DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX 1943 (PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY)Jeban Sahu
INTRODUCTION
INDEX:“A NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIBING THE RELATIVE STATUS OF A POPULATION ON A GRADUATED SCALE WITH DEFINITE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT AND FACILITATE COMPARISION WITH OTHER POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED BY THE SAME CRITERIA AND METHODS.”
-RUSSELL A.L.
INDICES USED TO MEASURE FLUOROSIS
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX
Introduced by TRENDLEY H. DEAN in 1934.
Devised an index for assessing the presence and severity of mottled enamel.
It is also known as ‘DEAN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS.’
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX- Modified Criteria (1942)
SCORING CRITERIA
COMMUNITY FLUOROSIS INDEX (CFI)
SUMMARY
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX 1943 (PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY)Jeban Sahu
INTRODUCTION
INDEX:“A NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIBING THE RELATIVE STATUS OF A POPULATION ON A GRADUATED SCALE WITH DEFINITE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT AND FACILITATE COMPARISION WITH OTHER POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED BY THE SAME CRITERIA AND METHODS.”
-RUSSELL A.L.
INDICES USED TO MEASURE FLUOROSIS
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX
Introduced by TRENDLEY H. DEAN in 1934.
Devised an index for assessing the presence and severity of mottled enamel.
It is also known as ‘DEAN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS.’
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX- Modified Criteria (1942)
SCORING CRITERIA
COMMUNITY FLUOROSIS INDEX (CFI)
SUMMARY
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
The term serial extraction describes an orthodontic treatment procedure that involves the orderly removal of selected deciduous and permanent teeth in a predetermined sequence
CPITN INDEX (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs)Jeban Sahu
Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIMS, BBSR-24
INTRODUCTION
CPITN was introduced by JUKKA AINAMO , DAVID BARMES , GORGE BEAGRIE , TERRY CUTRESS , JEAN MARTIN and JENNIFER SARDO-INFIRRI for Joint working committee of the WHO and FDI in 1982 .
Developed primarily to survey and evaluate periodontal treatment needs rather than determining past and present periodontal status i.e. recession of the gingival margin and alveolar bone .
SCOPE AND PURPOSE
PROCEDURE
SEXTANT
INDEX TEETH
INSTRUMENTS USED
CPITN PROBE
Introduced by WHO in 1978.
Weight: 5gms
Working force: 20-25 gms.
Designed for 2 purposes :
1. Measurement of pocket depth
2. Detection of Sub-gingival calculus
PROBING PROCEDURE
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF CPITN
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI)
This index is modification of CPITN.
SUMMARY
CPITN is a screening procedure for identifying actual and potential problems posed by periodontal diseases both in the community and in the individual, introduced in 1982.
The CPITN records the common treatable conditions namely,
- periodontal pockets
- gingival inflammation
- dental calculus
- other plaque retentive factors
CPITN PROBE (introduced by WHO in 1978) is used to measure of pocket depth & detect sub-gingival calculus.
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI) is the modification of CPITN which includes measurement of “loss of attachment”
Apexogenesis & apexification in pediatric dentistryDr. Harsh Shah
SDDCH Parbhani
Presented by : Vipul GIratkar
Dept. of Pediatric dentitstry
Guided by . Dr. Rehan Khan
DIscussion regarding apexification and apexogenesis
The term serial extraction describes an orthodontic treatment procedure that involves the orderly removal of selected deciduous and permanent teeth in a predetermined sequence
CPITN INDEX (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs)Jeban Sahu
Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIMS, BBSR-24
INTRODUCTION
CPITN was introduced by JUKKA AINAMO , DAVID BARMES , GORGE BEAGRIE , TERRY CUTRESS , JEAN MARTIN and JENNIFER SARDO-INFIRRI for Joint working committee of the WHO and FDI in 1982 .
Developed primarily to survey and evaluate periodontal treatment needs rather than determining past and present periodontal status i.e. recession of the gingival margin and alveolar bone .
SCOPE AND PURPOSE
PROCEDURE
SEXTANT
INDEX TEETH
INSTRUMENTS USED
CPITN PROBE
Introduced by WHO in 1978.
Weight: 5gms
Working force: 20-25 gms.
