Body Fluid and Compartments | DR RAI M. AMMAR | ALL MEDICAL DATA
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Body Fluid and Compartments | DR RAI M. AMMAR | ALL MEDICAL DATA
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.medicall.com.pk/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
Water and electrolyte balance is clinically very important topic . It will be very useful for both UG and PG medical students. Efforts are made to explain basic concepts clearly.
GMEC - Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Emergency NursingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Chauntel Henry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Body fluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living humans. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body. Human blood, body fluids, and other body tissues are widely recognised as vehicles for the transmission of human disease.
Water and electrolyte balance is clinically very important topic . It will be very useful for both UG and PG medical students. Efforts are made to explain basic concepts clearly.
GMEC - Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Emergency NursingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Chauntel Henry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Body fluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living humans. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body. Human blood, body fluids, and other body tissues are widely recognised as vehicles for the transmission of human disease.
fluid electrolyte imbalance with the causes, sign and symptoms, pathophysiology, medical management and nursing process.
helpful for the nursing students
Basic Intravenous Therapy 3: Fluids And Electrolytes, Balance and Imbalance, ...Ronald Magbitang
Lecture Presentation in Basic Intravenous Therapy Seminar, discussion on Body Fluids and Electrolytes, Normal Values and the Imbalances, the symptomatology and treatment and precautions, and, finally the different types of commonly available, utilized IVF in clinics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Physiology of water homeostasis
Body Fluid Compartments
Maintenance Fluid Requirements
Dehydration and Fluid therapy
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Practical Examples
3. Physiology of Water Homeostasis
To understand that disorders of sodium balance
are related to conditions that alter extracellular
fluid volume
To recognize clinical signs and symptoms of
the different forms of dehydration.
To appreciate that the management of
hypernatremic dehydration differs from that of
isonatremic/hyponatremic dehydration.
4. Physiology of Water Homeostasis
Osmotic Shifts of water between body fluid
compartments is dependent on the solute
particles within individual body compartments.
Effective osmolarity of body fluid compartments
is contributed to by unique properties of the cell
membranes ( difference in permeability to water
and solutes)
The difference in concentration of impermeable
particles across cell membranes determines
the osmotic movement of water. (effective
osmolarity)
5. Physiology of Water Homeostasis
In a steady state the osmolarity of both
intracellular and extracellular compartments will
remain the same. (approx. 300MOsm)
There is a delicate interaction between
osmolality and water balance.
(movement of water in the initial phase of
compensation for osmolar changes, is to reset
osmolarity either at a higher level or lower level.
i.e. Osmolarity of both intracellular and
extracellular fluids should remain the same
6. Physiology of Water Homeostasis
A complex set of homeostatic mechanisms are
at play, which regulate water intake and water
excretion.
The hypothalamus and surrounding brain
control the sense of thirst and the production
and release of arginine vasopressin (AVP), the
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
It is the osmolality of plasma and extracellular
fluid which is “sensed” by osmoreceptors in the
anteromedial hypothalamus.
7. Physiology of Water Homeostasis
Non-osmotic stimuli will also cause AVP to be
released. (atrium / large vessels in the chest)
A reduction in “effective circulating volume”
[blood loss, hemorrhage, ECF volume depletion
(dehydration, diuretics, etc.), nephrotic
syndrome, cirrhosis, congestive heart
failure/low cardiac output]
8. Neonatal Physiology
At birth renal function is generally reduced,
particularly in premature neonates.
GFR increases progressively during gestation
particularly in the third trimester. By 1 to 2
years, GFR, Urea clearance and maximum
tubular clearances would have reached adult
levels.
9. Neonatal Physiology
AVP has been measured in amniotic fluid and
is present in fetal circulation by mid-gestation.
At birth, vasopressin levels are high but
decrease into “normal” ranges within 1–2 days
In neonates, AVP responds to the same stimuli
as older children and adults. However, the
ability to concentrate urine to the maximum
achieved by older children or adults does not
occur.
10. Neonatal Physiology
Why a low urine concentrating ability in
neonates?
