and social contributions of livestock to rural livelihoods and food security in India.
Community Breeding Practice and the Challenges in Dairy Cattle Management in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Dairy product is an important feed supplementation. However, rearing dairy cattle is became a challenge especially at smallholder level due to lack of indigenous dairy cattle breeds. As a result, the country has established cross breeding program since 1990`s. Nevertheless, it is not uniform and does not consider smallholder farmers. Therefore, this research initiated to identify the breeding practice and the main challenges of smallholder farmers in rearing dairy cattle. For this purpose, first systematic field survey was conducted to generate preliminary information and breed judgment. Then two study areas were selected purposively based on milk production potential and dairy breed characteristics. Two focus group discussions per study area were conducted. Then, randomly 200 respondents per study area were selected. Finally, individual interview and field observation were employed to generate the needed data. Even though there is no established breeding scheme, the smallholder farmers practiced breed improvement by either cross breeding or straight breeding. They implemented Cross breeding to improve milk productivity using 50-100% exotic blood sire/semen. Pure exotic semens were preferred for AI (Artificial insemination). The smallholder framers do not select indigenous caw for cross breeding practice. However, they selected indigenous caw/heifer for replacement based on pedigree history, body stature, and udder vein. Regarding mating system, more than 50% of the respondent exercise control-mating system in their herd. Mostly this was done by pertaining the sire and dam together for a single day. In addition to this partiality in preference of sire, less productive individual cattle culled from the herd by castration, sell and slaughtering. The management system, early castration and lack of accurate estrus detection were the major challenges in dairy cattle development. As the result of this survey in the two study areas, indiscriminate cross breeding without consideration of the production system, body size and blood levels were predominant. Therefore, successive training for smallholder farmers on breeding system is highly recommended.
B.Sc. Agri II LPM U 1 Introduction To Livestock ProductionRai University
This document provides an overview of livestock production in India. It discusses trends showing that livestock production has grown faster than food grain production. India has large populations of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and poultry. Milk production has increased significantly, making India the world's largest milk producer. Animal draught power remains important for agriculture. Meat production is low compared to global levels. The document also describes major cattle and buffalo breeds found in India and their characteristics.
Dairy germplasm development and delivery in Africa: The Tanzania caseILRI
Presented by Msanga Yakobo (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) at the Inception workshop of the AgriTT project: Evaluation of breed composition, productivity and fitness for smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, 10-11 June 2014
1) Livestock, especially cattle, sheep, and goats, play an important role in the livelihoods of those living in spate-irrigated areas of several countries, including Eritrea, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Sudan, and Yemen. They are a source of income, savings, and draft power for tasks like soil management.
2) The document describes several indigenous livestock breeds found in the spate-irrigated regions of these countries, noting their characteristics and adaptations to local semi-arid environments. It also discusses some of the production systems and transhumance practices used by farmers and pastoralists in the areas.
3) However, many of these local breeds are under threat due
The document summarizes key findings from India's 20th livestock census in 2019. It finds that India's total livestock population is 535.78 million, a 4.6% increase from 2012. Cattle population is 192.49 million (+0.8%) and buffaloes are 109.85 million (+1.0%). Milk production saw the largest increase at 6.0%. Sheep rose 14.1% to 74.26 million while goats increased 10.1% to 148.88 million. Pigs declined 12.03% to 9.06 million. Poultry, including commercial and backyard, increased 16.8% to 851.81 million. Livestock makes up 4.11%
Livestock production system for sustainable agricultural system course for natural resource management degree program.
Focuses on production system categorized by intensity and geography.
The document provides information about the livestock and dairy industries in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Livestock contributes approximately 55.4% to agriculture value added and 11.9% to national GDP. It supports over 8.5 million families.
- Major livestock includes cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and camels. Major products are milk, meat, wool.
- Pakistan ranks 18th globally in halal meat production. Meat production increased 4.5% in 2012-13.
- The poultry sector grows 7-8% annually and contributes 26.7% of total meat production.
- Milk production increased 3.26% in the last two years. Pakistan
The document summarizes problems facing dairy farming in the Cholistan desert region of Pakistan. Some key issues include unplanned breeding using inferior bulls, which has led to lower milk yields compared to exotic dairy breeds. Production is informal with outdated practices. There is also a lack of proper milk collection and marketing systems, with farmers exploited by middlemen. Other challenges include inadequate and seasonal feed resources, infectious disease outbreaks, low government investment, limited access to credit, and high temperatures. These problems can only be solved through long-term planning by the government to improve the dairy sector through technical and financial support to local farmers.
