Food color measurement jisl

Food Color Measurement in Practice

Manish Kapadia
Chief Manager - CTP

Jay Instruments & Systems Pvt. Ltd.

India

Colour and Textile Products

•

"All animals eat, but humans feed," says

Fergus M. Clydesdale, Ph.D., professor
and department head, Department of
Food Science, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst.
• "Eating is a festive occasion, and color
adds to the enjoyment of food."


• Why Me asure Color?
• Color as an indirect me asure of product
quality or processing performance (eg.
fres hness, over-ripeness or under-ripeness,
purity, refining, mailard etc)
• Uniformity of Color in Production : as Quality

• Color can dramatically influence the flavor
perception of food. Everyone says NO to Blue

food; blue steak, red peas and green frenc h fries
are diffic ult to eat…!


Food industry examples


Mochi

Bread

Cookies

Fish

Eggs

Vegetables

Candy

Rice
crackers

Fish
paste

Bean
paste

Soy
sauce

Fruits

Rice

Sprinkles

Alcohol

Tea

Juice

Meat

Flour

Coffee
beans

Sesame
seeds

Bean
sprouts

Soba
flour

Jelly

Milk

Japanese
sweets

Chocola te

Azuki
beans

Kiwi fruit

Ice
cream

Natto

Fried
foods

Bean jam
buns

Shiso

Butter

Spices

Soybeans

Side
dishes

Wine

Cheese

Jam

Ice-cream
cones

Shellfish

Flavorings

Pasta

Mayonnaise

Sauces

Snacks

Noodles

Gum

Soup

Seaweed

Health
foods

Bonito
flakes

BBQ
sauce

Wheat
germ


Bread

Cookies

Fish

Eggs

Vegetables

Fish
paste

Uneven/curve
Bean
d surface
paste

Solid
Soy

sauce

Soft
Fruits

Rice

Meat

Flour

Tablets

Tea

Uneven
Soba
color
flour
Ice
Granules
cream

Juice

Coffee
Paste
beans

Japanese
Chocolat
Wide variety of eets Opaque
Milk
sw
e
consistencies
Fried
Natto and foods
Shiso
shapes Bean jam Liquid
buns
Jelly

Granule Side
Soysize
beans
dishes

Powder

Wine

Cheese Transluce
Jam

nt
Mayonnaise

Rods
Sauces

Snacks

SeaHealth
Soup
weed
foods

Bonito
flakes

BBQ
sauce

Flavorings

Pasta

Cand

Sprink

Sesa
seed

Azu
bean

Butt

Ice
crea
cone

Nood

Wet

Whe
germ

Color measurem ent of proc essed foods
Variations in
processing
conditions

Mixing

Production
location

Processing
temperature

Harvest
period
Powdering

Shipment

Variations in
quality of raw
materials

Receiving

Management of whether the color of a processed food
is within a specified range or not

Variations in
storage
conditions

Oxidation

Temperature
Dissolution

Filling/
Packing

Processing time


Cooling

Shipment

Expiry date

Color measurem ent for agricultural,
anim al, and fisheries products
Relationship betw een
culturing conditions and
color
Production
location

Climate
conditions

For determining freshness,
grade, etc.

Feed

Fertilizer
Soil
moisture
Humidity

Harvest
time

Period of
exposure
to sunlight


Storage
conditions

Various measurement methods
Reflectance

Opaque samples
such as miso,
bread, snacks,
flavorings, beans,
noodles, etc.

Transmission
reflectance

Translucent
samples such as
seaweed, jellies,
meat, soup, etc.


Transmittance

Transparent
samples such as
drinks, tea, soy
sauce, honey,
juice, oils, etc.

Color measurement of solid (dry) samples
Bread,
vegetable
s, fruit

Portable
instruments

Directly


Desktop
instruments

Directly

Color measurem ent of solid (wet) sam ples
BUTTER
Amul

Yellow ness Index

The Taste of India

YI (AS TM E313)

L

a

b

Butter

38

85

2.5

24.5

White Butter Presalted

19

88

0

12

Veg. FAT

37

84

5

24

Am ulite Spread

28

88

4

18

Yellow Wrapper

79

Cotton Sam ple in Lab

8


Color measurement of solid (wet ) samples
Meat,
fish,
cheese

Portable instruments

Glass LightProjection Tube

Glass cover

Desktop instruments

Wrapped

Wrapped

Wrap sample in colorless transparent plastic
or use a glass-tipped light projection tube or
glass cover for measurements.


Wrap sample in colorless transparent
plastic or place sample on top of a nonreflective glass plate for measurements.

