This document summarizes key concepts about frequency modulation (FM) including:
- In FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant while the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the modulating signal amplitude.
- Parameters like frequency deviation, modulation index, and sidebands are discussed. Bessel functions are used to calculate sideband amplitudes.
- FM has advantages over AM for noise suppression because transient noise spikes do not affect the frequency modulated signal and can be eliminated through limiting in receivers. Preemphasis of high frequencies is also used to counteract noise.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on electronic communication systems that discusses frequency modulation (FM). It covers the basic principles of FM, including how the carrier frequency varies with the modulating signal. It also discusses phase modulation and how it relates to FM. The chapter defines important terms like modulation index and describes how FM signals produce sidebands. It explains how FM provides noise suppression benefits over amplitude modulation and discusses other advantages and disadvantages of the two modulation methods.
This document discusses the key concepts of frequency modulation (FM) covered in Chapter 5. It explains that in FM, the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the amplitude of the modulating signal, while the carrier amplitude remains constant. The chapter covers the principles of both FM and phase modulation (PM), including modulation index, sidebands, bandwidth, and noise suppression properties. Bessel functions are used to calculate the amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands for different modulation indexes. The chapter compares FM and AM modulation techniques and explains how FM provides better noise suppression using limiter circuits and pre-emphasis filtering.
Fundamental of FM modulation and demodulation.pptDhirajPatel58
This document summarizes Chapter 5 of a textbook on frequency modulation. It covers the basic principles of frequency modulation and phase modulation, including how the carrier frequency varies with the modulating signal. It also discusses modulation index and sidebands, describing how sideband amplitude is determined by Bessel functions. The chapter examines noise suppression benefits of FM and how limiter circuits can remove noise from FM signals. It provides examples of calculating modulation index and signal bandwidth.
Traffic jams are a major global problem. This project aims to reduce traffic jams using wireless radio signals. Police will monitor roads for jams and transmit locations to stations. Stations will send this to access points near roads, which will broadcast using FM radio. A circuit will be added to car radios to prioritize the police traffic channel. This will guide drivers along clear roads in real-time to avoid detected jams. The system will transmit traffic data over various areas using modulation methods like FM that vary a carrier signal's frequency to encode information.
amplitude modulation and ssb fundamental.pdfDhirajPatel58
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". It discusses amplitude modulation (AM) fundamentals, including how an AM signal is generated by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave based on an information signal. It describes modulation index and percentage of modulation, and how overmodulation can cause distortion. It also explains how AM generates sidebands above and below the carrier frequency, and how signals can be represented in the frequency domain. Finally, it covers single-sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave and one of the sidebands.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" on amplitude modulation fundamentals. It discusses concepts of AM including modulation index and percentage of modulation. It describes how AM generates sidebands and how signals can be represented in the frequency domain. It also covers AM power calculations and classifications of radio emissions. Single-sideband modulation is introduced as an alternative to AM that improves spectrum efficiency.
Different type of modulation schemes used in Analog Modulation04720VivekaS
Modulation is a technique used to vary the characteristics of a carrier signal in accordance with a message signal. There are two main types of modulation: analog and digital. Analog modulation varies amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal carrier signal. The three types of analog modulation are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). AM varies the amplitude of the carrier, FM varies the frequency, and PM varies the phase. Digital modulation uses digital signals such as amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on electronic communication systems that discusses frequency modulation (FM). It covers the basic principles of FM, including how the carrier frequency varies with the modulating signal. It also discusses phase modulation and how it relates to FM. The chapter defines important terms like modulation index and describes how FM signals produce sidebands. It explains how FM provides noise suppression benefits over amplitude modulation and discusses other advantages and disadvantages of the two modulation methods.
This document discusses the key concepts of frequency modulation (FM) covered in Chapter 5. It explains that in FM, the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the amplitude of the modulating signal, while the carrier amplitude remains constant. The chapter covers the principles of both FM and phase modulation (PM), including modulation index, sidebands, bandwidth, and noise suppression properties. Bessel functions are used to calculate the amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands for different modulation indexes. The chapter compares FM and AM modulation techniques and explains how FM provides better noise suppression using limiter circuits and pre-emphasis filtering.
Fundamental of FM modulation and demodulation.pptDhirajPatel58
This document summarizes Chapter 5 of a textbook on frequency modulation. It covers the basic principles of frequency modulation and phase modulation, including how the carrier frequency varies with the modulating signal. It also discusses modulation index and sidebands, describing how sideband amplitude is determined by Bessel functions. The chapter examines noise suppression benefits of FM and how limiter circuits can remove noise from FM signals. It provides examples of calculating modulation index and signal bandwidth.