This document discusses livestock development prospects and initiatives in Balochistan province of Pakistan. It outlines the province's potential in animal health, genetic improvement, veterinary education, food security, and poverty alleviation. Plans and initiatives discussed include prevention and control of animal diseases, eradication of viral diseases, awareness of zoonotic diseases, conservation and genetic improvement of pure breeds, development of the dairy industry, promotion of poultry farming, research in the livestock sector, and women's empowerment through rural poultry production and veterinary services. The document also provides background on the history and development of the livestock sector in Balochistan.
The document discusses agriculture and livestock in Pakistan. It provides details on:
1. The major crops grown in Pakistan which contribute significantly to GDP, including wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane and others.
2. The livestock sector, which accounts for 9% of GDP, includes cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and others.
3. The various indigenous animal breeds found in Pakistan and the need for further characterization of these breeds at the phenotypic and genetic levels.
Small Ruminant Developmental programmes- An overviewDr Pranav Kumar
Small ruminants like sheep and goats make valuable contributions to rural livelihoods in developing countries by providing meat, milk, fiber and skins. However, research and development investments in small ruminant production have not matched their importance. The document discusses the history of small ruminant development programs in India since the 19th century. It outlines breeding strategies and development efforts under various Five-Year Plans. While small ruminants are economically important and well-adapted, productivity remains low due to lack of policy attention and funding compared to other livestock. Focused small ruminant development is needed to improve rural incomes and nutrition."
“Future & Scope In Animal Husbandry Areas’’Harsh Mishra
This document discusses the scope and future of animal husbandry in India. It notes that animal husbandry provides livelihoods for many rural households and contributes significantly to agricultural GDP. While productivity remains low compared to global averages, the livestock sector is growing and demand for animal products is rising with economic development. Improving genetic potential through crossbreeding and better management practices can boost productivity and alleviate poverty. The future of animal husbandry lies in meeting the growing demand through increased productivity in a sustainable and inclusive manner.
Livestock headwinds:Help or hindrance to sustainable development?ILRI
Livestock production is growing rapidly globally to meet rising demand for meat, milk and eggs in lower income countries. Livestock contributes to all 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals through pathways of food/nutrition, livelihoods/economics, health and climate/resources. Livestock research can help maximize these contributions by improving productivity, efficiency and development outcomes in a sustainable manner.
Production challenges and socio economic impact of dairy goat farming amongst...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the production challenges and socio-economic impact of dairy goat farming amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya. It finds that most smallholder dairy goat farmers are women, many of whom are widows, and they depend entirely on family labor. Milk production levels range from half a liter to ten liters per day on average. Access to land, water, and feed are major challenges. While dairy goats provide income and food, small land sizes limit fodder production. Water sources are also limited and seasonal. There is a need for farmer training in areas like feeding, breeding, and record keeping to improve productivity and support livelihoods.
The Indian economy is growing at the rate of 6 to 8 percent per annum. The livestock industry in India is the second largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), after agriculture, and accounts for 9 percent of the total. Consumption is likely to increase as follows: per capita milk from 240 to 450 g per year; per capita eggs from 40 to 100 per year; and per capita broiler meat from 1 000 to 2 000 g per year.
This document provides information about a goat farming project. It discusses what goat farming involves, including raising goats for meat, milk, fiber and skins. It then gives an introduction to the history and popularity of goat farming. The rest of the document outlines the specifics of the proposed goat farm, including housing, feeding, labor needs, veterinary support, markets and financial projections. It describes purchasing 100 goats and constructing shelters. Expected annual costs are estimated at Rs. 22.14 lakh while annual revenue from milk sales is projected to be Rs. 25.92 lakh.
Livestock & Poultry Production and Mangement.pdfssuser4573b31
Livestock production systems can be extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, or mixed. Extensive systems require large land areas for grazing and have low feeding costs but are not suitable for high-yielding animals. Semi-intensive systems incorporate some grazing and confinement with lower feed costs than intensive systems. Intensive systems involve total confinement and feeding but have higher risks of health issues without proper management. Mixed farming maintains one or more livestock along with crops, making better use of farm outputs and unconventional feeds to recycle manure and nutrients and provide continuous income.
Demographic distribution of livestock 1.pptxtsvanil1
The document summarizes livestock demographics and statistics in India. It divides the country into 5 livestock regions based on climate and geography. The largest is the dry northern region, home to important buffalo and cattle breeds. It also provides statistics from the most recent 2019 livestock census, finding India has the world's largest livestock population at over 536 million animals, led by cattle and buffaloes. The document outlines the important economic and social contributions of livestock to rural livelihoods and food security in India.
