food-drug interaction lecture on most important interactions between medications such as warfarin, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics as well as other common drugs and the effect of food on their absorption .
A brief description on drug and food interactions, different mechanisms,effect of food-drug interactions on pharmacokinetic systems (ADME), Management of food-drug interactions
Drug interactions (DIs) represent an important and widely under recognized source of medication errors. Interactions between food and drugs may inadvertently reduce or increase the drug effect. Some commonly used herbs, fruits as well as alcohol may cause failure of the therapy up a point of to serious alterations of the patient’s health. The majority of clinically relevant food-drug interactions are caused by food induced changes in the bioavailability of the drug. Major side-effects of some diet (food) on drugs include alteration in absorption by fatty, high protein and fiber diets.
Underlying factors:
Classification of drug-food interactions:
Pharmacodynamic interactions
Pharmacokinetic interactions
I. Absorption interactions
II. Transport and distribution interactions
III. Metabolism interactions
IV. Excretion interactions
Grapefruit juice
Alcohol and Medication Interactions
Common Alcohol-Medication Interactions
Specific Alcohol-Medication Interactions
discusses about the interaction of certain drugs with some food materials and explains in detail about the effect of food on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Also dicsussed about the pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic aspects
A brief description on drug and food interactions, different mechanisms,effect of food-drug interactions on pharmacokinetic systems (ADME), Management of food-drug interactions
Drug interactions (DIs) represent an important and widely under recognized source of medication errors. Interactions between food and drugs may inadvertently reduce or increase the drug effect. Some commonly used herbs, fruits as well as alcohol may cause failure of the therapy up a point of to serious alterations of the patient’s health. The majority of clinically relevant food-drug interactions are caused by food induced changes in the bioavailability of the drug. Major side-effects of some diet (food) on drugs include alteration in absorption by fatty, high protein and fiber diets.
Underlying factors:
Classification of drug-food interactions:
Pharmacodynamic interactions
Pharmacokinetic interactions
I. Absorption interactions
II. Transport and distribution interactions
III. Metabolism interactions
IV. Excretion interactions
Grapefruit juice
Alcohol and Medication Interactions
Common Alcohol-Medication Interactions
Specific Alcohol-Medication Interactions
discusses about the interaction of certain drugs with some food materials and explains in detail about the effect of food on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Also dicsussed about the pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic aspects
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i.e. the effects are increased or decreased, or they produce a new effect that neither produces on its own.
Nutraceuticals for Cancer, Diabetes and Cardio vascular diseases and their Me...Kratika Khede
This presentation consists of different types of foods that can be incorporated in diets to improve the health conditions in diseases -Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus and Cardio vascular diseases.
Context
In addition to drug-drug interactions, "Food-drug interactions" can also cause adverse drug reactions or losses of efficacy and are thus important issues to consider in the evaluation of new drug candidates.
This is why drug agencies recommend conducting food-drug studies early in the development of new drugs. For example, the FDA advises the administration of a high-fat meal with new drugs to investigate potential food effect.
Aureus' Solutions
Aureus Sciences has developed a highly structured Knowledgebase, AurSCOPE ADME/DDI®, containing pharmacokinetics, metabolism and drug interactions data including reliable information about "Food-Drug interaction" studies extracted from journal articles and FDA reviews.
Knowledge from published data can help the pharmaceutical industry improve recommendations for regulatory agencies on how drugs should be taken when eating food, and to challenge prediction of food-drug interactions.
What you will learn
Similarities and differences of regulatory agencies recommendations on food-drug interaction
New insights about food-drug interactions including herbal, fruit, and dietary interactions based on clinical outcomes
Therapeutic classes, physico-chemical properties of drugs linked with high food-drug interactions
To recognize the importance of drug food interaction
To understand the effect of food on medications PK and or PD
To evaluate the clinical significance and provide a plan for management
Foods and nutrients play a very important role in normal functioning of the body. They are helpful in maintaining the health of the individual and in reducing the risk of various diseases. Worldwide acceptance of nutraceuticals formed a relation between "nutrition" and "health" and therefore the concept of "Nutraceuticals" was evolved . In recent years, a new diet health paradigm is evolving which places more emphasis on the positive aspects of diet. The new lifestyle adopted by people today has changed the basic food habits of the latter. Consumption of the junk food has increased manifold leading to a number of diseases caused due to improper nutrition. Obesity is now recognized as a global issue. Heart disease continues to be a primary cause of death in most of the developing countries worldwide, followed by cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis and many others. Consumers being frustrated with the expensive, high-tech, disease-treatment approach in the modern medicines are seeking complementary or alternative beneficial products in the form of nutraceuticals.
