This document summarizes types of meat spoilage caused by microorganisms. It discusses how meat becomes contaminated during slaughter and processing, allowing microbes like bacteria, yeasts and molds to grow. The major types of spoilage include:
1. Aerobic bacteria can cause surface slime, discoloration, gas production, odor changes and fat decomposition. Pseudomonas is a common genus.
2. Anaerobic bacteria may cause souring through acid production or putrefaction characterized by foul odors. Clostridium bacteria are major putrefiers.
3. Temperature influences spoilage microbes, with refrigeration permitting growth of psychrotrophs like Pseudomonas, Lact
Meat is one of the major food consumed in the temperate region of the world. Hence it is required to preserve meat from microbial spoilage in order to increase its shelf life, to facilitate long term transport and storage. The first step is to understand the process of meat spoilage, then study the effect of spoilage and finally to incorporate appropriate processing techniques to enhance the shelf life of meat, there by achieving customer satisfaction and also contributing towards food security.
Microbial spoilage by Anaerobic Microorganisms pose higher risks in canned foods. This presentation discuss the microbial spoilage of canned foods by various group of microbes
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Meat is one of the major food consumed in the temperate region of the world. Hence it is required to preserve meat from microbial spoilage in order to increase its shelf life, to facilitate long term transport and storage. The first step is to understand the process of meat spoilage, then study the effect of spoilage and finally to incorporate appropriate processing techniques to enhance the shelf life of meat, there by achieving customer satisfaction and also contributing towards food security.
Microbial spoilage by Anaerobic Microorganisms pose higher risks in canned foods. This presentation discuss the microbial spoilage of canned foods by various group of microbes
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. Presented By: GEETARANI LOUSHIGAM
Of MSc Food Technology and Quality Assurance, 2020-22
COLLEGE OF INDIGENEOUS FOOD TECHNOLOGY, KONNI
FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
Spoilage of meat
3. MEAT
Meat refers to the muscles of warm-blooded terrestri
al four-legged animals, the chief ones being cattle,
sheep and pigs.
Meat also includes the glands and organs of these
animals.
Meat products include many of the byproducts from
animal slaughter, such as animal gut used for sausage
casings, the fat from the meat used in the manufacture
of lard, gelatin and others.
4. CONTAMINATION
Food contamination is when food is contaminated with microbes and any other substance and eating it could result
in foodborne illness.
The healthy inner flesh of meats have been reported to contain few or no organisms but they have been found in
lymph nodes, bone marrow, & even flesh.
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Clostridium, & Salmonella have been isolated from the lymph nodes of red meat animals.
Hence, lymph nodes are removed from the edible parts during slaughtering practices
Approved “humane” methods of slaughter- mechanical, chemical, electrical- have little effect of contamination.
The important contamination comes from external sources during bleeding, handling & processing.
During bleeding, skinning & cutting, the main source of micro-organisms are the exterior of the animal & intestinal
tract
5.
6. Frequently Isolated Microorganisms from Meats
Candida, Torulopsis, Debaryomyces,
and Rhodotorula.
Yeasts
Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Sporotrichum,
Mucor, and Thamnidium.
Molds
Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Pseudomonas,
Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, and Micrococcus
Bacteria
Debaryomyces, Torula, Torulopsis,
Trichosporon, and Candida
.
Yeasts
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and
Thamnidium
Molds
Lactobacillus and other lactic acid
bacteria, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Micro
coccus, Serratia, and Staphylococcus
Bacteria
Fresh and Refrigerated Meat Processed and Cured Meats
7. SPOILAGE
Food spoilage is any undesired change in the natural color, taste or texture of food items that makes
it unfit for consumption as it has lost its quality and nutritional value.
Raw meat is subjected to change by its own enzymes & by microbial action & its fat may be oxidized
chemically.
Factors that influence the microbial invasion include:-
a. The load of gut of the animal- more the load, greater the invasion of tissues.
b. The physiological condition of the animal immediately before slaughter- if the animal is excited,
feverish bacteria is more likely to be enter the tissues.
c. The method of killing & bleeding- the better sanitary the bleeding, better would be the keeping
quality of meat.
d. The rate of cooling- rapid cooling will reduce the rate of invasion of tissues
8. Factors that influence the growth of microorganisms to cause spoilage
1. The kind and amount of contamination with microorganisms & the spread of these organisms in
the meat.
2. The physical properties of meat-
The amount of exposed surface of the flesh influence on the rate of spoilage.
3. The chemical properties of meat-
The moisture content of the meat determine organisms to grow.
4. Availability of oxygen-
Aerobic conditions at the surface of meat are favorable to yeasts, molds & aerobic bacteria.
5. Temperature-
Low-temperature organisms can grow on stored temperature of meat i.e. not far above freezing.
9. GENERAL TYPES OF SPOILAGE OF MEAT
Aerobic Bacteria
Surface slime
Discolorations
Gas production
Change in odors
Fat decomposition
Anaerobic Bacteria
Souring
Putrefaction
and foul odor
Taints
Mold
Sticky and
whiskery surface
Discolorations
Changes in odor
Fat decomposition
Yeast
Surface slime
Discolorations
Changes in odor
and taste
Fat decomposition
10. Aerobic bacteria
1. Surface slime-
which may be caused by species Pseudomonas, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Alkaligenes,
Micrococcus etc.
Temperature & availability of moisture, influence the kind of organisms causing surface
slime.
2. Changes in color of meat pigments-
The production of oxidizing agents causes change in red color of meat to shades of green,
brown & gray, by bacteria species of Lactobacillus.
Red color of meat called as “bloom”.
Species of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc causes greening of sausages.
