Floods can be caused by both natural and man-made factors. Heavy rainfall, global warming, seasonal weather patterns, coastal flooding and tsunamis are some of the natural causes. Deforestation, over-grazing and poorly-built dams are man-made causes. Floods can have serious consequences like loss of life, destruction of homes, loss of crops and increased spread of disease. Responses to floods include flood control measures, planting ground cover, building terraces and dams to reduce water flow. Relief efforts include distributing food, clothes, tents and water along with raising funds for repairs. The solutions implemented have been effective as the number of floods has reduced and victims' lives

1. Content: Causes of Floods Consequences Actions, Responses & Solutions Effectiveness of Solutions Group Name: The Anti-Earn Flood (De Anne Ti Ern Flood) Group Leader: Goh Wei Ling Diana (7) Group Members: Chiam Shunting Denise (1) Lee Suen Ern (13) Nur Qistina Bte Ahmad (23) Wong Jo-Anne (36) 1/P

2. Acknowledgement http://www.hi-performance-group.com/images/china_outline.gif http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flood http://library.thinkquest.org/10136/floods/flootq.htm http://www.houstontx.gov/oem/flood.html http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01412/lite/naturaldisasters/flood/consequences.html http://google.com http://yahoo.com

3. Causes of Floods Natural : Heavy downpours ; The water level rises and flows over the river bank, causing dry land to flood. Global warming ; Evaporation takes place at a faster rate and water vapour accumulates and condenses to form clouds. When the cloud gets too heavy, it causes heavy downpours, which also lead to floods. Seasonal weather conditions ; E.g. When there is a winter snowstorm, a great amount of snow is piled up and when a sudden heat wave arrives, the snow melts and causes floods.

4. Cont’d Coastal floodings ; Results in severe storms, ocean waves intensify and water surfaces become choppier. This causes large waves which crashes into the beach, causing floods. Tsunami ; Cannot be easily detected as its waves are large and fast.

5. Causes of Floods Man-made : Deforestation ; Many trees are cut down and less vegetation is left to protect the soil and the soil falls into rivers, causing water level to rise. Over-grazing ; When too many animals graze at one spot, there will be less vegetation cover and soil is washed into the rivers. Poorly-built dams ; They easily give way and burst, collapsing and resulting in large floods.

6. Consequences Floods can kill crops which may lead to shortage of food , and eventually lead to death. Loss of many dear ones as high water level causes drowning. Destruction of homes which leaves thousands of flood victims homeless. Also, when a large group of people stay together at a place, bacteria passes much faster and more people get sick. A great amount of money and resources would have to be put in to fix the damage done.

7. Actions, Responses & Solutions Floods control measures are attempted along a river at its headwaters and low-lying floodplains. Run-offs are detained by planting ground cover on slopes. Terraces are built to increase soil infiltration and prevent soil erosion. Small dams and retaining ponds are built to reduce the flow of water.

8. Cont’d The provincial branch immediately distributed food items (e.g. rice, wheat flour etc.), clothes, tents, water etc. to the people whose homes were destroyed during the floods. They also raised funds and bought purification tablets for the water. The Red Cross Society of China (RCSC) also chipped in to help raise funds for the expenses and cost of the food, clothing, and equipment needed to repair the wreckage.

9. Effectiveness of Solutions The victims’ lives have improved since the floods as they are now living in better built houses . The dams have been repaired and made stronger to withstand large amounts of water pressure. There are still floods occurring due to natural conditions but the number has been greatly reduced . The last major flood in Shaanxi was in July 2008. This shows that the solutions are indeed effective in reducing the number of floods and improving the lives of the people.

10. Thank you for your attention!