Community Breeding Practice and the Challenges in Dairy Cattle Management in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Dairy product is an important feed supplementation. However, rearing dairy cattle is became a challenge especially at smallholder level due to lack of indigenous dairy cattle breeds. As a result, the country has established cross breeding program since 1990`s. Nevertheless, it is not uniform and does not consider smallholder farmers. Therefore, this research initiated to identify the breeding practice and the main challenges of smallholder farmers in rearing dairy cattle. For this purpose, first systematic field survey was conducted to generate preliminary information and breed judgment. Then two study areas were selected purposively based on milk production potential and dairy breed characteristics. Two focus group discussions per study area were conducted. Then, randomly 200 respondents per study area were selected. Finally, individual interview and field observation were employed to generate the needed data. Even though there is no established breeding scheme, the smallholder farmers practiced breed improvement by either cross breeding or straight breeding. They implemented Cross breeding to improve milk productivity using 50-100% exotic blood sire/semen. Pure exotic semens were preferred for AI (Artificial insemination). The smallholder framers do not select indigenous caw for cross breeding practice. However, they selected indigenous caw/heifer for replacement based on pedigree history, body stature, and udder vein. Regarding mating system, more than 50% of the respondent exercise control-mating system in their herd. Mostly this was done by pertaining the sire and dam together for a single day. In addition to this partiality in preference of sire, less productive individual cattle culled from the herd by castration, sell and slaughtering. The management system, early castration and lack of accurate estrus detection were the major challenges in dairy cattle development. As the result of this survey in the two study areas, indiscriminate cross breeding without consideration of the production system, body size and blood levels were predominant. Therefore, successive training for smallholder farmers on breeding system is highly recommended.
B.Sc. Agri II LPM U 1 Introduction To Livestock ProductionRai University
This document provides an overview of livestock production in India. It discusses trends showing that livestock production has grown faster than food grain production. India has large populations of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and poultry. Milk production has increased significantly, making India the world's largest milk producer. Animal draught power remains important for agriculture. Meat production is low compared to global levels. The document also describes major cattle and buffalo breeds found in India and their characteristics.
Dairy germplasm development and delivery in Africa: The Tanzania caseILRI
Presented by Msanga Yakobo (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) at the Inception workshop of the AgriTT project: Evaluation of breed composition, productivity and fitness for smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, 10-11 June 2014
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. There are 8 agro-ecological
zones.
About 74% of the population
lives in rural areas and 65%
depend on agriculture for their
livelihood.
In Viet Nam ruminant
production is based on small
households; there are few
large commercial units.
Ruminant production is
classified into dairy cattle, beef
cattle, buffaloes and small
ruminants.
3. Water buffalo used to consider the most valuable possession of poor
farmers: “the beginning of inheritance”, treated as a member of the
family: "The husband ploughs, the wife sows, water buffalo draws
the rake“ and are friends of the children.
Swamp buffalo rearing is a backyard activity with 99% in the hands
of smallholders, for draught power since agricultural mechanization
is developed the role of buffaloes is neglected. Even if soil
preparation could be mechanized, the buffalo remains important
for rural transport and meat. The total number of buffaloes kept 2.6
million head (58% in the North).
WATER
BUFFAL
O
4. Belonging to swamp buffalos,
Vietnamese ones are reared in
different ecological areas for
various purposes (draught
power, meat and reproduction).
With 2 groups “Ngo buffalo” and
“Gie buffalo”
The first farrow is 4-5 years of
age, unclear come in-heat
signs, calving interval is 1,5-2
years/farrow.
Milk production (600-700kg a
period lactation), high milk fat
content (9-12%), low growth
rate, low carcass ratio (43-48%).
Vietnamese buffalosWATER
BUFFALO
5. Murrah buffaloMurrah buffalo
Derived from India and Pakistan
A mature male buffalo weighs 700-750kg;
the calf weighs at 30kg; shows in heat
symptom at 30 months old. Milk
productivity is 2500-2800kg/lactation of
9-10 months. Milk fat contents is 7-9%.
Carcass ratio is 48%.
WATER
BUFFALO
6. • Cattle were principally draught animals,
which were only culled and used as meat
animals at the end of their useful working
lives.
• The beef cattle sector is the third largest
sector in the livestock industry (5.1
million head in 2011).
• Most of meat consumed in supermarket,
restaurants have imported fresh beef
from Australia.
• The beef products available on the
market are sourced from Cambodia, Laos
and Thailand.