Designed for 2 purposes :
1. Measurement of pocket depth
2. Detection of Sub-gingival calculus
PROBING PROCEDURE
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF CPITN
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI)
This index is modification of CPITN.
SUMMARY
CPITN is a screening procedure for identifying actual and potential problems posed by periodontal diseases both in the community and in the individual, introduced in 1982.
The CPITN records the common treatable conditions namely,
- periodontal pockets
- gingival inflammation
- dental calculus
- other plaque retentive factors
CPITN PROBE (introduced by WHO in 1978) is used to measure of pocket depth & detect sub-gingival calculus.
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI) is the modification of CPITN which includes measurement of “loss of attachment”
Apexogenesis & apexification in pediatric dentistryDr. Harsh Shah
SDDCH Parbhani
Presented by : Vipul GIratkar
Dept. of Pediatric dentitstry
Guided by . Dr. Rehan Khan
DIscussion regarding apexification and apexogenesis
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental Fluorosis : double sided sword
Overview of this deadly disease in this presentation
Presented by: Shubham Shegokar
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Pediatric Dentitstry
The human body contains elements that can be classified as
abundant elements trace elements
What are the trace elements
Essential trace element
Biological Significance of Trace Elements
orthodontic epidemiological indices
Occlusal Feature Index (Poulton & Aaronson, 1961)
Index of Tooth Position (Massler & Frankel, 1951)
Malalignment Index (Van Kirk & Pennel, 1959)
The Bjork Method (1964)
Summers’ Occlusal Index (1971)
The FDI method (Baume et al, 1973)
Little’s Irregularity Index (1975)
Handicapping Labio-lingual Deviation index (HLD) (Draker, 1960, 1967)
Swedish Medical Board Index (SMHB 1966; Linder Aronson, 1974, 1976)
Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) (Cons et al, 1986)
Index of Orthodontic treatment Need (IOTN) (Brook & Shaw, 1989)
Index of Complexity, Outcome & Need (ICON) (Daniel & Richmond, 2000)
Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR) (Richmond et al, 1992)
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF DENTAL CARIES INDICES.pptxDrLasya
INDEX definition:
An Index can be defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits, which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods.
- Russell A. L
Ideal requisites of an index:
Clarity, simplicity, objectivity
Validity
Reliability
Quantifiability
Sensitivity
Acceptability
CLASSIFICATION OF INDICES
1) Direction in which the scores can fluctuate
a) Reversible – Measures conditions that can increase/ decrease on subsequent examinations
Eg: Loe and Silness Gingival Index
b) Irreversible – Measures conditions whose scores will not decrease on subsequent examinations
Eg: DMFT Index
2) The extent to which areas of oral cavity are measured
a) Full Mouth Index - Measures the patients’ entire periodontium or dentition.
Eg: Russell’s Periodontal Index
b) Simplified Index - Measures only a representative sample of the dental apparatus.
Eg: Greene & Vermillion’s Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S)
3) The entity they measure
a) Disease Index - ‘D’ portion of the DMFT
b) Symptom Index – Indices measuring gingival/ sulcular bleeding
c) Treatment Index - ‘F’ portion of the DMFT
4) The special categories
a) Simple Index - Measures the presence or absence of a condition.
Eg: Silness and Loe Plaque Index
b) Cumulative Index - Measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present.
Eg: DMFT Index for dental caries
INDICES FOR ASSESSING DENTAL CARIES
1. Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index
2. Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces (DMFS) Index
3. Modified DMFT Index
4. Caries indices for primary dentition:
a. def index
b. dmf index
c. df index
d. Simplified index for dental caries experience
e. Dental Caries Severity Index for primary tooth (CSI)
5. Root caries index
6. Caries Severity Index
7. Dental Caries Severity Classification Scale (D1-D3)
8. Czechoslovakian caries Index
9. Stone’s Index
10. Caries susceptibility Index
11. D-M-F- surface percentage Index
12. Restorative Index
13. Moller’s Index
14. WHO Index for caries
15. Functional measure index
16. T- Health index (Tissue Health Index)
17. Dental health index
Recent Developments on Caries Indices:
1. Nyvad’s criteria
2. Significant Caries (SiC) Index
3. Specific Caries Index
4. ICDAS II
5. PUFA
6. Caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) index
7. FDI World Dental Federation Caries Matrix
Different criteria for diagnosing pit and fissure caries:
1. Anglo-Saxon system (Liberal)
2. European system (Conservative)
SIGNIFICANT CARIES INDEX (SiC Index):
• Introduced in 2000 by Bratthall D, to identify group of individuals with the highest caries scores among population
Procedure:
Individuals are scored according to their DMFT values.