Meas urement ex ample: Farmed fis h
Color control
of farmed sea
bream

Reflec tance

CRCR-400

To ensure uniform quality for shipped sea bream
with the aim of establishing a brand image.

Natural sea bream

Farmed sea bream
Since they are in
shallow water,
sunlight reaches them.

SemiSemi-dried/ dried
feed + Colorant
Sunlight
Feed

Sunlight doesn't
reach deep in
the ocean.

Colorant (Astaxanthin)


Shrimp;
Crabs

The coloration of farmed fish can be adjusted by
adjusting the feed and the sunlight conditions.

At first, a net is stretched
around the fish pen and
the fish are left white.


The color of the sea bream is adjusted to a uniform level at the proper timing for shipment

d
F ee

Feed containing red
colorant is given to the
sea bream.

Reddens


30 to 50 sea bream are taken as samples
from the large quantity of fish in the fish
pen, and the color ing is inspected.

Measurement example

Abdomen
L* ＝70

Dorsal area
a* ＝12

The above values are used as the standard color for
deter mining whether or not fish can be shipped.


Head
a* ＝7

Measurement example: Eggs
Reflec tance

CRCR-400


Example of measuring egg yolks

The color of the yolks can be adjusted by
changing the feed fed to the hens.


Egg yolk color evaluation methods
Visual evaluation using an egg
yolk color chart (15 cards)
Search for
the color
card with
color closest
to that of the
egg yolk.


Evaluation using CR-400

Yolk is placed
in a container
and measured

Color measurem ent of powders/granules
Flour,
Flavorings,
Beans

Portable
instruments

Desktop
instruments

Petri Dish
Directly with Glass
Light Projection Tube

Granular-Materials
Attachment

Jig for measuring powders


Application example

• Measuring a grain sample
Hulled

From
Hokkai
do

From From
China Canada

8mm
measuring
area

50mm

Greener means fresher.

Application example
•

Measuring a grain
sample

Grains

From
Hokkaido

From
China

From
Canada

Larger measuring
areas are better.

CR-400

CM-5

CR-410

Measuring area

Measuring area

Measuring area

∅ 8mm

∅ 30mm


∅ 50mm

10 consecutive measurements of same position
(∆E*ab from first measurement)
Measurement area
Ø8mm
8mm

Ø30mm
30mm

Petri dish diameter:
Ø50mm
50mm


Ø50mm
50mm

Measurement

Application ex ample: M eas uring a grain
•10 measurements; samplesample of and back into container
poured out

between measurements (Color difference ∆E*ab from first measurement)
Repeatability for hulled grains at various measuring areas
CR(∅
CR- 400 ( ∅8mm)

CM- (∅
CM - 5 ( ∅30mm)

CR(∅
CR- 410 ( ∅50mm)

Color difference ∆E*ab
E*ab

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Grain type
From Hokkaido

Grain type
From China


Grain type
From Canada

Portable Chrom a M eter CR-410 is ideal
for measuring the color of roasted c offee
Simple

Quick

Stable
values
•Aroma, taste, and c olor are recognized
as important factors in judging the
roasting status of coffee beans.

Using only the
measuring
head is also
possible

Measuring coffee powder with portable Chroma Meter CR-410

No need to wash cell
1) Pour powder into
cell.

2) Put cell in stand.

3) Measure from on
top of stand.

Measuring
button
Heap
coffee
in cell.

Stand flattens top.


Problems with desktop instruments
•Differences due to variations in filling
because
of coarseness of ground coffee powder

•Differences due to staining of cell by oil
from ground coffee powder
Wash
•Washing and drying cells takes time.

Differences due to variations in filling because
of coarseness of ground coffee powder
CRCR- 410
Recommended
For Top view
measurements

CRAlthough portable, the CR - 410 has a large ∅50mm measuring area to av erage out
differences.
variations in filling and greatly reduc e measurement differences. In addition, the x enon
lamp provides high illumination to enable accurate measurements even of dark colors.


Differences due to staining of c ell by oil
from ground c offee powder
Comparison of measurement
repeatability using glass cell and
coffee meas urement jig without
washing between measurements

Measure

Measurement repeatability using desktop
instrument and glass cell

CRMeasurement repeatability using CR-410 and
coffee jig with glass cell

2.5

2.5

2

2

1.5

1.5
1

0.5

0.5

L* variation

1

L* variation

Measure

0
-0.5

0
-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1.5

-2

-2

-2.5

-2.5

１

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Measurement repeti ions
t


1

2

3

4
5
6
7
Measurement repeti ions
t

8

9

10

Washing and drying cells takes
time.