Nutraceuticals are the emerging class of natural products that makes the line between food and drugs to fade .Nutraceutical is the hybrid of ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. Nutraceuticals, in broad, are food or part of food playing a significant role in modifying and maintaining normal physiological function that maintains healthy human beings. The principal reasons for the growth of the nutraceutical market worldwide are the current population and the health trends. The food products used as nutraceuticals can be categorized as dietary fibre, prebiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and other different types of herbal foods.
The nutraceuticals facilitate in combating the key health complications of the century such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cholesterol etc. In whole, ‘nutraceutical’ has led to the new era of medicine and health, in which the food industry has become a research oriented sector.
According to the World Health Organisation, herbal medicines are defined as ‘finished, labelled medicinal products that contain as active ingredients aerial or underground parts of plants, or other plant material, or combinations thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant preparations.
Herbal medicines contain a combination of pharmacologically active plant constituents that are claimed to work synergistically to produce an effect greater than the sum of the effects of the single constituents
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i.e. the effects are increased or decreased, or they produce a new effect that neither produces on its own.
Nutraceuticals for Cancer, Diabetes and Cardio vascular diseases and their Me...Kratika Khede
This presentation consists of different types of foods that can be incorporated in diets to improve the health conditions in diseases -Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus and Cardio vascular diseases.
Context
In addition to drug-drug interactions, "Food-drug interactions" can also cause adverse drug reactions or losses of efficacy and are thus important issues to consider in the evaluation of new drug candidates.
This is why drug agencies recommend conducting food-drug studies early in the development of new drugs. For example, the FDA advises the administration of a high-fat meal with new drugs to investigate potential food effect.
Aureus' Solutions
Aureus Sciences has developed a highly structured Knowledgebase, AurSCOPE ADME/DDI®, containing pharmacokinetics, metabolism and drug interactions data including reliable information about "Food-Drug interaction" studies extracted from journal articles and FDA reviews.
Knowledge from published data can help the pharmaceutical industry improve recommendations for regulatory agencies on how drugs should be taken when eating food, and to challenge prediction of food-drug interactions.
What you will learn
Similarities and differences of regulatory agencies recommendations on food-drug interaction
New insights about food-drug interactions including herbal, fruit, and dietary interactions based on clinical outcomes
Therapeutic classes, physico-chemical properties of drugs linked with high food-drug interactions
To recognize the importance of drug food interaction
To understand the effect of food on medications PK and or PD
To evaluate the clinical significance and provide a plan for management
Foods and nutrients play a very important role in normal functioning of the body. They are helpful in maintaining the health of the individual and in reducing the risk of various diseases. Worldwide acceptance of nutraceuticals formed a relation between "nutrition" and "health" and therefore the concept of "Nutraceuticals" was evolved . In recent years, a new diet health paradigm is evolving which places more emphasis on the positive aspects of diet. The new lifestyle adopted by people today has changed the basic food habits of the latter. Consumption of the junk food has increased manifold leading to a number of diseases caused due to improper nutrition. Obesity is now recognized as a global issue. Heart disease continues to be a primary cause of death in most of the developing countries worldwide, followed by cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis and many others. Consumers being frustrated with the expensive, high-tech, disease-treatment approach in the modern medicines are seeking complementary or alternative beneficial products in the form of nutraceuticals.
Nutraceuticals are the emerging class of natural products that makes the line between food and drugs to fade .Nutraceutical is the hybrid of ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. Nutraceuticals, in broad, are food or part of food playing a significant role in modifying and maintaining normal physiological function that maintains healthy human beings. The principal reasons for the growth of the nutraceutical market worldwide are the current population and the health trends. The food products used as nutraceuticals can be categorized as dietary fibre, prebiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and other different types of herbal foods.
The nutraceuticals facilitate in combating the key health complications of the century such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cholesterol etc. In whole, ‘nutraceutical’ has led to the new era of medicine and health, in which the food industry has become a research oriented sector.
According to the World Health Organisation, herbal medicines are defined as ‘finished, labelled medicinal products that contain as active ingredients aerial or underground parts of plants, or other plant material, or combinations thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant preparations.
