The document discusses several key topics: 1) Photosynthesis is described as an anti-entropic reaction that traps entropy-increasing CO2 molecules in organic materials like food, using energy from solar radiation. Protein synthesis and growth are also given as examples of anti-entropic reactions. 2) A food chain diagram shows grass and plants as the first trophic level, eaten by grizzly bears, deer, and chipmunks on the second level and grizzly bears alone on the third level. 3) Keystone species like prairie dogs are described as playing a unique role in ecosystems, with their colonies benefiting over 150 other species and being an important food source.

4. ANTI ENTROPIC REACTION PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS AN ANTI
ENTROPIC REACTION . IN THIS PROCESS ENTROPY INCREASING MOLECULE OF CO2
IS TRAPED IN ORGANIC FOOD MATIREAL. PROCESS OF CONVERSION OF CO2 NEED
ENERGY WHICH IS COLLECTED FORM SOLAE REDIATION. EXCEPT THE
PHOTOSYBTHESIS, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, GROWTH, REPRODUCTION IS ALSO THE
EXAMPLE OF ANTI ENTROPIC REACTION.

5. TROPH
IC
LEVEL
GEAZIN FOOD CHAIN
1 2 3
1ST GRASS
& FRUIT
GRAS
S
GRASS
&
FLOWER
2ND GRIZZ
LY
BEAR
MARM
OT,
DEER
CHIPM
ANK
3RD GRIZZ
LY
BEAR
GRIZZ
LY
BEAR

6. CONSU
MER
TROPHIC
LEVEL
1ST
2ND
3RD
4TH
5TH

7.  A keystone species is
a plant or animal that plays
a unique and crucial role in the
way an ecosystem functions.
Without keystone species, the
ecosystem would be dramatically
different or cease to
exist altogether.
 Prairie dogs are considered a
“keystone” species because their
colonies create islands of
habitats that benefit
approximately 150 other species.
They are also a food source for
many animals, including
coyotes, eagles, badgers .

8. PYRAMID OF ENERGY
 The energy pyramid always
upright and vertical.
 This pyramid shows the flow
of energy at different trophic
levels.
 It depicts the energy is
minimum as the highest
trophic level and is maximum
at the lowest trophic level.
 At each trophic level, there is
successive loss of energy in
the form of heat and
respiration, etc.

10.  Upright pyramid of number
 Partly upright pyramid of number
 Inverted pyramid of number.
PARTTLY UPRIGHT
 It is seen in the forest ecosystem where
the number of producers are lesser in
number and support a greater number of
herbivores and which in turn support a
fewer number of carnivores.
INVERTED
This type of ecological pyramid is seen
in parasitic food chain where one
primary producer supports numerous
parasites which support more
hyperparasites.

11. SWAGATA CHAKRABORTY
PARTHA PRATIM KANDAR