Traffic jams are a major global problem. This project aims to reduce traffic jams using wireless radio signals. Police will monitor roads for jams and transmit locations to stations. Stations will send this to access points near roads, which will broadcast using FM radio. A circuit will be added to car radios to prioritize the police traffic channel. This will guide drivers along clear roads in real-time to avoid detected jams. The system will transmit traffic data over various areas using modulation methods like FM that vary a carrier signal's frequency to encode information.
amplitude modulation and ssb fundamental.pdfDhirajPatel58
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". It discusses amplitude modulation (AM) fundamentals, including how an AM signal is generated by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave based on an information signal. It describes modulation index and percentage of modulation, and how overmodulation can cause distortion. It also explains how AM generates sidebands above and below the carrier frequency, and how signals can be represented in the frequency domain. Finally, it covers single-sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave and one of the sidebands.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" on amplitude modulation fundamentals. It discusses concepts of AM including modulation index and percentage of modulation. It describes how AM generates sidebands and how signals can be represented in the frequency domain. It also covers AM power calculations and classifications of radio emissions. Single-sideband modulation is introduced as an alternative to AM that improves spectrum efficiency.
Different type of modulation schemes used in Analog Modulation04720VivekaS
Modulation is a technique used to vary the characteristics of a carrier signal in accordance with a message signal. There are two main types of modulation: analog and digital. Analog modulation varies amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal carrier signal. The three types of analog modulation are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). AM varies the amplitude of the carrier, FM varies the frequency, and PM varies the phase. Digital modulation uses digital signals such as amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
Introlduction to communication project.pptxsijin2050
FM (Frequency Modulation) transmitters are electronic devices that transmit audio signals over a radio frequency. These transmitters are commonly used in radio broadcasting, wireless microphones, and other communication systems. FM transmitters work by modulating the frequency of a carrier wave with the audio signal to produce a signal that can be transmitted over the airwaves.
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). It defines modulation as encoding information from a message by varying parameters of a carrier signal. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier wave based on the modulating signal, while FM varies the frequency. AM is more susceptible to noise but can transmit over longer distances. It has lower bandwidth so can have more stations. In contrast, FM has better sound quality and is less prone to interference, though FM signals are impacted more by barriers. The document provides examples of applications for each including radio broadcasting and data transmission. It concludes with definitions of key modulation terms.
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
This document discusses different types of modulation including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), and pulse width modulation (PWM). It defines each type of modulation and compares their characteristics. It also discusses the needs for modulation, advantages and disadvantages of PM, and the relationship between PM and FM.
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in wireless communication, including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on how each works, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, is simple but susceptible to noise. FM varies the frequency, has better noise immunity than AM. PM varies the phase and is used for satellite communication, though it has a more complex circuitry than AM and FM.
Frequency modulation and its applicationDarshil Shah
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) including its definition, modulation index, spectrum characteristics, types of FM modulation, generation of FM using phase modulation, advantages and disadvantages compared to other modulation techniques, and applications of FM such as in radio broadcasting, television sound, and satellite television. FM provides noise immunity and allows adjusting the noise level by changing the frequency deviation. It is widely used for radio but requires more complex transmission and reception equipment than other modulation methods.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" including: amplitude modulation concepts such as modulation index, sidebands, and power calculations; single-sideband modulation advantages; and radio emission classifications. Specifically, it discusses how amplitude modulation varies the carrier amplitude based on the modulating signal, defines modulation index and percentage, explains how sidebands are generated in the frequency domain, describes power calculations and distributions, reviews benefits of single-sideband over double-sideband and amplitude modulation, and outlines international codes for classifying radio signal emissions.
This document discusses different types of modulation techniques. It defines modulation as combining a message signal with a carrier signal for transmission. The main types discussed are frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation, and amplitude modulation (AM).
For FM, the carrier frequency varies according to the message signal frequency while keeping the amplitude constant. It has advantages like noise resistance and capture effect. AM varies the carrier amplitude according to the message signal by keeping phase and frequency constant. It was an early technique but is susceptible to noise. Phase modulation varies the carrier phase according to the message signal phase while keeping frequency constant. It has less interference but more data loss.
This document provides an overview of the Communication Engineering course EC6651. The objectives are to introduce various analog and digital communication methods, source and line coding techniques, and multiple access techniques used in communication systems. The 5 units cover topics like analog communication systems, digital communication, source and line codes/error control, multiple access techniques, and satellite/optical fiber/powerline communications. The course aims to help students understand and analyze linear and digital electronic circuits as applied to communication systems.