SiC Index is the mean DMFT of one third of the population with the highest caries scores is selected
The index is used as a complement to the mean DMFT
Chronic Inflammation
Definition
Causes
General features
Systemic effects
Types of chronic inflammation
Granulomatous inflammation
Pathogenesis
Composition
Examples of granulomatous inflammation- tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis and sarcoidosis
Clinical implications in dentistry
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. CONTENTS
Fluorosis
Difference between dental fluorosis and non fluoride
enamel opacities
Different index
Dean’s Fluorosis Index
Thylstrup and Fejerskov
Other index at a glance
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 2
3. is a hypoplasia or hypo
mineralization of tooth enamel or
dentine
produced by the chronic ingestion of
excessive amounts of fluoride
during the period when teeth are
developing.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 3
5. Lustreless, opaque white patches on the enamel which
may become mottled, striated and pitted.
Mottled areas may become stained yellow or brown.
Hypoplastic areas may also be present to such an extent
in severe cases that normal tooth form is lost.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 5
6. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 6
Characteristic Mild form of fluorosis Non fluoride enamel opacities
Area affected Near tips of cusp or incisal edge Centered in smooth surface;
affect whole crown
Shape of lesion Pencil shading; follow
incremental lines in enamel
Round and oval
Demarcation Shades off imperceptibly into
surrounding normal enamel
Clearly differentiated from
adjacent normal enamel
Colour “paper white”; no stain at the
time of eruption
“creamy-yellow”- “dark
orange”; Pigmented at time of
eruption
Teeth affected Teeth that calcify slowly; rare
on lower incisors; rare
deciduous teeth involvement;
usually bilateral
Any tooth ; deciduous tooth may
be involved ; may affect single
tooth
Gross hypoplasia None ; enamel has glazed
appearance-smooth to explorer
tip
Absent-severe; enamel surface
can be etched-rough to explorer
Detection Strong light- line of sight
tangential to the crown
Strong light- line of sight
perpendicular to tooth surface
8. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 8
Fluorosis specific
• Dean’s fluorosis
index
• Thylstrup and
Fejerskov index
• Tooth Surface
Index for Fluorosis
• Fluorosis Risk Index
Descriptive
• Developmental
effects of Enamel
Index
• Jackson Al- Alousi
Index
• Murray Shaw Index
9. “ Dean’s Classification System For
Dental Fluorosis”
Trendley H. Dean – 1934
Devised an index for assessing the
presence and severity of mottled
enamel.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 9
10. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 10
The fluorosis index set
criteria for categorization of
dental fluorosis on a 7 point
scale.
Although no numbers were
used it was considered to be
on an ordinal scale.
Under his classification all
those showing hypoplasia
other than mottling of enamel
were placed in normal
category.
Children who had not lived in
the community continuously or
ha obtained domestic water
from other than public supply
are eliminated.
Salient
Features
11. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 11
Mouth mirror and probes
were utilized for
examination.
Examinations are made in
good natural light with
the subject sitting facing
the window
If there is doubt, lower
score is recorded.
12. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 12
Original Criteria- 1934
Normal Questionable Very mild
Mild
Moderate Moderately severe
Severe
13. Dean’s fluorosis index- Modified
Criteria (1942)
Combined “moderately severe” and “severe”
6 point ordinal scale
Extensively used today
Recommended by WHO in its basic survey manual(W.H.O,
1997)
The scoring system 0-4
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 13
14. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 14
Normal - 0
• Usual translucent
semivitriform
• Smooth, glossy and
usually pale creamy
white in colour
Questionable – 0.5
• Slight aberration from
translucency to
occasional white spots
• ‘’Normal’ is not justified
15. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 15
Very mild - 1
• Small opaque paper white areas
scattered irregularly over the tooth-
not involving more than 25% of the
tooth
• <1-2 mm opacity at tip of summits of
cusps of bicuspids or second molar
Mild - 2
• White opaque areas –
more extensive
• <50% of tooth
16. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 16
Moderate – 3
• All enamel surfaces of teeth are
affected
• Surfaces subjected to attrition show
wear
• Brown staining is frequently a
disfiguring feature
Severe – 4
• All enamel surfaces effected
• Marked hypoplasia
• Major diagnostic sign- discrete or
confluent pitting and widespread
brown stains
• Corroded like appearance
17. To determine the severity and calculating the prevalence of
dental fluorosis in a group or community.( 1946)
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 17
CFI= n x w
n- number of individuals in each category
w- the weighing for each category
N- total population
18. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 18
Range of scores for
community fluorosis
index
Public health
significance
0.0- 0.4 Negative
0.4-0.6 Borderline
0.6- 1.0 Slight
1.0- 2.0 Medium
2.0- 3.0 Marked
3.0- 4.0 Very marked
19. 1. Does not give sufficient information on
distribution of fluorosis within the
dentition.
2. Isolated defects are not recorded.
3. The distinction amongst the categories is
unclear, indistinct and lacking sensitivity.
4. Even though Dean’s scale is ordinal , it
involves averaging of the scores which is
inappropriate.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 19
20. Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index for Fluorosis
1978
TFI given By Thylstrup A. and Fejerskov O.
Purpose-to refine modify and extend the Dean’s Index.
10 point classification system designed to characterize the
macroscopic appearance of teeth in relation to the
underlying histological condition of enamel.
In 1988 TFI was modified by Fejerskov - 0nly one surface
examined.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 20
21. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 21
SALIENT
FEATURES
Examination is
done on a
portable chair
out in daylight.
Mouth mirror &
probes are
used
Prior to
examination
the teeth are
dried with
cotton wool
rolls
24. It is possible to produce exact and comparable estimates of severity of
dental fluorosis in various populations by
1. Frequency distribution of TF score of individual teeth.
2. Cumulative distribution of severity of the TF scores.
INTERPRETATION (based on Dean’s Index)
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 24
TF SCORE CLASSIFICATION
1 Questionable
2-3 Very mild
3-4 Mild
4 Mild
5-9 Severe
25. It attempts to validate the visual appearance against the histological defect.
Most sensitive of all fluorosis measuring indices.
Studies have concluded that the T-F index is the most indicated for work
where detailed information about the problem is required.
[Cleaton-Jones and Hargreaves (1990) ; Granath et al. (1985)]
Clarkson (1989) reported that in TF index drying of teeth creates an
unnatural situation due to which changes in score 1 and 2 are very minor.
The aesthetic significance of these changes are questionable.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 25
Disadvanta
ges
26. It was developed by HOROWITZ et al. in 1984 at National Institute of Dental
Research U.S.A
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 26
27. Introduced by DAVID G. PENDRYS in 1990
AIM
To improve researcher’s ability to relate the risk of
fluorosis to developmental stage of permanent dentition
at the time of exposure to fluorosis.
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 27
28. Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 28
FR1- those begin
to form in first
year of life
FR2- those who
do not begin to
form until 2nd
year of life
Surface zones
which do not
come under
above groups
are left
unassigned
Incisal edges of 11
21 32 31 41 42 and
occlusal tables of
16 26 36 46.
Cervical third of
incisors, middle
third of canines,
occlusal table,
incisal third and
middle third of
bicuspid and 2nd
molars
Enamel
Zones
30. Essentials of public health dentistry- Soben Peter 5 th edition
PubMed
Antonio Carlos PEREIRA ;Ben-Hur Wey MOREIRA; Analysis of Three Dental
Fluorosis Indexes Used in Epidemiologic Trials, Braz Dent J (1999) 10(1): 1-60
Pendrys DG, Katz RV, Morse DE. Risk factors for enamel fluorosis in a fluoridated
population. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:461-71
R.G Rosier, Epidemiologic Indices for Measuring the Clinical Manifestations of
Dental Fluorosis: Overview and Critique; ADR June 1994 vol. 8 no. 1 39-55
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 30
31. Thank you and God
bless
Fluorosis Index- Department of Public Health Dentistry 31