CRCR-410
Recommended
For Top view
measurements

Measure from above
Measure
Measure
Measure from below

Necess ary
Wash

Bottom of
cell is
difficult to
wash and
stains are
difficult to
remove.


Unnecessary
Wash

CROnAnother advantage of CR -410 vs. desktop instruments On-site measurements

■ With desktop instruments

Take sample to lab......

Lab

Instrument

CR■ With portable CR- 410

Measurements can be taken
easily on site!

Lab

CR-410


Loose tea measurement
example

CR-410

Different Types of Tea
Black Tea
normally what we drink, it has been
oxidized longer, tends to have more
caffeine and a stronger flavor

Green Tea
least amount of oxidation, can be
found in the local grocery store

Oolong Tea
the in-between tea, it is brewed
strong and bitter but leaves a sweet
aftertaste


Loose tea measurement method
Measuring area:

LightAttach Glass Light- Projection
Tube to the instrument and
place directly on sample in
container to take
measurements.
Evaluation is perfor med using
L*a*b* and h (hue) from L*C*h.


Ø50mm
50mm

CR-410

Measurement example: Wheat flour
Reflectance
Measurement
diameter:
Ø30mm

Toward flour
whiteness like
that of
Canadian and
Australian
products

The problem w as natural:
semolina w heat grains vary in color. The manufacturer
combines both grain and flour lots to average the color
mixtures, but numer ical standards and tolerances are
needed to assist operations in averaging the ingredients.
The solution w as first standardizing an ideal semolina
flour using a Konica Minolta Color imeter System, and
then measuring individual flour lots for their color
characteristics. By sample averaging, color variability
w ithin each lot w as reduced, and then computer color
matching of lots for successful color mixture potential in a
final flour blend became possible.


Wheat flour is measured in paste
form, not in powdered form.
Wheat flour

×

Wheat flour (6g) + Water (8g)


○

This is the method
for color
measurement
specified by the
wheat flour
industry.

This is because measurements in paste form are more
stable than measurements in powder form

In powdered form

Diffuse reflectance varies according
to particle arrangement or
distribution, causing measurement
values to vary.


In paste form

When particles are dissolved in
water, measurement values are
stable.

Medicines,
Foods

Color measurement of tablets
Portable
instruments

Ø2.8-3mm
Target Mask


Desktop instruments

Ø3mm Target Mask

Pasta,
Noodles

Color measurements of rod samples
Portable
instruments

Desktop
instruments

Rod
sample jig

Directly


Reflectance color meas urem ent of liquids
Ketchu
p, Juice

Portable
instruments

Directly with Glass
Light-Projection
Tube attached

Glass cup

Liquid reflectance measuring
jig


Desktop
instruments

Petri Dish

Transmittanc e color measurement of liquids
wine,
Tea, drinks , wine, Gardner, Iodine, Hazen
(APHA), European Pharmacopoeia,
and USPharmacopeia next to all
classic colorimetric evaluation systems.

The new Konica Minolta CM-5 is a highly versatile
and extremely easy to use Bench-Top
Spectrophotometer with top-port alignment for easy
measurement of powders, granules as well as past y
materials in Reflection and transparent or semi
transparent liquids and solids in Transmission.
Such samples are t ypically to be found in foods,
ingredients, drinks, pharmaceutical, cosmetics as
well as man y Chemical base products. The CM-5
can be used in “stand alone” mode thanks to the
multi language firmware, large colour screen and
control key p anel, or connected to the optional PC
software SpectraMagic NX.


Desktop instruments

Cell for
transmittance
measurement
s

ColorColor-measuring instruments: Rarely seen but widely used

From ice cream, yogurt and cheeses in the dairy
section, to lunch meats, sausages and sauce s, we are
working with food technologists to help test and
assure that their final product color ha s the "eyeappeal“ needed for retail succe ss.

Color-measuring instruments are us ed for color
control of a s urpris ing v ariety of items.
Think about all the colored things in your
neighborhood stores . Probably a colormeas uring instrum ent was used for them too!


Conclusion
Color-measuring instruments are us ed for measuring the
color of an amazing range of objects, from cars to foods,
paints, plastics, textiles, appliances, building materials,
cosmetics, paper, etc., even people's skin!
Let us help you with the latest in color knowledge including
color-measuring instruments, color-difference control, etc.,
so that you can make full use of color-measuring
instruments in your day-to-day work.
Manish Kapadia
Jay Instruments & Systems Pvt. Ltd.

India

Konica Minolta Sensing


Food color measurement jisl

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