This document discusses frequency, modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation. It provides definitions and comparisons of key concepts:
- Frequency is the number of waves that pass per second. Modulation involves converting data into radio waves by varying a carrier signal.
- Phase modulation varies the phase of the carrier wave, while frequency modulation varies the frequency. Phase modulation has better noise immunity than frequency modulation.
- Modulation index is a ratio that compares frequency deviation to modulating frequency in frequency modulation. Percent modulation compares actual to maximum allowed frequency deviation. It indicates the degree of carrier wave variation from the modulating signal.
This chapter of the textbook covers amplitude modulation fundamentals, including:
- The basic concepts of how an information signal varies the amplitude of a carrier wave in AM.
- Modulation index and percentage of modulation, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation which causes distortion.
- How sidebands are generated above and below the carrier frequency during modulation.
- How AM signals can be represented in both the time and frequency domains.
- The calculation of power in AM signals and how power is distributed between the carrier and sidebands.
- An introduction to single sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave.
Design and implementation of test bench for frequency modulation and demodula...Karrar Abd Alhadi
This document presents a project on designing and implementing a test bench for frequency modulation and demodulation. It contains an introduction to FM radio technology and its history. It discusses topics such as modulation index, Bessel functions, FM power distribution, and average power. It also covers the principles and methods of FM modulation and demodulation, including narrowband FM, wideband FM modulators, and FM demodulator classifications. The project aims to build circuit diagrams for an FM modulator and demodulator. It analyzes the results of experiments on frequency modulation and demodulation. The document contains acknowledgments, an abstract, table of contents, and references.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and provides details about:
1) FM can be used for both analog and digital data transmission by varying the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave.
2) In analog FM the carrier frequency varies continuously, while in digital FM it shifts abruptly between discrete frequency states.
3) FM bandwidth depends on the modulation index, with higher indices resulting in wider bandwidth signals classified as wideband FM.
Data encoding and modulation techniques are discussed. Modulation involves varying properties of a high-frequency carrier signal according to a message signal. This allows transmission of baseband signals over long distances. Common modulation types are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). Encoding converts data into formats for transmission, storage, processing and more. Common encoding schemes for digital data transmission include non-return to zero (NRZ) encoding and Manchester encoding. Pulse modulation can transmit signals as pulses using techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM).
Frequency modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing.
The presentation is made by me. I am a student of EEE, RUET.
This document discusses angle modulation techniques, including frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on narrowband FM, wideband FM, and their applications. Methods for generating and demodulating FM signals are also covered, including using a voltage-controlled oscillator, Foster-Seeley discriminator, and ratio detector. Generation of narrowband FM is discussed as well as the indirect Armstrong method for generating wideband FM from narrowband FM.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) transmitters and receivers. It begins with an overview of FM, how it conveys information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency. It then discusses FM broadcasting bands and how stations are assigned frequencies in 30 kHz intervals from 87.5 to 108 MHz. The document concludes with a detailed explanation of FM modulation and several common types of FM demodulation methods including quadrature detection, phase-locked loops, Foster-Seeley discriminators, and ratio detectors.
This document discusses different types of analog-to-analog modulation techniques used in analog transmission including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on how each technique works, the required bandwidth, and how the bandwidth is determined based on the modulating signal bandwidth. It also includes example problems related to AM transmission power calculations.
This document discusses analog and digital modulation techniques used in communication systems. It defines key concepts like signals, bandwidth, transmitters, receivers and communication channels. It then explains different types of analog modulation like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation. Next, it covers digital modulation techniques and their advantages over analog techniques like higher noise immunity. The document lists various digital modulation schemes including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying etc and provides a brief overview of each. In less than 3 sentences.
The document describes the key components and operating principles of GSM cellular networks. It explains that GSM uses a modular architecture with standardized interfaces to allow for interoperability between network elements from different vendors. It also defines signaling protocols for functions like billing, network management, and communication between the main network components like the mobile station, base station, mobile switching center, and other elements. Finally, it provides examples of how radio resources are allocated in GSM using frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access techniques to allow multiple users to share the available spectrum.
Introlduction to communication project.pptxsijin2050
FM (Frequency Modulation) transmitters are electronic devices that transmit audio signals over a radio frequency. These transmitters are commonly used in radio broadcasting, wireless microphones, and other communication systems. FM transmitters work by modulating the frequency of a carrier wave with the audio signal to produce a signal that can be transmitted over the airwaves.