Decreased glomerular filtration rate (decreased
renal blood flow)
reduced epithelial cell function in the loop of
Henle and collecting duct
reduced AVP receptor number and affinity
reduced water channel number or presence on
the cell surface
11. Neonatal Physiology
Neonates have increased non-urinary water
losses (skin and respiratory) as a function of
weight/BSA, which are greater compared to
older children and adults.
The net effect is that neonates are at greater
risk of dehydration either due to inadequate
water provision or to high osmolar loads
Risk of volume overload (hyponatremia/hypo-
osmolality) if fluids are given too rapidly
12. Body Fluid Compartments
Water accounts for 60% of TBW in men and
50% in women while infants have a higher
proportion of water, 70–80% (due to the lower
proportion of muscle in comparison to adipose)
The higher proportion of TBW to whole body
weight in younger children is mainly due to the
larger ECF volume when compared to adults.
disproportionate weight of brain, skin, and the
interstitium in younger children contributes to
the variability in the ECF volume.
13. Body Fluid Compartments
Water is distributed between two main
compartments, the intracellular fluid
compartment (ICF) and extracellular fluid
compartment (ECF)
The intracellular compartment makes up
approximately 2/3 of the TBW. The ECF
constitutes 1/3 of the TBW composed of
plasma and interstitial fluid
14. Maintenance Fluid Requirements
Maintenance requirements are related to
metabolic rate and affected by body
temperature.
Insensible losses account for about half of
maintenance requirements.
Volume must rarely be exactly determined, but
generally should aim to provide an amount of
water that does not require the kidney to
significantly concentrate or dilute the urine.
15. Maintenance Fluid Requirements
The Holliday-Segar method remains the
simplest in approximating maintenance fluid
requirements.
It is based on caloric requirement each day and
the amount of fluid needed based on caloric
expenditure.
16. Maintenance Fluid Requirements
Table 3
Caloric, Water, and Basic Electrolyte Requirements Based on Weight
Sodium Chloride Potassium
mEq/100 mEq/100 mEq/100
Body weight (kg) Calories Water mL H2 O mL H2 O mL H2 O
3–10 kg 100/kg 100/kg 3 2 2
11–20 kg 50/kg 1000 mL + 3 2 2
50 mL/kg for
each kg above
>20 kg 20/kg 1500 mL + 3 2 2
20 mL/kg for
each kg above
20
17. Maintenance Fluid Requirements
5% dextrose is provided to deliver 5 g of
carbohydrate per 100 mL of solution or 50 g/L
For a limited period of time (generally under 5–
7 days) this amount of carbohydrate will be
sufficient to prevent protein breakdown.
If it is anticipated that there will be a need for
prolonged parenteral therapy, a higher dextrose
solution will be required.
18. Intravenous Fluids
Intravenous fluids that are safe to administer
parenterally based on their osmolality
Each solution is selected based on the clinical
status of the patient. Solutions without dextrose
(0.45% isotonic saline) or without electrolytes
5% dextrose in water are only administered
under special clinical situations.
19. Intravenous Fluids
Solutions Used for Intravenous Administration
Osmolality Sodium Potassium Chloride Dextrose
Solution mOsm/L mEq/L Eq/L mEq/L mOsm/L
0.9% Isotonic saline 308 154 154
(normal saline)
0.45% Isotonic saline 154 77 77∗
(1/2 Normal)
5% Dextrose in Water 278
5% Dextrose + 0.33% 378 50 50 278
isotonic saline
5% Dextrose + 0.45% 432 77 77 278
isotonic saline
∗ The lowest intravenous solution that can be used safely is 0.45% isotonic saline with an
osmolality of 154 mOsm/L or approximately 50% of plasma. Any solution with an osmolality
under this value will result in cell breakdown with a large potassium load to the extracellular
space resulting in severe hyperkalemia leading to cardiac arrhythmias and possibly death.
20. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Dehydration is significant depletion of body
water and electrolytes
Dehydration usually due to gastroenteritis
remains a major cause of morbidity and
mortality in infants and young children
worldwhile.
Infants are particularly susceptible on account
of their greater baseline fluid requirements
and higher evaporative losses. (High surface
area) and their inablity to communicate thirst.
21. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Aetiology and Pathophysiology
It results from increased fluid loss or a
decrease intake or both
Fluid is always lost with accompanying
electrolytes, in varying concentrations.
