The document discusses recent food-borne outbreaks and their implications, highlighting that one in three people globally suffers from food-borne diseases each year, with significant fatality rates attributed to microorganisms and chemical contaminants. It categorizes food-borne illnesses into infections, intoxications, and describes various pathogens, their symptoms, and food sources. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, cooking, and food handling practices to mitigate risks associated with contaminated food.

1. Presented By: Bidisha Mandal
147MB104
Recent Food-Borne
Outbreaks

2. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Recent Data
 Classification of food borne diseases
 Causes of food borne disease
 Contaminants & their consequence
 Epidemiology & transmission
 People at risk
 Prevention & control
 Investigation of Food-Borne Outbreaks

3. Introduction
 An incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness
after ingestion of a common food, and epidemiologic analysis
implicates the food as the source of the illness. This is termed as
“Food-Borne Outbreak”

4. Recent Data
WHO estimates that one in three people worldwide suffer from a
food-borne disease every year,
1.8 million die from severe food and waterborne diarrhea ,related
illness
Most of these illnesses are due to microorganisms and chemical
contaminants, which may occur naturally or be introduced at some
point along the food chain.

5. Campylobacter and Salmonella species account for over 90% of all
reported cases of bacteria related to food poisoning worldwide.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD BORNE DISEASE
1. Food borne infection: caused due to the-
Entrance of pathogenic microorganisms contaminating food into the body.
Body reacts by raising temperature e.g.- fever
Longer incubation period.
2. Food borne intoxications: Caused by consumption of food containing
bio-toxicants, metabolic products, poisonous substance

9. THE ETIOLOGY OF FOOD-BORNE DISEASES:
 Food-borne diseases are those diseases that are the result of exposure to pathogenic
microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, which tend to have acute
effects on human health.
 However chronic, and in some cases acute, food-borne illness may also be caused by
the presence of various chemical substances including residues of pesticides and
veterinary drugs, unlawful food additives, mycotoxins, bio toxins and radionuclides
that enter the food intentionally or unintentionally.
The problems :Due to consumption of contaminated food and its detrimental effect
on human health .

10. Dangers of food borne disease
Individual :
 Loss of family income
 Medical expenses
 Cost of special dietary needs
 Death or funeral expense
Establishment :
 Loss of customers and sales
 Increase insurance premiums
 Lowered employee morale
 Increase employee turn over

11. Reservoir of Pathogen Contamination of food
Viral or Parasitic
infection
Growth of pathogenic bacteria
Infection Intoxication
Toxicoinfection
Food+ Live cells Food +Toxin
Invasive Infection
EVENTS OF FOOD BORNE DISEASES
Mycotoxin

12. Main causes of food borne disease
 Cross Contamination - occurs when microorganisms are transferred from
one surface or food to another.
 Time temperature abuse– Happens when the food is exposed to
Temperature Danger Zone (41⁰F - 140⁰F) for more than 4 hrs.
 Poor personnel hygiene– Food handlers are carriers of disease causing
bacteria. Food service personnel can contaminate food

13. Types of Food Contaminants
Biological Contaminants: A microbial contaminant that may cause a
food borne illness (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, biological toxins)
Examples: Sea food toxins ,Mushroom toxins
Chemical Contaminant :A chemical substance that can cause food
borne illness. Substances normally found in restaurant
Examples: Toxic metals, Pesticides
Physical Contaminants: Any foreign object that accidentally
find its way into food
Examples: Hair, Staple wire, Dust

14. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
Bacterial Viral Fungal Parasitic
•Botulism
•E-coli infection
•Salmonellosis
•Shigellosis
•Listeriosis
•Staphylococcal Illness
•Hepatitis-A
•Norwalk virus
•Rota virus
•Yeast
•Mold
•Giardiasis
•Cyclosporiasis
•Trichonosis

15. DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

16. Botulism (*spore forming)
Bacteria : Clostridium Botulinum
 Anaerobic bacteria
 Organism produce a neurotoxin,
 Type of illness: Bacterial intoxication
 Onset time : 12-36 hrs.
 Symptoms : Dizziness , double vision,
difficulty in breathing and swallowing
 Food Sources : Improperly canned foods, vacuum packed, Refrigerated foods

17. E- Coli Infection
Bacteria : Escherichia coli
 Produce Shiga Toxin , a poisonous substance
 Facultative anaerobic bacteria
 Type of Illness : Bacterial Infection
Onset time : 3-8 days
Symptoms : Bloody diarrhea followed by kidney failure
Food Sources : undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized apple juice
undercooked fruits and vegetables, raw milk, dairy products

18. Listeriosis
Bacteria : Listeria Monocytogenes
 Facultative anaerobic bacteria
 Ability to survive in high salt foods, and can grow at refrigerated temperature.
 Type of Illness : Bacterial Infection
 Onset time : 3- 70 days
 Symptoms : headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, dangerous for pregnant
 Food Sources: Raw milk, meat, refrigerated ready to eat foods ,soft cheeses

20. Salmonellosis
Bacteria : Salmonella bacteria
 Facultative anaerobic bacteria
 Fecal contamination
Type of Illness : Bacterial infection
Symptoms : stomach cramps, diarrhea, head ache, nausea, fever, vomiting
Food Sources: soil, insects, raw meat, fish, eggs, raw salad dressing, sliced fruits & vegetables

21. Shigellosis
Bacteria : Shigella bacteria
 Facultative anaerobic bacteria
 Comes from human intestines, polluted water, spread by flies and food handlers
 Type of Illness : Bacterial infection
 Symptoms : Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, dehydration
 Food Sources : foods that are prepared by human contacts, salads,
ready to eat meats pasta salads, lettuce etc.

23. Staphylococcal illness
Bacteria : Staphylococcus aureus
 Facultative anaerobic bacteria. Can grow in cooked or safe foods that are re-contaminated
 Commonly found in human skin, hands, hair, nose and throat.
 Can grow in high salt or high sugar, and lower water activity
 Type of Illness : Bacterial intoxication
 Symptoms : nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headaches
 Food Sources: Foods that are prepared by human contacts Left over, meat,
eggs, egg products, potato salad, salad dressings

24. DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

25. Hepatitis A
Virus : Hepto Virus or a Hepatitis A virus
 Found in human intestinal and urinary tract and contaminated water
 Symptoms : Fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, “jaundice”
 Incubation time: 2-10 months after contaminated food and water is consumed
 Food sources : Oyster, raw vegetables

26. Norwalk Virus
Virus : Norwalk virus
Symptoms : Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, low grade fever
Food Sources : Contaminated water, shellfish from contaminated water, contaminated
fruits and vegetables

27. Rota Virus
Virus : Cause diseases like rota virus gastroenteritis
 It is the leading cause of severe diarrhea among
infants and children.
 Symptoms : vomiting, low grade fever,
watery diarrhea
 Transmission : person to person spread
through contaminated hands

28. DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGI

29. Molds
 Individual mold cells are microscopic, they grew quickly and they become visible
Molds spoil foods, causing discoloration, and unpleasant smell
Mold produce toxins, some of which relate to cancer and cause allergies
Aflatoxin can cause liver disease
Although the cells and spores can be killed by heating to 140°F for 10 minutes, the toxins are heat
stable and are not destroyed

30. Yeast
• Like molds, yeast can cause food spoilage
• Foods such as jellies, honey, syrup, fruit juices are most likely loved by yeast
• Evidence of bubbles, and alcoholic smell or taste are the sign where foods have the
presence of yeast
• Discard any foods that has the evidence of yeast

31. DISEASE CAUSED BY
PARRASITES

32. Cyclosporiasis
Parasite : Cyclospora cayetanisis
Symptoms : infections that infect the small intestines, Watery diarrhea, Loss of appetite ,
Bloating, Stomach cramps , Nausea , Vomiting , Low grade fever
Food Sources : Berries, lettuce, fresh herbs