BEEF CATTLE
7. Vietnam's Cattle Population by Region in 2009
Region '000 Head %
Red River delta 603 11.4
Northern midlands and mountains 924 16.9
North central and central coast area2,144 40.8
Central highlands 689 11.7
South East 408 7.8
Mekong River delta 665 11.4
Total 5,436 100.0
Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam
BEEF
CATTLE
8. Structure of the beef
cattle farming sector
O Extensive calf-cow grazing systems
O Intensive calf-cow systems
O Cattle fattening systems
BEEF
CATTLE
9. {{
The indigenous cattle are small inThe indigenous cattle are small in
size, have low performance in meatsize, have low performance in meat
and milk production, but they canand milk production, but they can
adapt well with harsh conditions,adapt well with harsh conditions,
and have good reproductionand have good reproduction
capacity.capacity.
The fertility is fairly good, matingThe fertility is fairly good, mating
period starts at 15-18 months old,period starts at 15-18 months old,
early first farrowing age is at 30-32early first farrowing age is at 30-32
months, quite short reproductivemonths, quite short reproductive
interval about 13-15 month/calving.interval about 13-15 month/calving.
Low milk production is about 300-Low milk production is about 300-
400kg/lactation, high milk fat400kg/lactation, high milk fat
content (5,5%)content (5,5%)
Low growth rate, results in lowLow growth rate, results in low
carcass ratio (42-45%).carcass ratio (42-45%).
Vietnamese cattle breedsVietnamese cattle breeds
11. Status of the sector
Dairy farming was first introduced to Vietnam at the beginning
of the 20th
century. However, it was not until 1990 that dairy
farming has become a real goods production.
With 120,000 out of 174,000 cows raised in 19,000 households
nationwide in 2013, producing 420,000 tons of milk served 30%
of the domestic market, 70% of domestic demand for milk had
to be met with imports primarily made up of sterilized,
reconstituted milk.
Vietnam remains one of the top 20 milk-importing countries,
importing around US$841 million of milk in 2012.
DAIRY
CATTLE
12. The Regional Location of the Dairy Herd Across Vietnam
Region % of Dairy Herd
North East 5
North West 7
Red River Delta 12
North Central Coast 4
South Central Coast 4
Central Highlands 3
South East 58
Mekong Delta 7
Total 100
DAIRY
CATTLE
13. Structure of the dairy farming
Ownership of 2–15 animals and a small area with crops
or pasture, are availability of suitable animals, feed
resources and improved feeding systems, improved
breeding, reproduction and animal health care,
management of animal manure, and organized
marketing and marketing outlets.
There are a very small number of larger commercial
dairy farms. Vinamilk and TH Milk operate larger sized
dairy farms. Vinamilk continues to develop its supply
capabilities and its senior management reported
importing more than 2,000 dairy cattle in 2010.
TH Milk, which is Vietnamese privately owned, is
investing in development of: a very large dairy farming
operation. It has plans to supply 50% of Vietnam's milk
by 2017.
DAIRY
CATTLE
14. Dairy cattle breeds
O 15% pure bred Holstein Friesian
O 1% Jersey cattle
O The rest of cross breeding between Holstein
Friesian dairy cattle, and Red Sindhi and local
Yellow Cows.
Dairy Cattle Herd Structure by Dairy Cattle Gene Content in 2006 (%)
National Herd Northern Region Herd Southern Region Herd
Holstein Friesian 15 35 8
Jersey 1 2 -
F1 24 33 21
F2 25 17 28
F3 22 9 24
>F3 13 4 19
Total 100 100 100
% of national herd 100 17 65
DAIRY
CATTLE
17. The Goat sector is mainly privately owned and based on
extensive rearing with 72.7% in the North. They are also
found in coastal regions of Central Vietnam (21.3%). Only
6.3% are in South Vietnam.
Most goats are privately-owned by smallholders with an
average of 5–7 animals. In forests, mountainous and hilly
regions, many farms keep 100-200 goats. Goats are kept in
fields during the day, at night they are housed without
feed or water in the North, but in the South they are
penned or tethered under fruit trees. Dairy goats are kept
in pens with feed and water.
The goat and sheep sector
(1.3 million head in 2012)
18.
19. The sheep population in Vietnam is small with an
increasing tendency. Sheep are mainly raised in the South
Central coast of Vietnam, namely the Phanrang sheep.
This breed adapts well to the dry and hot climate and low
feed quality of this region.
The goat and sheep sector
(1.3 million head in 2012)
20. Feeding systems
In the South-eastern region, Green maize can solve the year-round green fodder
supply for cattle, and especially in the dry season.
In the North Central and South Central Coast, where fattening of one or a few cattle
is common, fresh grass, cane tops, maize stover, and rice straw are supplemented
with fresh Leucaena leucocephala leaves. Some farmers feed a concentrate mixture
at 0.5% of the animal’s body weight.