Common causes include (gastroenteritis, DKA,
burns, 3rd
space losses eg. I/O)
22. Dehydration and Fluid therapy
Symptoms and Signs
They vary based on the fluid deficit.
Dehydration without hemodynamic changes
represents mild dehydration (5% body weight
or 3% bw in adolescents)
Tachycardia represents moderate dehydration.
(10% body weight or 6% bw in adolescents)
Hypotension with impaired perfusion means
severe dehydration. (15% body weight in
infants or 9% in adolescents)
23. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Severity of Dehydration
Characteristics
Infants Mild – 1–5% Moderate – 6–9% Severe – >10%
(=> 15% =
shock)
Older Children Mild – 1–3% Moderate – 3–6% Severe – >6% (=>
9% = shock
Pulse Full, normal Rapid Rapid, weak
Systolic BP Normal Normal, Low Very Low
Urine output Decreased Decreased Oliguria
(<1 mL/kg/h)
Buccal mucosa Slightly dry Dry Parched
Ant fontanel Normal Sunken Markedly sunken
Eyes Normal Sunken Markedly sunken
Skin turgor/
capillary refill Normal Decreased Markedly
decreased
Cool, mottling,
Skin Normal Acrocyanosis
24. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Treatment
Treatment is best approached by considering
an estimated fluid deficit, ongoing losses and
maintenance requirements
The volume, composition and rate of infusion of
replacement fluids differs for each.
Most importantly, monitoring the vital signs,
clinical appearance and urine output, serves as
an appropriate guide.
25. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Treatment
Children with evidence of circulatory
compromise – severe dehydration, should be
given IVFs in the initial resuscitation
Those unable or unwilling to drink or having
repetitive vomiting should receive fluids IV,
through an NG tube or by administering
repeated small amounts orally.
26. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Resuscitation
Patients with symptoms and signs of
hypoperfusion, should receive fluid
resuscitation with boluses of isotonic fluid (e.g.
0.9% Saline or Lactated Ringers)
Resuscitation phase should reduce moderate
or severe dehydration to a deficit less than 8%
body weight.
20ml/kg (2% body weight) is given IV over 20-
30 minutes.
27. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Most importantly response of the patient to
resuscitation determines the endpoint of fluid
resuscitation.
This includes (Restoration of tissue perfusion
and BP and return of increased heart rate
toward normal)
28. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Deficit Replacement
The resuscitation phase should have reduced
moderate or severe dehydration to a deficit of /
about 8%.
The remaining deficit can be replaced by
providing 10ml/kg (1% body weight) per hour
over the next 8hours.
Deficits in total body potassium is usually
began after urine output has improved (restored
tissue perfusion) . 2-3mEq/24hrs
29. Dehydration and Fluid Therapy
Ongoing losses
Volume of ongoing losses should be measured
directly (eg. NG tube aspirates, catheter ,
stools) or estimated e.g. 10ml/kg per diarrheal
stool.
30. Oral Rehydration Therapy
Oral Fluid Therapy is effective, safe,
convenient and effective compared with IV
therapy.
It should be used for children with mild to
moderate dehydration who are accepting fluids
orally.
Contraindications to ORT is incessant copious
vomiting, surgical abdomen, I/O.
Soda, juice and fizzy drinks generally have too
little sodium and too much carbs.
31. Oral Rehydration Therapy
ORS is effective in patients with dehydration
regardless of age, cause or type of electrolyte
imbalance. [in the presence of unimpaired renal
function]
If ORS is unavailable, a sodium/glucose
solution can be used.
SSS are prepared by adding 1tbsp of sugar to
½ tsp of salt in 1L of water. Though less
effective, it can be used for treating diarrhea.
32. Oral Rehydration Therapy
Administration
Mild dehydration – 50ml/kg over 4hours
Moderate dehydration – 100ml/kg over 4hours
10ml/kg for each diarrheal stool (up to a max of
240mls)
Patient should be reassessed after 4hours.
N.B – Patients with cholera may require many
gallons of fluid per day
33. Oral Rehydration Therapy
Vomiting is not a contraindication to oral
rehydration. Small frequent volumes should be
given. (e.g 5ml every 5mins and increased
gradually as tolerated)
Importance of encouraging oral feeds.