33. Giardiasis
Parasite: Giardia doudenalis
 A single cell microorganism called “protozoa”
Symptoms: diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea
Food Sources: undercooked pork

34. Trichonosis
Parasite : Trichiniella spiralis
 This parasite looks like a small, hairy round worm
Symptoms :Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, later stage are fever, swelling of tissues
around the eyes, muscle stiffness, death
Food Sources: Undercooked pork and sausages, Ground meats contaminated
through meat grinders

35. DISEASE CAUSED BY TOXIN

36. Depending on origin
Bacterial toxins Mycotoxins Zootoxins Phytotoxins
Definition :
Toxin are toxicants or poisonous substance or produced by living organism and
generally not well defined chemically

37. SOME ORGANISMS & THEIR TOXINS
Organism Toxin
Bacteria Botulinum toxin, Staphylococcus toxin
Fungi Afalatoxin, Mycotoxin, Ochratoxin, Patulin
Toxic algae Okadaic acid
Natural toxins Histamine, Glycoalcoloids
Toxin can not be destroyed by cooking

38. TOXIN CHARACTERISTICS
 Non replicative (Most are proteinaceous)
 Non transmittable (human to human)
 Nonvolatile
 Colorless
 Odorless
 Tasteless
 Most are stable at standard conditions

39.  Agent: Aspergillus flavus
 Afalatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 (B1 is the most common)
Toxicity: 0.5-10 mg/kg
 Diseases: Liver cancer, chronic hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis
Cause acute toxicity, and potentially death
Food sources: Peanuts and peanut butter, tree nuts such as pecans corn,
wheat oil seeds such as cottonseed
Aflatoxin

40.  Agent: Aspergillus ochraceus
 Tolerable weekly intake 120ng/kg (EFSA)
 Has genotoxic and teratogenic effects
Toxicity: No documented acute toxicity in humans
Food sources: Soy beans, coffee beans, grapes, peanuts, cereals
Ochratoxin

41.  Agent: Aspergillus clavatus, Penicillium expansum
 Provisional maximum tolerable daily intake 0.4μg/kg
 Relatively heat stable and not destroyed by pasteurization
Toxicity: No documented acute toxicity
Food sources : Apple and apple juice, Pears, grapes, bilberries may affect, Sweet cider
Patulin

42. PHYSICAL CONTAMINANT
Definition: A physical contaminant is any extraneous object or foreign matter in a food item
which may cause illness or injury to a person consuming the product.
 Example: Glass, metal, wood, stone, plastic, bone, bullet, jewelry, string, wire clip, hair,
insects, gums, rodent dropping
 Symptoms: Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea, Headache, fever and dizziness, Chest pain
 Sources : Raw materials, processing equipment, employee practice

43. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
Definition: Toxic substances and any other compounds that may render a food
unsafe for consumption.
Types: Three types
1. Naturally occurring: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, Phytohemagglutinin, polychlorinated biphenyl
2. Intentionally added: Preservatives (nitrite, sulfating agent), color additives
3. Unintentionally added:
• Secondary direct and indirect
E.g. lubricants, sanitizers, paint
• Agricultural chemicals
E.g., pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers,
• Toxic elements and compounds
E.g. lead, zinc, mercury*, cyanide

44. EPIDEMIOLOGY & TRANSMISSION

45. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Many foodborne illnesses are not recognized or go unreported for a variety of reasons:
First, routine surveillance may not detect a mild foodborne illness.
second, some of the same pathogens that cause foodborne illness can also be transmitted
in water or from person to person.
Lastly, some pathogens are emerging and are not yet identifiable or able to be diagnosed.
Considering these factors, the above listed number of illnesses, hospitalizations and
death may be obsolete.

46. TRANSMISSION
Transmission of foodborne pathogens occurs via the oral route.
How those pathogens contaminate food can vary based on the organism, its reservoir,
food handling/processing, and cross-contamination prior to serving.
Some organisms rely on a human reservoir, such as Norwalk-like virus, Shigella,
Campylobacter.
Others have an animal reservoir such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli , Listeria, and
Toxoplasma.