Herbal medicines contain a combination of pharmacologically active plant constituents that are claimed to work synergistically to produce an effect greater than the sum of the effects of the single constituents
This is a presentation regarding to Interaction between Prescription Drugs and nutraceuticals. Here you can able to find about information regarding to this topic and its health effects and precautions.
E-mail: Siddheshwarshinde@hotmail.com
Mr. Siddheshwar Bhagwanrao Shinde
College of Food Technology VNMKV Parbhani
Interaction between the food and drugs have a high effect on the success of treatment patients and on the side effects of drugs . the interaction not in all cases is bad but sometimes can improve the absorption and decrease the side effect. grapefruits interaction has received very high attention recently. Consequently, the presence of food in the digestive tract may reduce absorption of a drug. Often, such interactions can be avoided by taking the drug 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. Like drugs, foods are not tested as comprehensively so they may interact with prescription or over the-counter drugs. therefor it is advisable for patients to follow the doctor and specialists’ guidelines to acquire greatest advantages with least food tranquilize cooperation.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence
Bioavailability-
Whenever a drug is given by oral route it has to go through certain pathway to reach the systemic circulation. Eg. If 100 mg drug is given orally, and if 80 mg is absorbed and 20 mg gets excreted then 80 mg absorbed drug reaches liver through portal system. In liver it gets metabolized, here if 30 mg gets metabolized by the liver 50 mg reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged from. But Bioavailability is expressed in mg it has to be expressed in fraction. So Bioavailability is basically the fraction of unchanged from of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
As the drug given by intravenous route reaches directly into the systemic circulation. So the Bioavailability of drug given i.v is 100 %. % Bioavailability can be calculated as- Area under the curve (AUC oral)/ (AUC i.v) *100.
Bioavailability depends on both the rate and extent of absorption.
Rate of absorption depends on- site of adminstration and the drug formulation.
Extent (amount) of absorption depends on- route of drug administration
Factors affecting absorption and Bioavailability-
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors:
Pharmaceutical factors include- particle size, crystal from, salt form, water of hydration, Nature of excipients and adjuvants, degree of ionisation.
Pharmacological factors- gastric emptying & g.i mobility, g.i diseases, food and other substances, first-pass effect, Drug-drug interaction, pharmacogenetics, miscellaneous factors like route of administration, area of absorbing surface, state of circulation at site of absorption.
Whenever a drug is given orally it has to go through certain pathway to reach systemic circulation.
E.g out of 100 mg drug given orally if 80 mg gets absorbed & 20 gets excreted. 80 mg of absorbed drug then reaches the liver through portal vein. Liver is highly saturated with enzymes so it doesn't allow the drug to pass freely through it without metabolizing certain amount of drug. . So if 30 mg of absorbed drug gets metabolized in the liver remaining 50 mg of drug reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged form. But Bioavailability is never expressed in mg it is always expressed in fraction. So Bioavailability is basically the fraction of unchanged from of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
Whenever drug is given intravenously 100% drug reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form. So the Bioavailability of the drug given intravenously is 100%, while that of the drug given orally is < 100%
Bioavailability of a drug depends on the rate and extent of absorption.
Rate of drug administration is determined by: site of drug administration and drug formulation.
Extent (amount) of drug absorption is determined by: route of drug administration.
Factors affecting drug absorption and Bioavailability- There are various pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors that affect the drug absorption.
FIRST PASS METABOLISM:-
The drug given orally first pass through GI wall and then reaches the liver through portal system. The drug can also be metabolized in the gut wall CYP3A4 enzyme which is a substrate for P-gp {P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an active transporter which pumps drug out of the gut wall cells back into the gut lumen against the concentration gradient.) Normally, drug enters the intestinal lumen by passive diffusion (i.e along the concentration gradient). But P-gp causes drug efflux or drug wastage (i.e against the concentration gradient); The amount of drug that disappears contribute first pass metabolism. But first pass metabolism occur in LIVER > INTESTINE.
Some amount of drug while passing through the liver gets metabolized in the liver for the first time before reaching the systemic circulation this known as first pass metabolism.
Bioequivalence- it as comparison of 2 different brand products of a same drug.