3. Changes in fats-
The oxidation of unsaturated fats in meats takes place chemically in air & may be catalyzed
by light & copper.
Lipolytic bacteria may cause lipolysis off flavor due to aldehyde & acids.
Lipolytic species viz., Pseudomonas & Achromobacter.
11. 4. Phosphorescence-
Uncommon defect caused by luminous bacteria.
Ex. Photobacterium growing on the surface of meat.
5. Various surface color due to pigmented bacteria-
Red spot caused by Serratia marcescens.
Blue colour caused by Pseudomonas syncyanea.
Yellow pigments produced by the sps of Micrococcus or Flavobacterium.
Greenish blue to brownish black spots on stored beef caused by Chromobacterium lividum.
Purple “stamping ink” discoloration of surface fat caused by yellow pigmented cocci and rods.
6. Off odors and off tastes-
“Taints” or undesirable tastes & odors, appear in meat due to growth of bacteria on the surface often
are evident before other signs of spoilage.
Souring is term applied to almost any defect, that gives a sour odor may be due to volatile acid.
“Cold storage flavor” or taint is an indefinite term for a stale flavour.
Actinomycetes may cause musty or earthy flavour.
Contd..
12. Aerobic growth of yeast
Surface slime
Discolorations
Change in odor and taste
Fat decomposition
13. Aerobic growth of molds
Stickiness: Incipient growth of molds makes the surface of the meat sticky to the touch.
Whiskers: White fuzzy growth can be caused by a number of molds including sps. Thamnidium,
Mucor, Rhizopus and others.
Black spot: Cladosporium herbarum.
White spot: Sporotrichum carnis, Geotrichum.
Green patches: Penicillium expansum, Penicillium asperulum, Penicillium oxalicum.
Decomposition of Fats: Many molds have lipases and hence cause hydrolysis of fats.
Off odour and off tastes: Molds give a musty flavour to meat in the vicinity of their growth.
Sometimes this defect is given a name called “thamnidium taint”.
15. ANAEROBIC bacteria
Facultative and anaerobic bacteria are able to grow within the meat under anaerobic conditions to cause
spoilage. The terminology used in connection with this spoilage is:-
1. Souring:-
The term implies a sour odor.
This could be caused by formic, acetic, butyric, propionic and higher fatty acids or other organic
acid like lactic.
Vacuum packed meats, especially those in gastight wrappers, commonly support the growth of lactic
acid bacteria.
Acid and gas formation accompany the action of the “butyric” Clostridium spps and the coliform
bacteria on carbohydrates.
Souring can result from-
Action of meat own enzymes during ripening
Anaerobic production of fatty acids or lactic acid during ripening.
Proteolysis without putrefaction, caused by anaerobes & called as “Stinking sour fermentation”.
16. 2. Putrefaction:-
True putrefaction is the anaerobic decomposition of protein with the production of foul smelling
compounds.
It usually is caused by species of Clostridium.
But facultative bacteria may cause putrefaction in its production, by species of Pseudomonas
like P. putrefaciens, P. putrificum etc, chiefly in the genera Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes.
Gas formation accompanies putrefaction by clostridia, the gases being hydrogen & CO2.
Trimethyl amine in fish and isovalenic acid in butter are described as putrid odors.
3. Taint:-
This word is implied to any off-taste, off-odor.
The term ‘bone taint’ is implied to souring or putrefaction.
True putrefiers require temperature above those of refrigerator.
Contd..
17. SPOILAGE IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEATS
Extended refrigeration may have the growth of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella and causes
spoilage of fresh meat
Lactic acid bacteria chiefly of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, Brevibacterium and
Pediococcus are present in most meats, fresh or cured and can grow even at refrigerator temperatures.
1. Spoilage of Fresh meats:
Putrefaction, Souring, Phosphorescence, discolorations. (Pseudomonas & Micrococci).
2. Fresh beef:
Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Lactobacillus,
Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, Micrococcus and Sarcina.
3. Hamburger:
Lactobacilli, Leuconostocs, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Alternaria.
4. Fresh pork sausage:
18. SPOILAGE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEATS
Sodium nitrite lactic acid bacteria in sausages like thuringer & leads to lactic acid fermentation
5. Spoilage of cured meats:
Sour – by variety of bacteria
Red – due to Halobacterium salinarum or red Bacillus sps.
Blue – Pseudomonas syncyanea, Penicillum Spinulosum (purplish), Rhodotonela sps.
6. Dried Beef or Beef Hams:
Aspergillus, Alternaria, Monilia, Oidium, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Botrytis and Penicillium.
7. Bacon:
Greening of sausage is due to the production of peroxides (Ex: H2O2) by hetero-fermentative sps of Lactobacillus and
Leuconostoc or other catalase negative bacteria.
Acid forming Micrococci (Micrococcus candidus) and Bacillus may grow in liver sausage and bologna.
8. Sausages:
19. SPOILAGE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEATS
Souring caused by Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Proteus, Serratia, Bacterium,
Micrococcus, Clostridum.
9. Ham:
Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella
10. Refrigerated packaged meats:
Multiuse brines generally spoiled by putrefactive bacteria.
Ex: Vibrio, Alcaligenes or Spirillum.
Souring can be caused by Lactobacillus and Micrococcus and slime by Leuconostoc or Micrococcus lipolytics.
11. Curing solutions (or) pickles:
20. SPOILAGE IS ALSO INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE
Not only air but temperature has an important influence on the type of spoilage to be expected in meat.
When meat is held at temp. near 0°C, microbial growth is limited to molds, yeasts, & bacteria able to grow
at low temperatures.
This include:- sliminess, discoloration and spots of growth on the surface.
Many bacteria can cause souring. Such as Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus.. etc.