In rice growing areas, weeds constitute about half of the feed with rice straw and
other crop residues. Animals are stall fed and tethered in uncropped and idle land
during the growing period of the rice. Urea Treated Rice Straw (UTRS) is the
most suitable method of improving the quality of rice straw and increasing
crude protein concentration and rumen degradability.
Cassava tops and sugar cane can be ensiled by conventional methods, with or
without additives. Ensiling reduces cyanogen content markedly by HCN
volatilisation and to a lesser extent, the tannin content of the raw materials. A
supplement of cassava top silage, especially with a molasses additive, to a grass diet
of dairy heifers, increased the dry matter and digestible crude protein intake (Man
and Wiktorsson, 2001).
21. Animal health situation
• The prevalence of many animal diseases in Vietnam is influenced by nutrition stress,
climate, animal production system, breed, and pattern of animal transportation and
exchange. Animal diseases cause a tremendous economic loss in animal production in
Vietnam.
• The imported exotic breeds of livestock with high productivity are normally more
susceptible to disease than indigenous animals. Many infectious diseases are found in
Vietnam caused by virus (FMD), bacteria (Pasteurellosis) and parasites (Faciolosis)
• The animal diseases, vaccines, drugs, and additives are controlled by the Animal
Health department, the six regional veterinary centers, and the veterinary sub-
department in each province. The veterinary network covers to community level.
• The majority of veterinary vaccines used in Vietnam are manufactured in the two
vaccines factories, which operate as self-financing Government Enterprises and are
under the control of the National Center of Veterinary drug Control-Animal Health
department.
Editor's Notes
From North to South, Vietnam can be divided into 8 agro-ecological zones, based on topography soil pattern and climate…. Nevertheless, with 75% of total area is mountainous region , it is narrow from mountain to sea, the slope patent is high thus in the dry season many parts of the country are facing shortage in fresh water. (from Nov. to April)
In Viet Nam, The average annual precipitation is considered high, from 1,700 to 2,000 mm, coupled with densely river systems, making Vietnam a country with rich water resources. SO about 74 per cent of the population lives in rural areas and 65 per cent depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
In Viet Nam ruminant production is based on small households; there are few dairy cattle in large commercial units. About 90% of farm households keep three to five cattle, mainly for draught, which can be sold when they need cash. There is some 10% of semi-commercial ruminant production units with 50 to 100 head in the North East, North West and North Central Coast; specialized cattle fattening is a source of main or additional income where crop production is not remunerative.
Ruminant production is classified into dairy cattle, beef cattle, buffaloes and small ruminants.
In Vietnam, water buffalo used to consider the most valuable possession of poor farmers: “the beginning of inheritance” (Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp) . They are treated as a member of the family: "The husband ploughs, the wife sows, water buffalo draws the rake“ (Chồng cày, vợ cấy, con trâu đi bừa) and are friends of the children. Children talk to their water buffalo, "Bao giờ cây lúa còn bông. Thì còn ngọn cỏ ngoài đồng trâu ăn." (Vietnamese children are responsible for grazing water buffalo. They will feed them a lot of grass if they work laboriously for men.). Using for various purposes such as draught power, meat and reproduction.
concentrated in the Northern mountain provinces of Vietnam with a proportion of 58%.
Draught power is not as critical as formerly, and since agricultural mechanization is developed in some regions the role of buffaloes is sometimes neglected. Even if soil preparation could be mechanized, the buffalo remains important for rural transport and meat. Buffalo meat accounts for half of all beef. Despite this the buffalo herd remains static; numbers fell by 0.43% from 1995 to 2000 (General Statistics, 2000) and have remained the same from 2000 to 2004.
Belonging to swamp buffalos, Vietnamese ones are reared in different ecological areas for various purposes such as draught power, meat and reproduction.
The body size is rather big with relatively identical appearance in black color, and a white “V” shape in its neck and chest, approximately 1% of them are in white which have been known as “White buffalo”
Buffalos are also classified into 2 groups due to the body size: “Ngo buffalo” with big size (the weight of mature 400-500kg) and “Gie buffalo” in small size (300-400kg).
The fertility is low: the first farrow is late (4-5 years of age), unclear come in-heat signs (estrous), calving interval is seldom (1,5-2 years/farrow)
Buffalos have low milk production (600-700kga period lactation), high milk fat content (9-12%), low growth rate, low carcass ratio (43-48%).
The Murrah buffalo is a river buffalo derived from India and Pakistan which has big body size, solid black, thin skin, curved twist horn. A mature male buffalo weighs about 700-750kg with average shoulder height of 133cm; buffalo calf weighs at 30kg; female Murrah buffalo shows in heat symptom at 30 months old in average. Milk productivity is pretty high at 2500-2800kg/ lactation of 9-10 moths. Milk fat contents is 7-9% . Carcass ratio is 48%.