E.g. if Drug company X designs a new drug - (BRANDED DRUG) it gets patency for suppose 20 yrs. So that no other company can legally copy this drug. But once the patency expires any other company can legally copy this drug (GENERIC DRUG) but requires approval by FDA. and FDA asks for BIOEQUIVALENCE certificate (i.e it checks if the compound produced by other company is equivalent to that of BRANDED DRUG.) It has to prove that amount as well as rate of absorption is similar. No company can copy the drug 100% as it is. therefore the acceptable range is +/- 20-25%. The drug can be chemically, pharmaceutically, Therapeutically & clinically equivalent.
Thank you
this PowerPoint is about most common adverse reaction chemotherapy such as nausea ,vomiting ,diarrhea .I have used applied therapeutic and Uptodate as a reference
Non renal routes of excretion For pharmacy studentsLokesh Patil
Non-renal routes of excretion are those by which metabolites and medications are removed from the body by means of systems other than the kidneys. Two such pathways are pulmonary excretion, which expels volatile chemicals via the lungs, and biliary excretion, which secretes molecules into the bile and excretes them in feces. Moreover, medications may be eliminated via saliva, perspiration, and breast milk. Whereas the respiratory route is important for gaseous anesthetics and alcohol, the liver is essential in the metabolism of medications for biliary excretion. Especially in individuals with compromised kidney function, controlling medication dosage and reducing toxicity need an understanding of these non-renal pathways.
pharmacothrapy of peptic ulcer
the topic contain antacid drugs, their uses, causes, symptoms, treatments etc.
the topic cover all the detail information on peptic ulcer
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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2. • Food-drug interactions occur as a result of
pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics mechanisms.
• Reduction in the absorbance of a drug might be influenced by the
presence of food in the digestive tract. However, due to the
physiological response to food intake, particularly thegastric acid
secretion, may increase or reduce the bioavailability of certain
drugs
• The avoidance of such interactions could be possible if the drug is
taken 1 hour before or 2 h after eating the food.
3. • the interactions may also exist between foods and drugs (food-drug
interactions) and could be possible between drugs and herbs (drug-
herb interactions)
• The extent of food's effect on the absorption or metabolism of drugs
depends on the characteristics of the food, when the food is
consumed. The interaction of natural products and drugs is a common
hidden problem encountered in clinical practice
• it is very important to test meal conditions used in any conducted
study before making a clinical recommendation.
4. Vegetables
• Some vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, parsley,
spinach, and others) had a high content of vitamin K .
• Eating large quantities of these vegetables interferes with
the safety and effectiveness of warfarin therapy.
•
5. Warfarin
• approximately 30% of people use herbal or natural product supplements on a regular basis.
• The potential for increased dietary protein intake to raise serum albumin levels and/or
cytochrome P450 activity has been postulated as mechanisms for the resulting decrease in
international normalized ratio (INRs).
• Eating charbroiled food may decrease warfarin activity, while eating cooked onions may
increase warfarin activity.
• with cranberry juice ingestion appeared to be associated with an elevated INR without
bleeding in elderly patient. cranberry juice may inhibit the activity of CYP2C9 .
•
6. Juice
• Several juices were found to have an interaction with medication by metabolizing and
altering transporters enzymes to a wider degree than initially described
• Naringin, an ingredient in most citrus fruits has been shown to reduce aliskiren uptake.
• Grapefruit juice was the first identified, but based on flavonoid and
furanocoumarin content other juices have also been shown to
interact with medication
grape fruit juice (GFJ) possesses high interaction with almost all types of drugs .
Numerous reports have documented drug interactions with GFJ that occur via
inhibition of CYP3A enzymes. Furanocoumarins present in GFJ inhibit the intestinal
CYP 3A4 and have been shown to increase the oral bioavailability of medications that
are CYP 3A4 substrates like Felodipine, midazolam, cyclosporine and raise their
concentrations above toxic levels.
7. • Grapefruit juice was found to have a significant effect on Aliskiren which is
recognized as a direct renin inhibitor indicated for the treatment of hypertension.
• A clinical study conducted on 11 healthy volunteers administered using 200 ml
single-strength of grapefruit juice (three times daily for five days) and 150 mg of
aliskiren on day 3 showed that relative to water, grapefruit juice significantly
reduced mean aliskiren by 61% .