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). It defines modulation as encoding information from a message by varying parameters of a carrier signal. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier wave based on the modulating signal, while FM varies the frequency. AM is more susceptible to noise but can transmit over longer distances. It has lower bandwidth so can have more stations. In contrast, FM has better sound quality and is less prone to interference, though FM signals are impacted more by barriers. The document provides examples of applications for each including radio broadcasting and data transmission. It concludes with definitions of key modulation terms.
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
This document discusses different types of modulation including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), and pulse width modulation (PWM). It defines each type of modulation and compares their characteristics. It also discusses the needs for modulation, advantages and disadvantages of PM, and the relationship between PM and FM.
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in wireless communication, including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on how each works, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, is simple but susceptible to noise. FM varies the frequency, has better noise immunity than AM. PM varies the phase and is used for satellite communication, though it has a more complex circuitry than AM and FM.
Frequency modulation and its applicationDarshil Shah
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) including its definition, modulation index, spectrum characteristics, types of FM modulation, generation of FM using phase modulation, advantages and disadvantages compared to other modulation techniques, and applications of FM such as in radio broadcasting, television sound, and satellite television. FM provides noise immunity and allows adjusting the noise level by changing the frequency deviation. It is widely used for radio but requires more complex transmission and reception equipment than other modulation methods.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" including: amplitude modulation concepts such as modulation index, sidebands, and power calculations; single-sideband modulation advantages; and radio emission classifications. Specifically, it discusses how amplitude modulation varies the carrier amplitude based on the modulating signal, defines modulation index and percentage, explains how sidebands are generated in the frequency domain, describes power calculations and distributions, reviews benefits of single-sideband over double-sideband and amplitude modulation, and outlines international codes for classifying radio signal emissions.
This document discusses different types of modulation techniques. It defines modulation as combining a message signal with a carrier signal for transmission. The main types discussed are frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation, and amplitude modulation (AM).
For FM, the carrier frequency varies according to the message signal frequency while keeping the amplitude constant. It has advantages like noise resistance and capture effect. AM varies the carrier amplitude according to the message signal by keeping phase and frequency constant. It was an early technique but is susceptible to noise. Phase modulation varies the carrier phase according to the message signal phase while keeping frequency constant. It has less interference but more data loss.
This document provides an overview of the Communication Engineering course EC6651. The objectives are to introduce various analog and digital communication methods, source and line coding techniques, and multiple access techniques used in communication systems. The 5 units cover topics like analog communication systems, digital communication, source and line codes/error control, multiple access techniques, and satellite/optical fiber/powerline communications. The course aims to help students understand and analyze linear and digital electronic circuits as applied to communication systems.
This document discusses frequency, modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation. It provides definitions and comparisons of key concepts:
- Frequency is the number of waves that pass per second. Modulation involves converting data into radio waves by varying a carrier signal.
- Phase modulation varies the phase of the carrier wave, while frequency modulation varies the frequency. Phase modulation has better noise immunity than frequency modulation.
- Modulation index is a ratio that compares frequency deviation to modulating frequency in frequency modulation. Percent modulation compares actual to maximum allowed frequency deviation. It indicates the degree of carrier wave variation from the modulating signal.
This chapter of the textbook covers amplitude modulation fundamentals, including:
- The basic concepts of how an information signal varies the amplitude of a carrier wave in AM.
- Modulation index and percentage of modulation, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation which causes distortion.
- How sidebands are generated above and below the carrier frequency during modulation.
- How AM signals can be represented in both the time and frequency domains.
- The calculation of power in AM signals and how power is distributed between the carrier and sidebands.
- An introduction to single sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave.
Design and implementation of test bench for frequency modulation and demodula...Karrar Abd Alhadi
This document presents a project on designing and implementing a test bench for frequency modulation and demodulation. It contains an introduction to FM radio technology and its history. It discusses topics such as modulation index, Bessel functions, FM power distribution, and average power. It also covers the principles and methods of FM modulation and demodulation, including narrowband FM, wideband FM modulators, and FM demodulator classifications. The project aims to build circuit diagrams for an FM modulator and demodulator. It analyzes the results of experiments on frequency modulation and demodulation. The document contains acknowledgments, an abstract, table of contents, and references.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and provides details about:
1) FM can be used for both analog and digital data transmission by varying the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave.
2) In analog FM the carrier frequency varies continuously, while in digital FM it shifts abruptly between discrete frequency states.
3) FM bandwidth depends on the modulation index, with higher indices resulting in wider bandwidth signals classified as wideband FM.
Data encoding and modulation techniques are discussed. Modulation involves varying properties of a high-frequency carrier signal according to a message signal. This allows transmission of baseband signals over long distances. Common modulation types are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). Encoding converts data into formats for transmission, storage, processing and more. Common encoding schemes for digital data transmission include non-return to zero (NRZ) encoding and Manchester encoding. Pulse modulation can transmit signals as pulses using techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM).