(Vietnam has imported the Murrah buffalo breed from India in 1970s with the aim to develop dairy buffalo and making crossing with the local one. Pure-bred Murrah are maintained and crossed with the Vietnamese local buffalo. But after some decades, it seems that the dairy buffalo is not fitted to our farming system and hardly to be accepted by our farmers. The productive traits of Murrah buffalo seem to be poor in local condition.
Otherwise, there is a failure in F1 for reproductive performance. It may be caused by the attribution of different chromosome numbers between the two breeds.
There are only few recording programs in place for research purposes. Records collected include: live weights at maturity; dressing percentage; milk yield and fat percentage. There is no interest in selection for dairy traits on buffalo. )
Traditionally, cattle, like buffalo, were not reared for their meat. In the past, cattle in Vietnam were principally draught animals, which were only culled and used as meat animals at the end of their useful working lives. Today, the beef cattle sector is the third largest sector in the livestock industry, after pigs and poultry, and so is an important contribution to the rural economy. Vietnam's beef cattle herd stood at 5.1 million head in 2011, versus a higher 6.1 million head in 2009.
Most of meat consumed in supermarket, restaurants imported fresh beef from Australia,
Australian imports are very competitive in prices thanks to the large scale production, while the farming in Vietnam remains in small scale. It is estimated that Australian live cows are priced at VND58,000 per kilo after tax. Meanwhile, the production cost in Vietnam is VND60,000 per kilo.
Beef cattle farming is practiced all over Vietnam, with the bulk of production taking place in the northern half of the country. The south of the country is disadvantaged because of the impact of its hot tropical climate on smallholders that attempt to rear larger sized animals such as beef cattle, including larger breeds of such cattle (see table below).
Vietnam's beef cattle industry involves a number of different farming systems:
Extensive calf-cow grazing systems, under which grazing in the open is practiced in the daytime and penning is used at night. The farmers operating these systems generally do not feed their cattle mixed animal feed, whether made by the farmer or purchased from a commercial supplier. The primary motivation of these farmers is generally wealth creation for their family, i.e. they have an asset, e.g. old cattle or a calf, that can be sold when they need money;
Intensive calf-cow systems, under which the cattle are in pens most of the time but may spend a few hours each day free or tethered grazing. These farmers feed cultivated grass and also some locally made concentrate to their cattle. The primary motivation of these farmers is the commercial sale of fattened cattle, weaned calves or yearlings; and,
Cattle fattening systems, under which cattle are usually kept in pens all the time. These farmers are commercially motivated, and much better funded than other cattle farmers. They buy old and young cattle from both the intensive and extensive cattle farmers for fattening up. The smallholder farmers involved in this activity usually feed their cattle with cultivated grass. Larger operations tend to use cultivated grass and some concentrates.
Trade sources in the cattle trade in Vietnam advise that the quality of cattle that are derived from these 2 systems, and the cattle fattening systems, are generally variable. The cattle from the extensive farmers are generally too thin for market, and are in many cases, old. In direct contrast, the cattle from the fattening systems can be problematic to sell at a good price because they can be too fat for end market requirements
There are up to 7 groups of indigenous cattle all over the country and they are considered to be one breed ( Yellow cattle). Each group is popular in a certain regions depending on the interest of the people and its adaptability to local conditions. The indigenous cattle in Vietnam are small in size (small ears, poorly developed hump and dewlap, almost all are in yellow, light yellow or dark yellow) and have low performance in meat and milk production, but they can adapt well with harsh conditions, and have good reproduction capacity.
In general, weight of mature bull is about 200-250kg.
The fertility is fairly good, mating period starts at 15-18 months old, early first farrowing age is at 30-32 months, quite short reproductive interval about 13-15 month/calving.
Low milk production is about 300-400kg/lactation, high milk fat content (5,5%)
Low growth rate, results in low carcass ratio (42-45%).
To improve the productivity, draught power and milk production, Vietnam has imported many exotic animal breeds and semen. Under a limited nutrition, all F1 crossbreds beef cattle showed good adaptability, fatter growth rate and higher live weight as compared to local cattle.
Some key points to note on breeds are as follows:
Farmers using extensive cattle production are more likely to have herds that include between 70% and 90% local breeds, with the balance being Laisind. These farmers rarely buy cattle and so work with the gene pool that they started operation with. If they use AI, it is more likely that the semen will not be from an exotic breed bull; and,
Farmers using intensive calf-cow systems tend to have a broader based genetic mix, which can include 60% to 70% Laisind, 20% to 30% cross breeds and 10% to 20% local breeds. These farmers do tend to buy cattle to improve their herd. If they use AI, it is more likely that the semen will be an exotic breed bull than a Laisind bull.