• A study with 28 healthy volunteers receiving 300 mg aliskiren and either
water or grapefruit juice (300 ml) revealed a decrease of 38%
A study : 200 ml of orange juice, water for a frequency of three times daily for
a period of five days. On day 3, the volunteers ingested a single dose of 150 of
aliskiren. The result showed that orange juice reduced aliskiren geometric
mean by 62% relative to water while having no effect on elimination half-life
8. • GFJ is generally contraindicated to patients taking psychotropics and it is advised to inform
patients about described interaction.
• The overall exposure of some drugs can be increased by more than fivefold when taken
with GFJ and increase the risk of adverse effects.
• With new anticonvulsants, serum iron and sodium need to be monitored. Additionally,
users are advised to avoid drinking grape fruit juice within 1-2 hr(s) of taking these
anticonvulsants.
• Furanocoumarines and active bioflavonoids present in GFJ are also inhibitors of OATP
( organic anion transporting polypeptide )and when ingested concomitantly, can reduce
the oral bioavailability of the OATP substrate, fexofenadine.
• In a study : fexofenadine (60 mg) with 300 ml of either normal-strength apple juice or
water were orally taken. It was found that apple juice decreased fexofenadine mean 79%
compared to water
•
9. • However, some clinical studies with certain β-blockers, fexofenadine, and
fluoroquinolones have demonstrated that orange juice can reduce systemic exposure
by up to 83%
10. Protein rich food
• Phenytoin :
• when the preparation of phenytoin was given with a food source of protein, there was a
reduction in the amount of phenytoin absorbed. The protein source used in this study
consisted of concentrated cow's milk proteins
• The investigators suggest that this protein source could have impaired phenytoin
absorption because the albumin present became bound to the drug and the protein-drug
complex was then retained in the gut. Another possibility offered is that the protein acts
as a buffer at a pH outside the optimal range for absorption of the phenytoin.
Phenytoin is also less well absorbed when there is concurrent administration of folic acid
• Co-administration of phenytoin with high doses of another B vitamin, pyridoxine, may also
reduce the absorption of the drug
•
11. • In pediatric patients with asthma, it has been observed that wheezing
reappeared more rapidly when theophylline was administered with a
high-protein compared to a low-protein diet.
• High-protein diets increase, while low-protein diets decrease the rate
of drug metabolism.
12. General Food interaction
Griseofulvin :
• Food interference studies then indicated that the drug was better and more predictably
absorbed after ingestion of whole milk .griseofulvin is better absorbed when given after a
fatty meal. We have further observed that in patients on self-prescribed or physician-
prescribed low-fat diets, the effectiveness of griseofulvin is significantly reduced
• The absorption of rosuvastatin was significantly decreased in the fed state compared with
the fasting state, which suggests that rosuvastatin should be administered on an empty
stomach.
•
Simvastatin, Ezetimibe, pravastatin and fluvastatin may be taken
without regards to food. However, high fiber diets may lower the
efficacy of these drugs.
13. • albendazole
• Mean plasma concentrations and AUCs were 4.5 times higher when
albendazole was given with breakfast than when administered in the
fasting state. We conclude that therapy of echinococcosis with
albendazole requires the drug to be taken with meals and that
administration on an empty stomach might be more appropriate
when intraluminal effects are desired, e.g. for intestinal parasites
14. Beverages
• Colas containing phosphate and sugar may decrease the rate of drug absorption because
they delay the rate of stomach emptying.
However, the efficiency of drug absorption may be increased by concurrent intake of
beverages. Reasons include speedier dissolution of the drug, osmotic effects
15. Milk
• Ingestion of milk has long been known to interfere with the absorption of tetracyclines because
insoluble chelates are formed between the drug and the calcium present in the beverage .
• It has also been shown that milk decreases the bioavailability of the beta adrenergic blocking agent
sotalol. It has been suggested that this effect may also be due to an interaction with calcium .
• In premature infants, a milk feed does not influence the total amount of theophylline absorbed, but
decreases the rate of absorption, probably because of effects of the milk on stomach emptying.
16. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Non selective (ex: phenelzine) , Selective (ex: moclobemide ,
selegiline )
• concerns about interaction with tyramine-containing food
(matured cheese, red wine, ripped bananas, yogurt, shrimp
paste and salami) or so called cheese reaction, since they are
capable of producing hypertensive crisis in patients taking
MAOIs.
• Tyramine is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic agent, is
degraded by MAO but in the presence of MAOIs, it escapes
degradation and reaches the systemic circulation where it is
taken up by the adrenergic neuron, leading to a hypertensive
crisis.