Frequency modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing.
The presentation is made by me. I am a student of EEE, RUET.
This document discusses angle modulation techniques, including frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on narrowband FM, wideband FM, and their applications. Methods for generating and demodulating FM signals are also covered, including using a voltage-controlled oscillator, Foster-Seeley discriminator, and ratio detector. Generation of narrowband FM is discussed as well as the indirect Armstrong method for generating wideband FM from narrowband FM.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) transmitters and receivers. It begins with an overview of FM, how it conveys information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency. It then discusses FM broadcasting bands and how stations are assigned frequencies in 30 kHz intervals from 87.5 to 108 MHz. The document concludes with a detailed explanation of FM modulation and several common types of FM demodulation methods including quadrature detection, phase-locked loops, Foster-Seeley discriminators, and ratio detectors.
This document discusses different types of analog-to-analog modulation techniques used in analog transmission including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on how each technique works, the required bandwidth, and how the bandwidth is determined based on the modulating signal bandwidth. It also includes example problems related to AM transmission power calculations.
This document discusses analog and digital modulation techniques used in communication systems. It defines key concepts like signals, bandwidth, transmitters, receivers and communication channels. It then explains different types of analog modulation like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation. Next, it covers digital modulation techniques and their advantages over analog techniques like higher noise immunity. The document lists various digital modulation schemes including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying etc and provides a brief overview of each. In less than 3 sentences.
The document describes the key components and operating principles of GSM cellular networks. It explains that GSM uses a modular architecture with standardized interfaces to allow for interoperability between network elements from different vendors. It also defines signaling protocols for functions like billing, network management, and communication between the main network components like the mobile station, base station, mobile switching center, and other elements. Finally, it provides examples of how radio resources are allocated in GSM using frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access techniques to allow multiple users to share the available spectrum.
Logarithms are exponents that indicate the power to which a base must be raised to yield a given number. For example, the base 10 logarithm of 100 is 2 because 10^2 equals 100. Logarithms are useful for solving exponential equations and are used to measure sound intensity in decibels, earthquake magnitudes on the Richter scale, star brightness, and pH chemistry scales. The decibel is the unit used to measure noise levels and is represented by db.
This chapter discusses antennas and radio wave propagation. It covers antenna fundamentals like how antennas convert electrical signals to electromagnetic waves and vice versa. Common antenna types are examined, including dipole antennas which are half-wave lengths and are widely used. Vertical ground-plane antennas that are one-quarter wavelengths are also discussed. The chapter explores factors that influence antennas like polarization, radiation patterns, bandwidth and gain.
This document provides an overview of radio communications training for BLM employees in Colorado. The training covers:
- Radio theory including how radio waves are generated and travel, and the differences between handhelds and mobile radios.
- Best practices for radio use including following check-in/out procedures, doing radio checks, knowing coverage areas, and proper antenna and battery care.
- Key concepts like how terrain can impact signals, the benefits of height and repeaters, and emergency procedures.
- Common radio terms and techniques for making contacts including using concise phrases and identifying oneself clearly.
The document concludes by noting the training will cover specific radios from manufacturers used by the group.
Cellular systems use multiple low-power transmitters (base stations) rather than a single, high-power transmitter to increase capacity and coverage. Frequency reuse is used to allocate channels to nearby base stations to minimize interference. Handoff strategies are employed to transfer calls between base stations as users move. Interference and power control techniques aim to equalize signal power levels and improve capacity. Traffic engineering principles including Erlang formulas are applied to determine the optimal number of channels needed based on expected call volumes.
The document provides an overview of a GSM foundation course that covers topics related to cellular communication including basic telephony, GSM network components, interfaces, processes and the air interface. It describes how a service provider operates a cellular network by obtaining licenses, purchasing equipment from vendors, and installing/commissioning the network to provide service to subscribers within the licensed geographical area. It defines key concepts such as cells, coverage, capacity and how cell size depends on factors like subscriber density, terrain and transmission power.
This document provides information about microwave communication systems. It defines microwave communication as a high radio frequency link designed to provide signal connection between two points. It operates in the 2-60 GHz band and can be analog or digital. Short, medium, and long haul systems exist based on distance and frequency used. The document discusses advantages like increased gain and reliability, as well as disadvantages like limitations in circuit design at high frequencies. It provides formulas for analyzing microwave links, including free space loss, antenna gain, system gain, and more. Worked examples of link calculations are also included.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"