As dairy farming is not traditional in Vietnam, there are no dedicated dairy breeds hereof.
Dairy farming was first introduced to Vietnam at the beginning of the 20th century. Experiencing historical ups and downs, dairy farmers have considerably contributed to ensure food supply. However, it was not until 1990 that dairy farming has become a real goods production.
At present, most dairy herds in Viet Nam are developed on a piece meal basis, with 120,000 out of 173,000 cows raised in 19,000 households nationwide. With each household on average raising 5 cows, the sector aims to lift the number to between 10 and 15.
According to MARD, a total of 174,000 dairy cows in 2013, producing 420,000 tonnes of milk. However, production only served 30 percent of the domestic market
70 per cent of domestic demand for milk had to be met with imports primarily made up of sterilised, reconstituted milk. Because of this, Viet Nam remains one of the top 20 milk-importing countries, importing around US$841 million of milk in 2012.
Vietnam's dairy farming industry is mainly concentrated in the south east and Red River Delta areas of the country. These areas account for around 70% of operations based on their herd sizes.
All of the state farms that existed in the 1980s have now closed, merged, or become private sector farms.
This company has investment plans with an initial budget of over US$ 300 million for the period 2009-2012, which is mainly reported to be funded by a loan from a local bank. The long term investment budget is far higher than this, and is underpinned by a very large target in terms of: herd size which, if successful, would have close to 140,000 cows, with about 70% being milking cows, by 2017. raw milk production, which is being forecast at about 500 million litres in the same year.
Ownership of 2–15 animals and a small area with crops or pasture, are availability of suitable animals, feed resources and improved feeding systems, improved breeding, reproduction and animal health care, management of animal manure, and organized marketing and marketing outlets
There are a very small number of larger commercial dairy farms. Vinamilk and TH Milk operate larger sized dairy farms. Vinamilk continues to develop its supply capabilities and its senior management reported importing more than 2,000 dairy cattle in 2010.
TH Milk, which is Vietnamese privately owned, is investing in development of: a very large dairy farming operation.
About 15% of Vietnam's national dairy are pure bred Holstein Friesian dairy cattle and about 1% of the herd is reported to be Jersey cattle. The balance are cross-bred cows (F1 to > F3), which are the result of AI (artificial insemination) cross breeding activities between Holstein Friesian dairy cattle, and Red Sindhi and local Yellow Cows
The structure of the population of dairy cattle by genetics in Vietnam is a product of government policy, development programs that are linked to imported genetic supplies, and the climate/other dairying environmental issues. The low % of the national population of Holstein Friesian pure bred cattle in the south exists because of this region's hot and tropical environment, and the much larger size of its regional dairy herd, when compared to the north.
Yields from pure bred Holstein Friesian cows in Vietnam has increased over the past 15 years, but are still low at around 3,900 litres per lactation, when compared to much higher yields achieved in the Developed World. In addition to this, crossbred cows are achieving a maximum of between 3,000 and 3,500 litres per lactation.
According to sources with Dairy Vietnam, the most appropriate dairy cattle for climatic and other dairying environment conditions in Vietnam have 70% to 80% Holstein Friesian genes.
Powder milk: the upper range of the powder milk market is still the most profitable one and also the market is showing the fastest growth. It is still dominated by a few international brands
Liquid milk: is growing very fast with more than 55% dominated by Vinamilk
Condensed milk: is still representing a significant share of the whole market and does not grow much and is today dominated by the Vietnam dairy market leader, Vinamilk and Dutch Lady
Yogurt: is growing and currently dominated by Vinamilk with new competition from new entrant such as Kido
Trade and government sources comment that high demand for liquid milk in Vietnam's biggest cities, especially Ho Chi Minh City, its most affluent consumer market, is one of the key stimulants for dairy farming activity across the whole country. While this is the case, trade sources comment that most Vietnamese consumers have unsophisticated demand characteristics. They do not understand the difference between;
more expensive pasteurised chilled/fresh milk produced from local raw milk; and,
less expensive shelf stable UHT/sterilised milk that is recombined in Vietnam from imported dairy and non-dairy ingredients.
In view of the low household incomes, including at the level of today's middle income groups, the bulk of demand is currently for the lower cost recombined liquid milks.
The market for locally produced raw liquid milk has two broad segments:
industrial demand, which takes about 80% of raw milk; and
the informal market sector, which takes the balance of raw milk supplies on a highly localised basis.