47. TRANSMISSION
Contamination can occur at several points along the food chain
 On the farm or in the field
 At the slaughter plant
 During processing
 At the point of sale
 At home

48. Figure 1: Significant ingredients
associated with bacterial agents
implicated in FBD outbreak
Figure 2: Significant ingredients
associated with chemical agents
implicated in FBD outbreak

49. Figure 3: Significant ingredients
associated with viral & parasitic
agents implicated in FBD outbreak
Figure 4: Significant ingredients
associated with unknown agents
implicated in FBD outbreak

50. 1. Infants 02. Pregnant women
People with a higher risk for
food borne illness include...

51. 03.Young children 04.Older adult

52. 05. Immuno-compromised individuals are
usually at the greatest risk for these illnesses.

53. Clean hands,
food-contact surfaces,
fruits and vegetables.
RECOMMENDATION 1: CLEAN

54. Wash your hands!
Hand washing is the most effective way
to stop the spread of illness.

55. HOW TO WASH HANDS
1. Wet hands with warm water.
2. Soap and scrub for 20 seconds.
3. Rinse under clean, running water.
4. Dry completely using a clean cloth
or paper towel.

56. Wash hands after …
Using bathroom or
changing diapers
Sneezing, blowing
nose & coughing
Touching a cut or
open sore Handling food
Handling pets
AND before ...

57. CLEAN DURING FOOD PREPARATION
Wash cutting boards,
knives, utensils and counter
tops in hot soapy water
after preparing each food
and before going on to the
next.

58. AVOID SPREADING BACTERIA
Use paper towels or clean cloths
to wipe up kitchen surfaces
or spills.
Wash cloths often in the hot cycle
of your washing machine and dry
in a hot dryer.

59. RECOMMENDATION 2: SEPARATE
Separate raw, cooked, and
ready-to-eat foods while shopping,
preparing or storing foods.

60. USE DIFFERENT CUTTING BOARDS
Use one cutting board
for fresh produce and a separate
one for raw meat, poultry and
seafood.

61. USE CLEAN PLATES
NEVER serve foods on a plate that
previously held raw meat, poultry or
seafood unless the plate has first
been washed in hot, soapy water.

62. RECOMMENDATION 3: COOK
Cook foods to a safe temperature
to kill microorganisms.

63. Cook chicken and turkey
(whole birds, legs, thighs & wings) to 165° F.

64. Cook beef, lamb and veal steaks and roasts to 160°F for medium doneness
(145° for medium rare).

65. RECOMMENDATION 4: CHILL
Chill perishable foods promptly
and defrost foods properly.

66. THE TWO-HOUR RULE
Refrigerate perishable foods within two
hours at a refrigerator temperature of 40°F
or lower.
Foods include:
• Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, tofu
• Dairy products
• Pasta, rice, cooked vegetables
• Fresh, peeled/cut fruits and vegetables

67. DANGER ZONE
On a hot day (90°F or higher), food should not left out for more than one hour.
Bacteria multiply rapidly between 5-60°C

68. RECOMMENDED REFRIGERATOR & FREEZER TEMPERATURES
 Set refrigerator at 40° F or below.
 Set freezer at 0° F.

69. RECOMMENDATION 5: AVOID...
 Raw (unpasteurized) milk or milk
products
 Raw or partially cooked eggs and
foods containing raw eggs
 Raw and undercooked meat and
poultry
 Unpasteurized juices
 Raw sprouts

70. Overall case-fatality
ratio for Hep-A is
1.8% among adults
Salmonella causes
2-4 million illnesses
per year.
6.5-33 million FBI
cases each year.
E. coli causes about
21,000 cases each
year
Campylobacter
cause 1-6 million
cases per year
Aflatoxin causes
liver failure & death
up to 40% .

72. THANK YOU