• transdermal formulations may provide a valuable therapeutic
option and eliminate the drug-food
17. Antihypertensive Drugs
• anti hypertensive drugs will benefit from concomitant moderate sodium
restricted diets.
• Propranolol serum levels may be increased if taken with rich protein food ,
Smoking may decrease its plasma levels of by increasing its metabolism
• The absorption of ACEs inhibitor ( Captopril ) is increased when taken on an
empty stomach (food decrease 35-40% bioavailabilty of captopril )
• .While GFJ increases the bioavailability of felodipine (Ca2 channel blocker).
• Licorice extract,is a potent inhibitor of 11- bet- hydroxyl steroid
dehydrogenase, it increases excess of cortisol to mineralocorticoid receptors
causing sodium retention and potassium depletion so increased blood
pressure and depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• A practical guideline for an acceptable daily intake of glycyrrhizic acid seems
to be 9.5 mg a day. This means no more than 10-30g liquorice and no more
than half a cup of liquorice tea a day.
18. Antibiotics
• A number of studies give evidence that fluoroquinolones forming slightly soluble complex with metal
ions of food show reduced bioavailability.
• Casein and calcium present in milk decrease the absorption of ciprofloxacin.
absorption of ciprofloxacin (500 mg) tablets can be reduced by concomitant ingestion of the GFJ.
should be discouraged.
• Azithromycin absorption is decreased when taken with food, resulting in a 43% reduction in
bioavailability.
• Tetracycline should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals, and not taken with milk
because it binds calcium and iron, forming insoluble chelates, and influencing its bioavailability.
• The effect of milk added to coffee or black tea on the bioavailability of tetracycline was evaluated in
healthy individuals. Results showed that even a little quantity of milk containing extremely small
amounts of calcium severely impair the absorption of the drug, so that the presence of this metal ion
should be carefully controlled in order to avoid decreasing the available tetracycline.
19. Analgesics and Antipyretic
• because food may slow the body absorption of acetaminophen. Co-administration of acetaminophen
with pectin delays its absorption and onset.
• NSAIDs like ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and others can cause stomach irritation and
thus they should be taken with food or milk
• The C max and AUC of ibuprofen were significantly increased after single and multiple doses of Coca-
Cola, thereby indicating increased extent of absorption of ibuprofen.
• The daily dosage and frequency of ibuprofen must be reduced when administered with Coca-Cola.
• Food intake did not appear to affect the extent of absorption (ie, total exposure) of oral Diclofenac
potassium soft gelatin capsule.
20. Theophylin
• High-fat meals may increase the amount of theophylline in the body, while high carbohydrate meals
may decrease it.
• Avoid alcohol if taking theophylline medications because it can increase the risk of side effects such as
nausea, vomiting, headache and irritability
• caffeine (e.g., chocolate, colas, coffee, and tea) since theophylline is a xanthine derivative and these
substances also contain xanthine. Hence consuming large amounts of these substances while taking
theophylline, increases the risk of drug toxicity
• It has been suggested that even if there were a significant effect of caffeine on theophylline
disposition, it may not be therapeutically important
21. thyroxin
• Recent evidence pointed out the role of gastric acid secretion on the subsequent intestinal
absorption of thyroxine in relation with the timing of food ingestion as well as with pH
impairment.
• Levothyroxine is a derivative of thyroxine. Grapefruit juice may slightly delay the absorption
of levothyroxine, but it seems to have only a minor effect on its bioavailability.
22. metronidazole
Its interaction with alcohol leads to acetaldehyde accumulation (disulfiram-like reaction) causing symptoms
such as skin redness, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, headache and in severe cases circulatory collapse.
advises to avoid alcohol during and for 48 hours after taking metronidazole. Overall the evidence for this
reaction appears to be weak
Alcohol
23.
24.
25.
26. references
• brahma n. singh ,effects of food on clinical, pharmacokinetics , drug disposition ,clin pharmacokinet 1999 sep; 37 (3) 213-255
• bushra r, aslam n, khan ay. food-drug interactions. oman med j. 2011;26(2):77-83. doi:10.5001/omj.2011.21
• m. abd elgadir ,food–drug interaction and their clinical implications: selected investigations , international journal of pharmacy and
pharmaceutical sciences, vol 11, issue 3, 2019
• marwa noureldin,et al , drug-alcohol interactions: a review of three therapeutic classes ,us pharm. 2010;35(11):29-40.