Total number of goats and sheep in 2012 is 1.3 million head
The Goat sector in Vietnam is mainly privately owned and based on extensive rearing. The goat population has nearly doubled in the last ten years. Most goats, (72.7% 25 000 head) are in the northern, mountainous provinces. They are also found in coastal regions of Central Viet Nam, where the climate is hot, dry and water is scarce (21.3%). Only 6.3% are in South Viet Nam. Generally goats are raised in relatively dry areas with poor vegetation. In a harsh environment, goats perform better than other animals.
Approximately 95% of goats are local breeds: the main ones are Grass breed, Bach Thao and cross bred. The Grass breed is wide-spread in many ecological zones; they are well adapted to poor nutrition and management, small and well known for high prolificacy. Most goats are reared for meat. The Bach Thao is bigger than the Grass breed and also are dual-purpose for meat and milk; average milk yield varies from 1.5–3 litre/day over 150–165 days.
Since 1993 the demand for goat products (both milk and meat) has increased considerably but returns to farmers remain below potential due to low productivity, largely associated with feed quality. The Government places a high priority on the development of viable goat rearing; improving access by very poor communes to breeding schemes, and working with communes to improve husbandry and feeding strategies for goats are appropriate means of addressing rural poverty. Six breeds: Barbary, Beetal, Jumnapury, Alpine, Saanen and Boer were imported to improve body size and milk yield of local goats.
Most goats are privately-owned by smallholders with an average of 5–7 animals. In forests, mountainous and hilly regions, many farms keep 100-200 goats. State farms just maintain some for research and breeding. Goats are kept in fields during the day, at night they are housed without feed or water. In the plains of North Viet Nam meat goats are herded, but in the South they are penned or tethered under fruit trees. Dairy goats are kept in pens with feed and water.
The management of reproduction is poor. For meat goats, bucks and does run together without controlled mating which leads to high mortality of newborn kids. However, dairy goats are very well managed.
Approximately 95% of goats are local breeds: the main ones are Grass breed, Bach Thao and cross bred. The Grass breed is wide-spread in many ecological zones; they are well adapted to poor nutrition and management, small and well known for high prolificacy. Most goats are reared for meat. The Bach Thao is bigger than the Grass breed and also are dual-purpose for meat and milk; average milk yield varies from 1.5–3 litre/day over 150–165 days.
Since 1993 the demand for goat products (both milk and meat) has increased considerably but returns to farmers remain below potential due to low productivity, largely associated with feed quality. The Government places a high priority on the development of viable goat rearing; improving access by very poor communes to breeding schemes, and working with communes to improve husbandry and feeding strategies for goats are appropriate means of addressing rural poverty. Six breeds: Barbary, Beetal, Jumnapury, Alpine, Saanen and Boer were imported to improve body size and milk yield of local goats.
In the South-eastern region, where the limited amounts of good roughage, combined with intensive production in peri-urban areas has forced dairies into heavy dependence on concentrates; this has increased feed competition with other livestock. Green maize can solve the year-round green fodder supply for cattle, and especially in the dry season.
In the North Central and South Central Coast, where fattening of one or a few cattle is common, fresh grass, cane tops, maize stover, and rice straw are supplemented with fresh Leucaena leucocephala leaves. Some farmers feed a concentrate mixture at 0.5% of the animal’s body weight. Chopped leucaena or cassava leaves, are mixed with a home-mixed concentrate of maize, cassava meal, rice bran, salt, ground oyster shell and molasses.
In rice growing areas, weeds constitute about half of the feed (from road edges, fields and ponds) with rice straw and other crop residues. Animals are stall fed and tethered in uncropped and idle land during the growing period of the rice. Rice straw is the principal feed after harvest; other crop residues such as maize stover and legume hay are fed, when available, in the wet season. At rice harvest, paddy fields are communal grazing in the short gap between crops, which may be two or three times per year depending on the number of rice crops grown.
Rice straw, with a total 25-30 million tons produced annually, is low in available energy, protein and vitamins and imbalanced in essential minerals, but it contains a large pool of structural carbohydrates which can potentially be degraded by rumen microbes into volatile fatty acids, and thus an energy source for ruminants. Urea Treated Rice Straw (UTRS) is the most suitable method of improving the quality of rice straw and increasing crude protein concentration and rumen degradability.
Cassava tops and sugar cane can be ensiled by conventional methods, with or without additives. Ensiling reduces cyanogen content markedly by HCN volatilisation and to a lesser extent, the tannin content of the raw materials. A supplement of cassava top silage, especially with a molasses additive, to a grass diet of dairy heifers, increased the dry matter and digestible crude protein intake (Man and Wiktorsson, 2001).